| 单词 | 大概 |
| 释义 | 〔kazoo〕[Perhaps imitative of its sound] [大概模仿其声音而得名] 〔ethnic〕When in a Middle English text written before 1400it is said that a part of a temple fell down and "mad a gret distruccione of ethnykis,”one wonders why ethnics were singled out for death.The wordethnic in this context, however, means "gentile,” coming as it does from the Greek adjectiveethnikos, meaning "national, foreign, gentile.”The adjective is derived from the nounethnos, "people, nation, foreign people,” that in the plural phraseta ethnē meant "foreign nations.” In translating the Hebrew Bible into Greek,this phrase was used for Hebrewgōyīm, "gentiles"; hence the sense of the noun in the Middle English quotation.The nounethnic in this sense or the related sense "heathen" is not recorded after 1728, although the related adjective sense is still used. But probably under the influence of other words going back to Greekethnos, such asethnography and ethnology, the adjectiveethnic broadened in meaning in the 19th century. After this broadeningthe noun sense "a member of a particular ethnic group,”first recorded in 1945, came into existence.在一篇1400年以前的中古英语文章中写道，一座神殿的一部分倒塌了并“导致一个种族的彻底毁灭”，人们想知道为什么一个种族单单被挑出去死。但是ethnic 在这个上下文中的意思是“异教徒”， 来自于希腊语的形容词ethnikos ， 意为“民族的，外来的，异教的”。该形容词源自名词ethnos， 意为“民族、种族、外来人”， 它的复数形式ta ethne， 意为“外来民族”。 在把希伯来圣经翻译成希腊语的过程中，这一词组被用作希伯来语中的goyim， 意为“异教徒”； 因此名词的含意在中世纪英语被引用。即使相关含意讲的名词ethnic 在1728年之后也未被收录，尽管这时相关的形容词含义已被应用， 但大概在那些可追溯到古希腊语ethnos 的词， 如ethnograthy 和 ethnology 的影响下， 形容词ethnic 在19世纪时对词义进行了扩充。 这次扩充后，名词词意为“某一特定的种族群体中的一员”，在1945年被首次收录并开始存在〔branch〕[perhaps of Celtic origin] [大概来源于凯尔特语] 〔probably〕Most likely; presumably.很可能地；大概〔neigh〕[probably of imitative origin] [大概出自模仿] 〔storyboard〕A hanging panel of rough sketches depicting the plot, action, and characters in the sequential scenes of a film, an animated cartoon, a television show, or a filmed advertisement that is being proposed or made.情节串连图板：带有大概情节的挂板，描述正在被推出或制作的电影、卡通片，电视片或电影广告中的连续画面中的情节、行为或人物〔coupon〕A Roman might have had difficulty predicting what would become of the Latin wordcolaphus, which meant "a blow with the fist.” In Old French, a language that developed from Latin,Late Latincolpus, from Latin colaphus, became colp, or modern French coup, with the same sense. Coup has had a rich development in French, gaining numerous senses, participating in numerous phrases,such ascoup d'état (a term that we have borrowed), and giving rise to many derivatives, includingcouper, "to cut; literally, to divide with a blow or stroke.” Couper yielded the word coupon, "a portion that is cut off,” which came to refer to a certificate that was detachable from a principal certificate.The detachable certificate could be exchanged for interest or dividend payments by the holder of the principal certificate.Coupon is first recorded in English in 1822 with this sense and then came to apply to forms or tickets, detachable or otherwise,that could be exchanged for various benefits or used to request information.罗马人大概很难想象拉丁词colaphus 意为“拳头的一击”所发生的变化。 在由拉丁文发展而来的古法语中，由拉丁词colaphus 转变为后期拉丁文中的 colpus ，变为了 colp 或现代法语中的 coup ，意思未变。 Coup 在法语中变化发展很多， 具有了许多意思，组成了许多短语，如coup d'ètat （英语中已借用的单词），并生成许多派生词， 包括couper “切；字面上的意思是用一击或一打使分开。” Couper 又产生了 coupon 一词，意思是“切掉的一部分”， 并且还用来指可从主要证书中分开的票证。这个可分票证可以由主证书的持有者为得利息或分期付款进行交换。