| 单词 | 多余 |
| 释义 | 〔sluiceway〕An artificial channel, especially one for carrying off excess water.泄洪道，排水道：一种人工挖掘的沟渠，尤指用于排出多余的水〔lop〕To eliminate or excise as superfluous:除掉：因为多余而切除或删去：〔cut〕To alter by removing extra or additional fittings:改装：通过去掉多余的或附加的装置而进行改变：〔kibitz〕To look on and offer unwanted, usually meddlesome advice to others.乱出主意：旁观后给别人出一些多余的、通常是干涉性的建议〔redundancy〕The usages that critics have condemned as redundancies fall into several classes.In some cases,such asconsensus of opinion, close proximity, hollow tube, and refer back, the use of what is regarded as an unnecessary modifier or qualifier can sometimes be justified on the grounds that it in fact makes a semantic contribution.Thus ahollow tube can be distinguished from one that has been blocked up with deposits, and aconsensus of opinion can be distinguished from a consensus of judgments or practice. In other cases the use of the qualifier is harder to defend.Thus there is no way torevert without reverting back and noconsensus that is not general. · Sometimes recognition of redundancy may require familiarity with a foreign language.The expressionsSierra Mountains and Rio Grande River are indeed redundant for those who know Spanish, but the use of the wordsmountains and river may still serve some purpose when one is addressing an English-speaking audience. Occasionally, what originates as a redundant element may, through long use,become part of the established name of a thing.Thus a reference to the site of a famous World War II battle as "the El Alamein"incorporates three versions of the definite article, in English, Spanish, and Arabic.See Usage Note at close ,consensus ,cross section ,mental telepathy ,rarely ,refer 被评论家指责为冗长和重复的使用方法可分为几类。在某些情况下，如consensus of opinion,、close proximity、 hollow tube 和 refer back ， 这种不必要修饰或限定语的使用有时也不能完全否定，因为它们从语义上说还是有意义的。因此，一个空管子 可以与被装填物堵满的管子相区别， 观点的一致 可以与判断力或惯例的一致相区别。 在其它情况下类似修饰语的使用就不那么容易自圆其说了。因此，没有 reverting back 就没有办法 revert ， 没有 consensus 不是 general。 · 有时辨认出冗余需要对外语很熟悉。对于懂西班牙语的人来说 Sierra Mountains 和 Rio Grande River 这类说法是重复的， 但当对说英语的人讲话时，使用 mountains 和 river 还是有用的。 有时，一个刚产生时是多余的成份经过长时间使用后，可成为一个物体固定的一部分。因此当提到二战时叫做“阿拉曼战役”的著名战役时，在英语、西班牙语和阿拉伯语中的定冠词的三种形式取得了一致 参见 close,consensus,cross section,mental telepathy,rarely,refer〔suppressor〕A device, such as a resistor or grid, that is used in an electrical or electronic system to reduce unwanted currents.抑制栅（极）：用电器或电子系统中用来减少多余电流的抑制器或栅〔rhetoric〕The wordrhetoric was once primarily the name of an important branch of philosophy and an art deserving of serious study. In recent yearsthe word has come to be used chiefly in a pejorative senseto refer to inflated language and pomposity.Deprecation of the term may result from a modern linguistic puritanism,which holds that language used in legitimate persuasion should be plainand free of artifice—itself a tendentious rhetorical doctrine,though not often recognized as such.But many writers still prefer to bear in mind the traditional meanings of the word.Thus, according to the newer use of the term,the phraseempty rhetoric, as in The politicians talk about solutions, but they usually offer only empty rhetoric, might be construed as redundant. But in fact only 35 percent of the Usage Panel judged this example to be redundant.Presumably, it can be maintained that rhetoric can be other than empty.单词rhetoric 曾主要是哲学的一个重要分支的和一种值得严肃研究的艺术的名称。 近年来，这个词已开始主要用于贬义，指夸大的语言和虚夸。这个词的改变可能源于一种现代语言的刻板做法，认为用于正当劝说中的语言应是朴素，没有人工雕饰的——它自身便是一种宣传性的修辞教条，虽然未常常被如此认为。但许多作家仍愿意记住这个词的传统含义。这样，根据这个词较新的含义，在The politician talk about solutions, but they usually offer only empty rhetoric 中，短语 empty rhetoric 可能被分析为多余的。 但事实上，用法委员会成员中只有百分之三十五的人认为在这个例子中是多余的。大概该词除了空的以外还有其他的意思吧〔buckshee〕Unsolicited; gratuitous:无缘无故的；多余的：〔abdominoplasty〕Plastic surgery of the abdomen in which excess fatty tissue and skin are removed, usually for cosmetic purposes.