| 单词 | 大部分 |
| 释义 | 〔Seaver〕American baseball player. A right-handed pitcher mainly with the New York Mets (1967-1977), he had 311 career victories and won the Cy Young Award three times (1969, 1973, and 1975).西弗，（乔治）托马斯：美国棒球选手。大部分职业生涯都为纽约大都会队效力的右投投手（1967年-1977年），他共赢得300场胜利并三次获塞杨奖（1969年、1973年、1975年）〔gift〕Gift has a long history of use as a verb meaning "to present as a gift; endow.” The practice appears to provide a useful distinction,in as much as the verbgive can sometimes be ambiguous between "to transfer physical possession" and "to transfer ownership"; and in fact a verb analogous togift is found in a number of other languages (for example, Italianregalare, "to give as a gift,” from regalo, "gift, present"). Unfortunately the verbal use ofgift in Modern English is irredeemably tainted (as is its derivative giftable ) by its association with the language of advertising and publicity (as in Gift her with this copper warming plate ). In an earlier surveythe usage was rejected by a large majority of the Usage Panel.Where clarity is required, substitutessuch asgive as a gift, bestow, or donate are recommended. · The phrasefree gift should, of course, be considered redundant. But the increasing currency of its use is indicative mainly of the degree to which the wordgift itself has been expropriated by advertisers to refer to merchandise offerings to which an obligation is attached—if not a direct price, then taking a test drive,sitting through a sales pitch, or enrolling in a book club.It is perhaps to this use ofgift, rather than to the redundancy free gift, that critics ought most strenuously to object. Gift 作动词意为“赠送礼物，赠予”的用法已有很长的历史了， 这种惯用法的出现提供了有用的区分，因为作为动词give 可能有时会在“传递有形财产“和”传递所有权“之间有模棱两可的意思； 但事实上类似于gift 的词是在其它语言上建立起来的 （如意大利语的regalare “作为礼物给予”来自于 regalo “礼物，礼品”）。 不幸的是gift 在现代英语中动词性质的用法由于广告语言和公众语言的联系而不可挽回地被污染了（如它的派生词 giftable ）（又如在 给她这个铜暖盘作为礼物 ）。 在较早的一个调查中，这种用法被大部分的用法专题使用小组的成员所反对。为了在此处的用法更清晰的一些替代词，如give as a gift, bestow 或 donate 被采纳了。 词组free gift 自然是应该被认为是多余的， 但是这种用法的迅速使用主要表示了gift 这个词被广告商所侵用而用来指提供商品优惠是一种附加的义务——如果不是直接的价格， 那么就参加一次竞赛活动，等待商品广告宣传或在一个读书俱乐部中报名登记。也许gift 的这种用法应该比冗余的 free gift 更为批评家所坚决反对 〔VLDL〕A lipoprotein containing a very large proportion of lipids to protein and carrying most cholesterol from the liver to the tissues.极低密度脂蛋白：一种脂蛋白，含有大量脂质到蛋白质，并带有从肝脏到组织的大部分胆固醇〔Silesia〕A region of central Europe primarily in southwest Poland and northern Czechoslovakia. Settled by Slavic peoples c.a.d. 500, the region was long contested by various states and principalities. After World War I Silesia was partitioned among Germany, Poland, and Czechoslovakia. Much of the Czechoslovakian section passed to Germany and Poland after the signing of the Munich Pact in 1938. Germany occupied Polish Silesia from 1939 to 1945, and after World War II Poland annexed most of German Silesia. Upper Silesia, in southern Poland, is an important industrialized area. 西里西亚：欧洲中部一地区，主要位于波兰西南部和捷克斯洛伐克北部。公元 500年斯拉夫民族在此定居，长期以来各国和各公国都对该地区进行争夺。第一次世界大战以后，西里西亚被德国、波兰和捷克斯洛伐克分割。1938年慕尼黑条约签订以后，捷克斯洛伐克所占的那部分归入德国和波兰。1939年至1945年德国占领了波兰属西里西亚，第二次世界大战后波兰合并了大部分德属西西里亚。波兰南部的 上西里西亚 是一个重要的工业区 〔Abuja〕A city of central Nigeria northeast of Lagos. It was designated the capital in 1982 in an attempt to relieve the racial and ethnic divisions of the country, but the first government ministries did not move to the site until 1987 and the city remains largely undeveloped. Population, 15,000.阿布亚：尼日利亚中部一城市，位于拉各斯东北部。1982年被定为首都以试图缓解这个国家民族和种族的分裂，但首任国家政府部门直到1987年才迁到此城,现在这个城市的大部分还没有发展起来。