Coupon 有这个意思的最早记录是在1882年， 然后被用来指格式或门票，可分离的或其他样式，它可以用来交换不同的利益或用来获取信息〔scribble〕It is not easy to think simultaneously of the carefully crafted writings of a trained scribe and the hastily scrawled jottings referred to by the wordscribble, but the two words are related.Scribe goes back to the Latin scrība, meaning "one who has charge of things such as public records or accounts,” scrība, in turn, coming from scrībere, "to write.” The Latin word was borrowed into English directly as well as by way of Old French (scribe ), giving us Middle English scribe, first recorded in a work written probably around 1200.People do not always write with great care,especially when pressed for time,as is shown by an early use of the verbscribble in a Middle English text: "Scribled in hast with mine owne hand in default of other helpe.”Hence it is easy to see why the verbscribble came into existence. From Latinscrībere English had formed its own verb scriben, "to write,” and probably from this verb with the addition of the suffix-el, denoting diminutive, repetitive, or intensive actions, came the Middle English word scriblen (first recorded around 1456), the ancestor of our wordscribble. 不容易同时想到由经过训练的抄写员细心写出来的字体和单词scribble 所指的匆忙中胡乱的涂写， 但是这两个字是有关联的。Scribe 可追溯到拉丁文 scriba 意思是“管理公众记录或记事的人”。 scriba 反过来，来自于 scribere, 即“写”。 这个拉丁文字通过古法语(scribe )被直接借入英语，这样我们就有了中世纪英语 scribe, 大概在1200年左右第一次被写入作品中。人们不是总能非常细心地写字，尤指当时间紧凑时，就如同在一个中世纪英语文章中scribble 的早期用法似的： “缺少其它帮助时用我自己的手匆匆地乱写”。因此很容易理解为什么动词scribble 出现了。 源于拉丁文scribere ，英语也形成了它自己的动词 scriben, “写”。 并用加上后缀-el, 表示小的、反复的或者强调的行为的单词，可能衍生了那个中世纪英语单词 scriblen （最早被记录于1456年左右）， 即我们现在的单词scribble 的前身 〔caviar〕Although caviar might seem to be something quintessentially Russian,the wordcaviar is not a native one, the Russian term beingikra. Caviar first came into English in the 16th century,probably by way of French and Italian,which, along with other European languages, borrowed it from Turkishhavyar. The source of the Turkish word is apparently an Iranian dialectal form related to the Persian word for "egg,”khāyah, and this in turn goes back to the same Indo-European root that gives us the English wordsegg and oval. This rather exotic etymology is appropriate to a substance that is not to everyone's taste,giving rise to Shakespeare's famous phrase,“'twas caviary to the general,”the general public, that is.虽然鱼子酱一词有点俄罗斯风范，但caviar 一词不是俄语， 俄语词是ikra。 Caviar 第一次出现在英语中是在16世纪，大概是来自法语和意大利语，而它们又与其它欧洲语言一起从土耳其语havyar 借用而来。 土耳其词的来源很明显是从与波斯单词“鸡蛋”khayah 有关的伊朗方言中而来， 并且由此追溯到给我们带来egg 和 oval 的同一印欧语系词根。 这种怪异的词源学不会适合所有人的口味，由此带来了莎士比亚的名言，“它是适合大众口味的鱼子酱，”即指一般公众〔kea〕[perhaps imitative of its call] [大概拟其叫声而得名] 〔scuba〕To goscuba diving sounds much more desirable than to go self-contained underwater breathing apparatus diving. In talking about such an apparatus, first successfully tested in 1943, it must have seemed much simpler to sayscuba, taking the first letter of each word in the phrase and putting them together to form one word.Scuba, like other acronyms, as such words are called, has a vowel at a point that allows it to be pronounced like an English word.The word, first recorded in 1952, has been accepted to the extent that people probably rarely think of it as a collection of initials and furthermore have used it in forming other words, such asscuba-dive. In fact, a verbscuba was first recorded in 1973 and is still in use. 用scuba diving 要比用 self-contained underwater breathing apparatus diving 听起来更能令有接受。 当谈及这种首次在1943年试验成功的装置时，能不费力地说scruba ， 把词组中每个单字的第一个字母都集合在一起形成一个单词。Scuba 与其它同样叫法的首字缩略词一样， 在某一点有一元音，这样使它在发音时听起来象一个英语单词。