抽脂术，腹部整形术：腹部整形手术，通常为美容而抽出多余的脂肪组织以及切除多余的皮肤〔medley〕from Anglo-Norman medlee [meddling] [from past participle of] medler [to meddle] * see meddle 源自 英法语 medlee [多管闲事，多余的干预] 源自medler的过去分词 [混合，杂合] * 参见 meddle〔expletive〕A word or phrase that does not contribute any meaning but is added only to fill out a sentence or a metrical line.多余的词语：加上后仅凑足一个句子或诗的一行而不增添任何意义的一个词语或短语〔gift〕Gift has a long history of use as a verb meaning "to present as a gift; endow.” The practice appears to provide a useful distinction,in as much as the verbgive can sometimes be ambiguous between "to transfer physical possession" and "to transfer ownership"; and in fact a verb analogous togift is found in a number of other languages (for example, Italianregalare, "to give as a gift,” from regalo, "gift, present"). Unfortunately the verbal use ofgift in Modern English is irredeemably tainted (as is its derivative giftable ) by its association with the language of advertising and publicity (as in Gift her with this copper warming plate ). In an earlier surveythe usage was rejected by a large majority of the Usage Panel.Where clarity is required, substitutessuch asgive as a gift, bestow, or donate are recommended. · The phrasefree gift should, of course, be considered redundant. But the increasing currency of its use is indicative mainly of the degree to which the wordgift itself has been expropriated by advertisers to refer to merchandise offerings to which an obligation is attached—if not a direct price, then taking a test drive,sitting through a sales pitch, or enrolling in a book club.It is perhaps to this use ofgift, rather than to the redundancy free gift, that critics ought most strenuously to object. Gift 作动词意为“赠送礼物，赠予”的用法已有很长的历史了， 这种惯用法的出现提供了有用的区分，因为作为动词give 可能有时会在“传递有形财产“和”传递所有权“之间有模棱两可的意思； 但事实上类似于gift 的词是在其它语言上建立起来的 （如意大利语的regalare “作为礼物给予”来自于 regalo “礼物，礼品”）。 不幸的是gift 在现代英语中动词性质的用法由于广告语言和公众语言的联系而不可挽回地被污染了（如它的派生词 giftable ）（又如在 给她这个铜暖盘作为礼物 ）。 在较早的一个调查中，这种用法被大部分的用法专题使用小组的成员所反对。为了在此处的用法更清晰的一些替代词，如give as a gift, bestow 或 donate 被采纳了。 词组free gift 自然是应该被认为是多余的， 但是这种用法的迅速使用主要表示了gift 这个词被广告商所侵用而用来指提供商品优惠是一种附加的义务——如果不是直接的价格， 那么就参加一次竞赛活动，等待商品广告宣传或在一个读书俱乐部中报名登记。也许gift 的这种用法应该比冗余的 free gift 更为批评家所坚决反对 〔glitch〕A false or spurious electronic signal caused by a brief, unwanted surge of electric power.假信号：由一种多余的短暂电力增加引起的一种假的或杂散的电子信号〔liposuction〕A usually cosmetic surgical procedure in which excess fatty tissue is removed from a specific area of the body, such as the thighs or abdomen, by means of suction. Also called suction lipectomy 吸脂术：通常为美容外科手术，用吸取的方式将多余的脂肪从身体的特定部位除掉，如腿部或腹部 也作 suction lipectomy〔superfluous〕surplus cheese distributed to the needy. 把多余的乳酪分给穷人 〔fibrosis〕The formation of excessive fibrous tissue, as in a reparative or reactive process.纤维变性：多余的纤维组织的形成，如在恢复或反应过程中〔buckshee〕"The title was a bit of buckshee deceit, and had little to do with the plot"(Financial Times)“这个题目有点多余，与情节几乎毫无关系”(金融时报)〔prune〕To remove or cut out as superfluous.删除或切除：把…作为多余的东西移去或切除〔dump〕a fine for dumping trash on public land; dumped the extra gear overboard.因在公用土地上倾倒垃圾而受的罚款；把多余的装备丢到船外〔equal〕It has been argued thatequal is an absolute term— two quantities either are or are not equal—and hence cannot be qualified as to degree.Therefore one cannot logically speak ofa more equal allocation of resources among the departments. However, this usage was accepted by 71 percent of the Usage Panel in an earlier survey.What is more, objection to the usage betrays a widespread but questionable assumptionthat it is in mathematics and logic that we find the model of accuracy most appropriate to the everyday use of language,a supposition that also underlies traditional grammatical discussions of words such asunique, parallel, and center. According to