自从这个单词首次在1952年出现后，已经被人们广为使用，大概人们很少会把它看作是首字母的集合体，甚至人们把它还用于其它单词中，例如scuba-dive 。 事实上，动词scuba 是在1973年首次被记录，并一直延用至今 〔title〕A general or descriptive heading, as of a book chapter.标题：一种大概的或描述性的题目，如一本书中的章节〔sack〕The wordsack may seem an odd candidate for preserving a few thousand years of history, but this word for an ordinary thing probably goes back to Middle Eastern antiquity.Sack owes its long history to the fact that it and its ancestors denoted an object that was used in trade between peoples. Thus the Greeks got their wordsakkos, "a bag made out of coarse cloth or hair,” from the Phoenicians with whom they traded. We do not know the Phoenician word,but we know words that are akin to it,such as Hebrewsaq and Akkadian saqqu. The Greeks then passed the sack, as it were, to the Latin-speaking Romans, who transmitted their wordsaccus, "a large bag or sack,” to the Germanic tribes with whom they traded, who gave it the form .sakkiz (other peoples as well have taken this word from Greek or Latin, including speakers of Welsh, Russian, Polish, and Albanian).The speakers of Old English, a Germanic language, used two forms of the word,sæc, from .sakkiz, and sacc, directly from Latin; the second Old English form is the ancestor of oursack. sack 这个词具有几百年的历史看起来可能很奇怪， 但这个词用来指一件普通的物品大概可追溯到古代中东。Sack 的长久历史归功于它和它的前身，即指用于人们之间贸易的一个物品。 因此希腊人从与他们做买卖的腓尼基人处得到sakkos 这个词，指“用粗布或毛发制成的袋子”。 我们不懂腓尼基语指什么，但知道一些与它相关的词，如希伯莱语中的Saq 和阿卡德语中的 Saqqu。 希腊人于是又把这个词传到说拉丁语的罗马人中，罗马人把他们的词saccus （“大袋子，大麻袋”）传给与他们做贸易的日耳曼人部落，他们用 Sakkiz 这种形式 （其他民族也从希腊语或拉丁语中得到这个词，其中包括说威尔士语、俄语、波兰语和阿尔巴尼亚语的人们）。讲古英语（一种日耳曼语言）的人用这个词的两种形式：源自sakkiz 的 sæc 和源自拉丁语的 sacc ； 这第二种古英语的形式是我们现在的sack 的前身 〔Essex〕A historical region and Anglo-Saxon kingdom of southeast England. Probably settled by Saxons in the early sixth century, the kingdom was long dominated by Mercia and later by Wessex before and after its inclusion in the Danelaw territories from 886 to 917. There are important Roman and Saxon remains in the area.东撒克斯：位于英国东南部一个历史悠久的地区，曾为盎格鲁-撒克逊族王国。大概由撒克逊人于6世纪早期建立的，长期被麦西亚王国统治，后来又为韦塞克斯统治，再后来于886年至917年占领了丹麦的法定地区。该地区有大量的罗马和撒克逊人遗迹〔will〕Used to indicate probability or expectation:可能，大概：用于表示可能性、猜测：〔ketchup〕The wordketchup exemplifies the types of modifications that can take place in the borrowing process, both in the borrowing of a word and in the borrowing of a substance.The source of our wordketchup may be the Malay word kēchap, possibly taken into Malay from the Cantonese dialect of Chinese.Kēchap, like our word, referred to a kind of sauce, but a sauce without tomatoes;rather, it contained fish brine, herbs, and spices.The sauce seems to have emigrated to Europe by way of sailors,where it was made with locally available ingredients such as the juice of mushrooms or walnuts.At some point, when the juice of tomatoes was first used,ketchup as we know it was born.However, it is important to realize that in the 18th and 19th centuriesketchup was a generic term for sauces whose only common ingredient was vinegar. The word is first recorded in English in 1690 in the formcatchup, in 1711 in the formketchup, and in 1730 in the formcatsup. These three spelling variants of a foreign borrowing remain current.ketchup 这个词显示出在借词过程中的变异， 既发生在借词上又发生物质转借上。ketch up 这个词的来源大约是马来词 kechap ， 可能是从中国广东方言变为马来语的。Kechap 也象ketchup一样指一种酱， 但是不含番茄的酱，而是含咸鱼汁、药草和香料。大概是由水手们传到欧洲，在欧洲只能用当地有的调料如蘑菇或胡桃汁制成。当番茄汁初次被被使用时，我们所指的调味番茄酱便产生了。但应注意的是18和19世纪时，ketchup 是表示一般成分只含醋的调料的通用词。 1690年这个词首先以catchup 的形式在英语中出现， 1711年改为ketchup ， 1730年又改为catsup 。 这个外来词的三种不同拼法现在都通行〔ruffle〕[perhaps of imitative origin] [大概来源于拟声] 〔saguaro〕[probably of Piman origin] [大概来源于皮门语] 〔desert〕When Shakespeare says in Sonnet 72,"Unless you would devise some virtuous lie,/To do more for me than mine own desert,”he is using the worddesert in the sense of "worthiness; deserving,” a word that is perhaps most familiar to us in the plural, meaning "something that is deserved,”as in the phrasejust deserts. This word goes back to the Latin worddēservīre, "to devote oneself to the service of,”which in Vulgar Latin came to mean "to merit by service.” Dēservīre is made up ofdē-, meaning "thoroughly,” and servīre, "to serve.” Knowing this,we can distinguish thisdesert from desert, "a wasteland,” and desert, "to abandon,” both of which go back to Latindēserere, "to forsake, leave uninhabited,” which is made up ofdē-, expressing the notion of undoing, and the verb serere, "to link together.” We can also distinguish all threedeserts from dessert, "a sweet course at the end of a meal,” which is from the French worddesservir, "to clear the table.” Desservir is made up ofdes-, expressing the notion of reversal, and servir (from Latin servīre ), "to serve,” hence, "to unserve" or "to clear the table.”当莎士比亚在第72首十四行诗中说：“除非你能编出善意的谎言/把我说得比我本人强得多”，这里desert 的意思就是“应得的东西”。 对这个词，我们最熟悉的大概是其复数形式（意思是“应得的东西”）。例如在词组just deserts 中。 该词的起源可以追溯到拉丁词deservire ， 意为“为…而献身”，在俗拉丁语中，意思就变成了“依据服务应得…”。 Deservire 由de- 意思是“完全地，彻底地”和 servire “服务”组成。 知道了这些，我们就可以把desert 与 desert “荒原”和 desert “放弃”区别开来。 后面两个意义可追溯到拉丁语deserere “遗弃，无人居住”， 它由de- 表示“不做”的概念和动词 serere “连接到一起”组成。 我们也能把所有这三个deserts 与 dessert “正餐最后上的一道甜食”区分开来， 后者来自法语词desservir “收拾桌子”。 Desservir 由表达“反，逆”概念的des- 和 servir 组成（来自拉丁语 servire ）， 意为“服务”、“因此“、“不上菜”或“清理桌子”〔bodacious〕Popularized in the comic stripSnuffy Smith, bodacious is probably a blend of the words bold and audacious, whose combined senses are evident in the following description of Sevier County, Tennessee,as"the most bodacious display of tourisma this side of Anaheim" (Los Angeles Times).A more traditional meaning is "remarkable, prodigious": "a bodacious amount of smoke" (Springfield MA Morning Union); "the most bodacious tale of hidden treasure" (Lawrence E. Will). Bodacious can also be an adverbial intensifier: "She's so bowdacious unreasonable when she's raised [irritated] ” (William T. Thompson).Black speech in New York City retains this Southernism asbardacious. Joseph Wright'sEnglish Dialect Dictionary cites the form boldacious, which, as the likely source forbodacious, strengthens the theory that some archaic British expressions are preserved in the speech of the American South.因胆大包天的斯纳费·史密斯 中的连载漫画而家喻户晓。其大概是 bold 和 audacious 两词的组合， 其组合意思在以下对田纳西州的塞费尔县的描述中很明显的：“阿纳海姆的大肆渲染的观光演出” （洛杉矶时报）。一个更传统的意思是“突出的，大量的”： “滚滚浓烟” （斯普林菲尔德·MA·联合晨报）； “关于隐藏的宝藏的最迷人传说” （劳伦斯·E·威尔）。 Bodacious 也可用作加强语气的副词： “她被激［怒］ 时变得如此不可理喻” （威廉·T·汤普逊）。纽约市的黑人语言还保留了这一南方音bardacious。 约瑟夫·莱特编的英语方言辞典 记录了 boldacious 的形式， 它可能是boadacious 的来源， 这证实了以下的看法：一些古时的英语表达方式仍保留在美国南部方言中〔hardly〕The use ofhardly with a negative is avoided in Standard English. Some critics have been puzzled that adverbs such ashardly, rarely, and scarcely should be treated as negatives in the traditional strictures against double negation, which tars sentences likeI couldn't hardly see him with the same brush as I didn't get none. After all, they argue, the sentenceMary hardly laughed entails that Mary did laugh, not that she didn't,and therefore does not express