this account,the "precise" or "literal" meaning ofequal is realized in the use of the equal sign in an arithmetic expression such as 5 + 2 = 7; and the ordinary-language uses of the term,though they may be permissible,represent "loose" or "imprecise" extensions of that sense.But in fact the mathematical concept of equality is a poor model for using the wordequal to describe relations between things in the world. As applied to such things,statements of equality are always relative to an implicit standard of tolerance.When someone saysThe two boards are of equal length, we assume that the equality is reckoned to some order of approximation determined by the context;if we did not,we would be required always to usenearly equal when speaking of the dimensions of physical objects. What is more,we often want to predicate equality of things that do not admit of quantitative measurement,as when we sayThe college draft was introduced in an effort to make the teams in the National Football League as equal as possible, orThe candidates for the job should all be given equal consideration. In all such cases,equality is naturally a gradient notionand so is amenable to modification in degree.This much is evident from the existence of the wordunequal. The prefixun- attaches only to gradient adjectives: we sayunmanly but not unmale; and the worduneven can be applied to a surface (whose evenness may be a matter of degree) but not to a number (whose evenness is an either-or affair). ·The adverbequally is generally regarded as redundant when used in combination with as, and the following examples employingequally as were termed unacceptable by 63 percent of the Usage Panel in an earlier survey: 单词equal 一向被认为是一个很绝对的词语—— 两个数量要么相同要么不同——这样就不能有程度上的差别。所以，如果有人说在各部门间对资源更公平的分配 ，那么就不合逻辑了。 但是这种用法在早先的用法调查中被百分之七十一用法使用小组的人接受。而且，对这种用法的反对体现出了一种很流行但却值得怀疑的假设，那就是我们从数学和逻辑中得出适用于日常语言准确性的实例，而这种假设也可从我们对一些词，如unique，parallel 和 center 传统的语法讨论中体现出来。 根据这个解释，equal “准确”或“书面”的意思则是由在算术表达式，如5+2=7中所运用的相同的符号而表达清楚的； 而该词在日常语言中的用法，虽然被允许，但却代表了其含意“松散”或“不严谨”的引申。但是实际上用数学概念上的相等来运用equal 这个词描述世上各种事物之间的关系是一个很差劲的例子。 当该词应用于生活中的事物时，相等的观念往往与暗含的容忍相关联。当有人说两块木板同样长 时， 我们会认为由于上下文的关系，相等可以被看作大约近似；如果我们不这样想，那么当我们谈到物体的尺寸时，就要经常使用nearly equal 。 另外，我们常常会预测和数量无关的事物的相同性，比如我们会说，引入大学的要求是为了使全国足球联合会中的各队尽可能平等 ， 或者应给予该项工作的应征者同等的考虑 。 在所有这些例子中，相等是个可变化的概念，所以可在程度有所不同。Unequal 这个词的存在就是很好的证明。 un- 这个前缀只附加于有程序变化的形容词， 我们说unmanly 但不说 unmale ； 而uneven 这个词只能用于某物的表面（其平坦可有程度上的差别）， 而不能用于数目（数目只能说相等或不相等）。Equally 这一副词在与 as 连用时通常被认为是多余的， 在早先的用法调查中，以下这些使用equally as 的句子遭到百分之六十三使用小组的人反对： 〔fussy〕Full of superfluous details:多余的：充满不相干细节的：〔excess〕skimming off the excess fat.See Synonyms at superfluous 撇去多余的脂肪 参见 superfluous〔decrease〕Abate stresses a decrease in amount or intensity and suggests a reduction of excess: Abate 强调在数量或强度方面减少，含有去除多余的数量的意思： 〔why〕Many critics have held thatwhy is redundant in the expression the reason why, as inThe reason why he accepted the nomination is not clear. It is true thatwhy could be eliminated from such examples with no loss to the sense, but the construction has been used by reputable English writers since the Renaissance.See Usage Note at where 许多批评家认为在the reason why 这种表达中， why 是多余的， 如在句子The reason why he accepted the nomination is mot clear.（他接受提名的原因不太明确。） why 可以从这种例子中除去，对句子意义并不影响， 但是自从文艺复兴以来这种结构已为颇有名望的英语作家的广泛应用 参见 where〔trim〕To remove (excess) by cutting:削减：通过缩减而去除（多余的）：〔keep〕keep extra money for emergencies.攒下多余的钱以备急用〔chlorothiazide〕A thiazide diuretic used in the treatment of hypertension, heart failure, and edema to promote the excretion of excess salt and water from the body.氯噻嗪：一种用于治疗高血压、心力衰竭及水肿噻嗪类利尿剂，能促使体内多余盐分和水的排泄〔supernumerary〕One that is in excess of the regular, necessary, or usual number.多余的人或物：多余的人（或物）〔pleonasm〕A superfluous word or phrase.