a negative proposition.Buthardly and scarcely occur with other negative expressions in a number of ways. For one thing, they combine with items such asany and at all, which are characteristically associated with negative contexts: we sayI hardly saw him at all or I never saw him at all but notI occasionally saw him at all; we sayI hardly had any time or I didn't have any time but notI had any time, and so on. Like other negative adverbs,hardly triggers inversion of the subject and auxiliary when it begins a sentence. Thus we sayHardly had I arrived when she left, on the pattern of Never have I read such a book or At no time has he condemned the movement. Such inversion is not used with other adverbs:we would not sayOccasionally has he addressed this question or To a slight degree have they changed their position. The fact is that adverbs such ashardly are semantically negative in that they qualify a state or an event relative to the limiting case of nonoccurrence.Thus the meaning ofhardly is, roughly, "almost not at all"; the meaning ofrarely is "practically never"; and so forth. These adverbs are felt to have a negative component in their meaning,and it should not be surprising that grammarians have reacted to combinations ofhardly with negatives in the same way that they have reacted to combinations of pairs of negatives such as not and none. See Usage Note at double negative ,rarely ,scarcely Hardly 和一个否定词在一起的用法在标准英语中应尽量避免， 一些批评学家一直怀疑象hardly，rarely 和 scarcely 这样的副词在传统的双重否定的句中应被视为否定词， 这样的词使句子象I couldn't hardly see him 和 I didn't get none 一样被弄糟了， 他们争论说，毕竟句子Mary hardly laughed 的意思是玛丽的确笑了， 而不是她没笑，所以不表示否定的建议。但是hardly 和 scarcely 和其他的否定表示一起在许多方面出现， 举例说，他们和象any 和 at all 这样独特的和否定上下文联系的条目组合在一起， 我们说I hardly saw him at all 或 I never saw him at all , 但并不是I occasionally saw him at all； 我们说I hardly had any time 或 I didn't have any time 但不是I had any time 等。 象其它否定副词，hardly 在句子开头时引起主语和助动词的倒装， 于是我们说Hardly had I arrived when she left， 和 Never have I read such a book 或 At no time has he condemned the movement. 等同样的句型。 别的副词并不用这样的倒装：我们不能说Occasionally has he addressed this question 或 To a slight degree have they changed their position 。 事实是象hardly 这样的副词语义上是否定的， 他们限定修饰了与不发生有关的状态或事件。于是hardly 的意思大概是“几乎根本不”； rarely 的意思大概是“实际上没有”；等等。 这些副词在他们的意思里留有否定的成分，语法学家们对hardly 和否定词组合的反应和对一对否定词如 not 和 none组合的反应一样是不足为奇的 参见 double negative,rarely,scarcely〔pickle〕Trade with the Low Countries across the North Sea was important to England in the later Middle Ages,and it is perhaps because of this tradethat we have the wordpickle. Middle Englishpikel, the ancestor of our word,is first recorded around 1400with the meaning "a spicy sauce or gravy served with meat or fowl.”This is a different sense from the one the word brings to mind now,but it is related somewhat in sense to its possible Middle Dutch sourcepekel, a solution, such as spiced brine, for preserving and flavoring food.After coming into Englishthe wordpickle expanded its sense range in several ways. It was applied, as it had been in Middle Dutch, to a pickling solution.Laterpickle was used to refer to something so treated, such as a cucumber. The word also took on a figurative sense,"a troublesome situation,”perhaps under the influence of a similar Dutch usage in the phrasein de pekel zitten, "sit in the pickle,” and iemand in de pekel laten zitten, "let someone sit in the pickle.” 在中世纪末，穿过北海与低地国家的贸易对英格兰来说非常重要，也许就是因为这种贸易，便有了pickle 这个词。 中世纪英语中的pikel ， 也就是我们这词的祖先，大约在1400年第一次被记录，意思是“加有肉或禽肉的多香料的调味汁或肉汁。”这与现在我们所想到的意思有所不同，但从其可能的中世纪荷兰语词源pekle 的意义上讲又有些关联， 该词指如加香料的卤水等用来腌制或保存食物的溶液。进入英语后，pickle 这个词的词义在很多方面扩大了其含义。 象在中世纪荷兰语那样，它被用来指一种腌制食物的溶液。后来pickle 又用来指如此腌制的东西，如腌黄瓜。 从而这个词也有了比喻意义，即“麻烦的境地，”这大概是因为受了荷兰语中有短语坐在卤水中 和 让某人坐在卤水中 的类似用法的影响 〔rhetoric〕The wordrhetoric was once primarily the name of an important branch of philosophy and an art deserving of serious study. In recent yearsthe word has come to be used chiefly in a pejorative senseto refer to inflated language and pomposity.Deprecation of the term may result from a modern linguistic puritanism,which holds that language used in legitimate persuasion should be plainand free of artifice—itself a tendentious rhetorical doctrine,though not often recognized as such.But many writers still prefer to bear in mind the traditional meanings of the word.Thus, according to the newer use of the term,the phraseempty rhetoric, as in The politicians talk about solutions, but they usually offer only empty rhetoric, might be construed as redundant. But in fact only 35 percent of the Usage Panel judged this example to be redundant.Presumably, it can be maintained that rhetoric can be other than empty.单词rhetoric 曾主要是哲学的一个重要分支的和一种值得严肃研究的艺术的名称。 近年来，这个词已开始主要用于贬义，指夸大的语言和虚夸。这个词的改变可能源于一种现代语言的刻板做法，认为用于正当劝说中的语言应是朴素，没有人工雕饰的——它自身便是一种宣传性的修辞教条，虽然未常常被如此认为。但许多作家仍愿意记住这个词的传统含义。这样，根据这个词较新的含义，在The politician talk about solutions, but they usually offer only empty rhetoric 中，短语 empty rhetoric 可能被分析为多余的。 但事实上，用法委员会成员中只有百分之三十五的人认为在这个例子中是多余的。大概该词除了空的以外还有其他的意思吧〔wilderness〕Deer comes from the Old English word dēor, meaning "beast.” Clearly the word has narrowed in meaning and lost its general sense.But another word in English,wilderness, may point to this general sense of Old English dēor. The etymology ofwilderness is variously given, but one etymology traces the-der- of wilderness back to dēor and wild- back to Old English wilde, "wild.” Der- may thus carry on dēor in its general sense, reminding us that wild beasts might be the only inhabitants of a wilderness.Wilderness, though it may have existed in Old English, is first found in 13th-century Middle English.Deer 来自于古英语中意为“野兽”的一词 deor 。 很明显这个词的词义缩小了，失去了它较笼统的意义。但英语中的另一个词wilderness, 大概会指出古英语中 deor 的笼统意义。 wilderness 的词源很多， 但一种说法顺着wilderness 中的 -der- 找到 deor ，顺着 wild- 中找到古英语中的 wilde “野蛮的”。 Der- 大概因此具有笼统意义上的 deor 的意义， 提醒我们野兽大概是荒野处的唯一居民。Wilderness 尽管在古英语中已存在， 但是在13世纪中世纪英语中首次出现的〔generalize〕To deal in generalities; speak or write vaguely.大概地处理；模糊地说或写〔more〕holds two tons, more or less.大概能承两吨重〔approximate〕Almost exact or correct:约莫的，大概的：基本精确或正确的：〔Coventry〕After Coventry 1[England (possibly from the sending of Royalist prisoners there during the English Civil War)] 源自 Coventry1[英格兰（大概因为英国内战期间保王党囚犯被流放到那里）] 〔core〕The central portion of Earth below the mantle, beginning at a depth of about 2,900 kilometers (1,800 miles) and probably consisting of iron and nickel. It is made up of a liquid outer core and a solid inner core.地核：地球的中心部分，地幔以下，开始于深为2,900公里（1,800英里）的地方，大概含有铁和镍。