冗词：多余的词或短语〔superfluity〕Something superfluous:多余物：多余的东西：〔wasted〕Needless or superfluous:多余的：不需要的或多余的：〔gild〕To make superfluous additions to what is already complete.画蛇添足：对原本已很完整的东西作多余的添加〔drain〕To discharge surface or excess water:注入：排走地面上的或多余的水：〔blivit〕Something annoying, superfluous, or pointless.恼人的、多余的或无意义的事〔but〕Traditional grammarians have worried over what form the pronoun ought to take whenbut is used to indicate an exception in sentences such as No one but I (or No one but me ) has read it. Some have argued thatbut is a conjunction in these sentences and therefore should be followed by the nominative formI. However, many of these grammarians have gone on to argue somewhat inconsistentlythat the accusative formme is appropriate when the but phrase occurs at the end of a sentence, as inNo one has read it but me. While this treatment of the construction has a considerable weight of precedent on its sideand cannot be regarded as incorrect,a strong case can be made on grammatical grounds for treating this use ofbut as a preposition. For one thing, ifbut were truly a conjunction here, we would expect the verb to agree in person and number with the noun or pronoun followingbut; we would then sayNo one but the students have read it. What is more, ifbut were a true conjunction here we would not expect that it could be moved to the end of a clause, as inNo one has read it but the students. Note that we cannot use the conjunctionand in a similar way, saying John left and everyone else in the class in place of John and everyone else in the class left. These observations suggest thatbut is best considered as a preposition here and followed by accusative forms such asme and them in all positions: No one but me has read it. No one has read it but me. These recommendations are supported by 73 percent of the Usage Panel when thebut phrase precedes the verb and by 93 percent when thebut phrase follows the verb. · But is redundant when used together with however, as in But the army, however, went on with its plans; one or the other word should be eliminated. ·But is generally not followed by a comma. Correct written style requiresKim wanted to go, but we stayed, not Kim wanted to go, but, we stayed. · But may be used to begin a sentence at all levels of style. See Usage Note at and ,cannot ,doubt ,however ,I 1传统的语法学家考虑当but 用于表示例外的意思时应该用什么形式的代词，比如 No one but I （或者 No one but me ) has read it 。 有人认为but 在这种句子中是个连词， 因此应该使用主格I。 然而许多语法学家接下来的讨论有些不一致，即当but 短语出现在句子末尾时用宾格 me 比较合适， 如No one has read it but me（除我以外没有人读过它）。 同时这种结构前置处理的重要性是值得考虑的，并且不会被认为是不正确的，一个有力的例子在语法范畴内，认为but 在这里作介词使用。 首先如果but 在此真是一个连词的话， 我们会期望同名词或代词在人称和数上保持一致的动词跟在but 后面； 我们会说No one but the students have read it（除学生以外没有人读过它）。 再者，如果but 在此真是连词的话，我们不希望它被放在句子末尾， 如在句子No one has read it but the students 中。 注意我们不以类似的方式来使用连词and ，说 John left and everyone else in the class 来代替 John and everyone else in the class left。 这些发现表明but 在此最好被当作介词， 在任何位置后面都应跟宾格形式如me 和 them ： No one but me has read it. No one has read it but me（除了我没人读过它）。 当but 短语放在动词之前时，有百分之七十三的用法专题使用小组成员支持这些提议； 而当but 短语放在动词之后时，得到百分之九十三的小组成员的支持。 But 在同 however 一起使用时是多余的，如 But the army, however, went on with its plans； 这两个词必须去掉其中一个。But 通常后面不加逗号。 正确的写法是Kim wanted to go, but we stayed, 而不是 Kim wanted to go, but, we stayed 。 But 可以放在所有文体标准的句子开头 参见 and,cannot,doubt,however,I1〔flare〕An unwanted reflection within an optical system or the resultant fogging of the image.反射，模糊景象：光学系统内一种多余的反射或由此而产生的物象模糊〔overarm〕To supply (a nation, for example) with an excess of weaponry, especially nuclear missiles.提供多余武器的：向（如一个国家）提供多余的武器，尤指核武器〔fat〕Unnecessary excess:不必要的东西，多余的东西：〔supererogatory〕"It was supererogatory for her to gloat"(Mary McCarthy)“她也在一旁幸灾乐祸地看得出神，真是多余”(玛丽·麦卡锡)〔excrescent〕Growing out abnormally, excessively, or superfluously.多余的：不正常地、过度地或多余地生长的 |
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