它由一个液体的外核和一个固体的内核组成〔kelpie〕[Probably of Celtic origin] ; akin to Scottish Gaelic colpach [heifer] [大概根源于凯尔特语] ；类似于 苏格兰的盖尔语 colpach [小母牛] 〔rustle〕[perhaps of imitative origin] [大概源于拟声] 〔bewilder〕The wordbewilder is probably used much more commonly in its figurative sense "to confuse" than in its literal sense "to cause to lose one's bearings; disorient.” Yet the latter sense is most likely the clue to the original source of this word.Bewilder, first recorded in 1684, is made up of the prefix be-, here meaning "completely,” and the verb wilder, meaning "to cause to lose one's way,” first found in 1613. Wilder may in turn be a back-formation from wilderness, a much older word than wilder. Users of English might have erroneously thought thatwilderness was derived from an older verb wilder, which they then used with reference to the loss of one's way that can occur in a wilderness.单词bewilder 大概多用其比喻意义“使迷惑”，而少用其字面意义“使失去方向；使迷失方向”。 虽然后者更接近这个词的本意。Bewilder 一词于1684年首次有文字记载，由前缀 be- 这里意为“完全地”和1613年首次发现的意为“使迷路”的动词 wilder 组成。 Wilder 可能从 wilderness 反演而来，一个比 wilder 古老得多的词。 英语使用者可能误以为wilderness 是从更古老的动词 wilder 产生的， 于是他们把wilderness与可能发生在荒野中的迷路联系起来〔Adana〕A city of southern Turkey on the Seyhan River near the Mediterranean Sea. Probably founded by the Hittites, it was colonized by the Romans in 66b.c. Population, 574,515. 阿达纳：土耳其的南部一城市，位于塞亚河，临地中海。大概由赫梯人修建，公元前 66年成为罗马的殖民地。人口574,515 〔gross〕the gross outlines of a plan.一项计划的大概的要点〔surly〕The fact that the wordsurly means "churlish" nicely indicates its fall in status. Churlish derives from the word churl, which in its Old English form ceorl meant "a man without rank, a member of the lowest rank of freemen,” as well as "peasant" in general. In Old Englishceorl may have been a term of contempt; it certainly became one in Middle English,wherecherl meant "base fellow, boor,” with churlish descending in meaning accordingly. Surly, on the other hand, started its life at the top of the scale but fell just as far. Looking at instances of this word in Middle English and Early Modern English,we see thatsurly was only one spelling for this word, another spelling beingsirly, which makes it clear that it came from the word sir, the term of honor for a knight or for a person of rank or importance in general. Thussirly, the form under which the early spellings of the word are entered in the Oxford English Dictionary, first meant "lordly.” Surly, entered as a separate word in the OED and first recorded in 1566, meant perhaps "lordly, majestic,” in its earliest use,subsequently being used in the sense "masterful, imperious, arrogant.” As the gloss "arrogant" makes clear, the wordsirly could have a negative sense, and it is this area of meaning that is responsible for the current "churlish" sense of the word.surly 意为“粗野的”事实生动地说明了这个词的地位下降。 Churlish 是 churl 的派生词，其古英文形式 ceorl 的意思是“没有爵位的男人，或者是自由民中最低等级的男人”，大概象“农民”一样。 古英语中ceorl 可能含有贬意； 中古英语中肯定是贬意，其cherl 的意思是“卑贱的人，粗野的人”，相应地 churlish 的意思也下降了。 另一方面，Surly 开始是个高尚的字，后来地位同样下降。 从中古英语和早期现代英语中的实例，我们可以看到，surly 的拼法只有一个， 另一个是sirly ，它清楚地表明这个字来自 sir （给于骑士或有等级或有身份的人的尊称）。 因此，sirly 这个字的最初形式记载在 牛津英语词典 中，开始的意思为（有威严的，高傲的）。 Surly 作为另一个字最初于1566年记录在 OED 中， 最初的意思是“老爷的、尊贵的”，以后的意思为“老爷般的、命令式的、傲慢的”。“傲慢”这个字条清楚地说明sirly 可能有过否定的意思， 也正是在这层意义上，它和目前“粗野的”意义有关〔doodle〕One might wonder what, if any, connection exists amongYankee Doodle, a doodlebug, and the doodle that one draws when one is bored or abstracted. The worddoodle in the latter two uses may come from a Low German word meaning "fool.”"Fool,” the first (and now probably obsolete) sense of the worddoodle to be recorded in English (1628),would seem naturally to have been used inYankee Doodle, the name of a tune composed in 1755 to mock the American colonists. However, the origin ofDoodle in this expression is unknown; it may be fromtootle, because the piece was apparently composed originally for flute or fife.In the case ofdoodlebug, it is thought that doodle, meaning "simpleton,” is the first part of the insect name.The sense "absent-minded scrawl" may come directly from the sense "fool"or from a British dialectal verb, meaning "to cheat, fritter time away,”that was derived from the noun sense "fool.”人们也许会问YonkeeDoodle， doodlebug， 和意思为心不在焉地乱涂的 doodle 之间有无联系。 单词doodle 在后两种用法中大概来自低地德语中， 意思为“傻瓜”的一个单词。“傻瓜”，doodle 的第一含义（现在可能已不再用）， 英文记载是在1628年，被用在1755年谱成的用来讽刺美国殖民者的曲子YankeeDoodle 中。 然而，在该表达中Doodle 的词源尚不清楚； 也许来自tootle， 因为该曲原本很明显是用笛子或横笛演奏的。在doodlebug 中， doodle 被认为意思为“傻瓜”， 是昆虫名的第一部分。“心不在焉地乱涂”可能直接来自“傻瓜”，或者来自英国方言动词，意为“欺骗，打发时间”的，这个动词来源于名词“傻瓜”〔neighbor〕Loving one's neighbor as oneself would be much easier,or perhaps much more difficult,if the wordneighbor had kept to its etymological meaning. The source of our word,the assumed West Germanic form.nāhgabūr, was a compound of the words.nēhwiz, "near,” and .būram, "dweller, especially a farmer.” A neighbor, then, was a near dweller.Nēahgebūr, the Old English descendant of this West Germanic word, and its descendant in Middle English, neighebor, and our Modern English neighbor have all retained the literal notion,even though one can now have many neighbors whom one does not know,a situation that would have been highly unlikely in earlier times.The extension of this word to mean "fellow" is probably attributable to the Christian concern with the treatment of one's fellow human beings,as in the passage in Matthew 19:19 that urges love of one's neighbor.象爱自己一样爱邻居会更容易，也可能更难，如果neighbor 这个词保持其词源意义的话。 这个词的来源，假定在西日耳曼语中形式为nahgabur， 是nehwiz “附近的”和 buram “居住者，尤指农夫”的合成词。 那么邻居就是附近的居住者。Neahgebur 这个西日耳曼词发展的古英语形式， 中世纪英语形式nerghebor 及现代英语 neighbor 形式， 都保持了字面意义，即使现在一个可能有许多人都不认识的邻居，这是一种以前很不可能有的情况。这个词的引申意义“人”大概出自基督徒关心如何对待世人，比如在《马太19：19》中就有要求热爱自己邻居的篇章〔amiable〕"I couldn't handle it, I didn't enjoy it and it probably didn't make me a pleasant person to be around" (James Caan). “我对付不了它，我不喜欢它并且它大概也让我成了这里不受欢迎的人” （詹姆斯·凯恩）〔probable〕Likely but uncertain; plausible.大概的：可能但不能肯定的；似乎真实的〔coroner〕Coroner comes from Anglo-Norman corouner, a word derived fromcoroune, "crown.” Corouner was the term used for the royal judicial officer who was called in Latin custos placitorum coronae, or "guardian of the crown's pleas.” The person holding the office of coroner, a position dating from the 12th century, was charged with keeping local records of legal proceedings in which the crown had jurisdiction.He helped raise money for the crown by funneling the property of executed criminals into the king's treasury.The coroner also investigated any suspicious deaths among the Normans,who as the ruling class wanted to be sure that their deaths were not taken lightly. At one time in England all criminal proceedings were included in the coroner's responsibilities.Over the years these responsibilities decreased markedly,but coroners have continued to display morbid curiosity.In the United States, where there is no longer the crown, a coroner's main duty is the investigation of any sudden, violent, or unexpected death that may not have had a natural cause.Coroner 一词来源于盎格鲁-诺曼底语中的 corouner ， 是从coroune “王冠”变来的。 Corouner 是皇家司法官，在拉丁语叫 custos placitorum coronae 或“国王请求的保护者。” 起源于12世纪的这一职位，当时负责记录当地的国王具有裁判权的法律程序。持这一职位者通过收集死刑犯的财产入国库来为国王聚殓钱财。他也负责调查诺曼底人中任何可疑的死亡。因诺曼底人是统治阶级，他们希望确知他们的死没有被轻看。在英国曾由验尸官一度负责罪犯的全部事务。随着时间推移。这些责任明显减少，但仍继续显示对死亡的调查的兴趣。在美国，已不再有国王，验尸官的主要任务是调查任何突发的、剧烈的或预料不到的，大概无自然原因的死亡 |
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