人口15,000〔Ciboney〕A member of an American Indian people formerly inhabiting the Greater Antilles. Of unknown origin and linguistic affiliation, the Ciboney were largely displaced by Taino settlers prior to European contact and were extinct by the end of the 16th century.席伯尼族：美国印第安民族的成员之一。曾居住在大安地列斯群岛。席伯尼族历史及语言背景均不明，在欧洲与美洲产生联系之前，该民族大部分成员就被泰诺人强迫离开其居住地并在16世纪末灭绝〔Arkhangelsk〕A city of northwest European U.S.S.R. on the Northern Dvina River near its mouth on the White Sea. Although icebound much of the year, it is a leading port and can generally be opened to navigation by icebreakers. Population, 408,000.阿尔汉格尔斯克：苏联欧洲部分西北部一城市，位于北德维纳河靠近该河在白海的入海处。虽然每年大部分时间为冰封期，但仍是一主要港口，一般由破冰船破冰通航。人口408,000〔mass〕"Take mankind in mass, and for the most part, they seem a mob of unnecessary duplicates"(Herman Melville)“整体而论，大部分的人类不过是一群乌合之众”(赫尔曼·梅尔维尔)〔lawyering〕"Thousands of individual practitioners and small firms do most of the lawyering in this country"(Newsweek)“成千上万的个体律师和小公司已掌握了这个国家的大部分律师业”(新闻周刊)〔boss〕An enlarged part of a shaft to which another shaft is coupled or to which a wheel or gear is keyed.轮毂：一轴与另一轴耦合处或一轴与机轮或齿轮楔合处的增大部分〔Nubia〕A desert region and ancient kingdom in the Nile River valley of southern Egypt and northern Sudan. After the 20th centuryb.c. it was controlled by the rulers of Egypt, although in the 8th and 7th centuries an independent kingdom arose that conquered Eygpt and ruled as the XXV Dynasty (712-663). Converted to Christianity in the 6th century a.d. , Nubia united with Ethiopia but fell to the Moslems in the 14th century. Much of the region was flooded by the completion of the Aswan High Dam in the 1960's. 努比亚：埃及南部和苏丹北部尼罗河谷的沙漠地区和古代王国公元前 。20世纪后被埃及统治者控制，但是在公元前8世纪和7世纪曾兴起一个独立王国，征服了埃及并作为二十王朝（公元前712-663年）统治。 公元后 6世纪皈依基督教，努比亚和埃塞俄比亚联合，但在14世纪又转为伊斯兰教。在20世纪60年代亚斯文高水坝建成之前，这里大部分地区洪水泛滥 〔Northumbria〕An Anglo-Saxon kingdom of northern England formed in the seventh century by the union of Bernicia and Deira, Angle kingdoms originally established c.a.d. 500. Much of Northumbria fell to invading Danes in the ninth century and was annexed to Wessex in 954. 诺林伯利亚：北英格兰-盎格鲁-撒克逊王国，公元7世纪由伯尼西亚和德伊勒联盟建立，盎格鲁王国始建于公元 500年。诺森伯利亚的大部分在9世纪被入侵的丹麦人占领，954年被韦塞克斯吞并 〔days〕During the daytime on every day or most days:在白天：每天或大部分日子的白天时间：〔Gretzky〕Canadian hockey player. A center mainly for the Edmonton Oilers (1978-1988) and Los Angeles Kings (1989-1995), he became the National Hockey League's all-time leading scorer in 1989 and the all-time leading scorer in North American professional hockey in 1999.格瑞斯基，威尼：加拿大曲棍球选手。大部分职业生涯都效力于埃得蒙特加油轮队（1978-1988年）和洛杉矶国王队（1989年-1995年）的中锋，他创下了1989年加拿大全国冰上曲棍球联盟，以及1999年北美职业曲棍球联赛的球员个人得分记录〔arpent〕Any of various French units of land measurement, especially one used in parts of Canada and the southern United States and equal to about 0.4 hectare (0.85 acre).阿邦：法国一种丈量土地的单位，尤指用于加拿大部分地区和美国南部的测量单位，约等于0.4公顷（0.85英亩）〔polymyxin〕Any of various mainly toxic antibiotics derived from strains of the soil bacteriumBacillus polymyxa and used to treat various infections with gram-negative bacteria. 多粘菌素：一种大部分为有毒的抗生素，从土壤中的多粘菌 菌株中提取，用来治疗由革兰氏阴性细菌引起的各种感染 〔Amazonia〕The vast basin of the Amazon River in northern South America. It remains largely unpopulated and undeveloped, especially in the interior.亚马孙河流域：南美洲北部宽广的亚马孙河盆地，大部分地区仍无人居住且尚未被开发，特别是其内陆地区〔Lapland〕A region of extreme northern Europe including northern Norway, Sweden, and Finland and the Kola Peninsula of northwest U.S.S.R. It is largely within the Arctic Circle.拉普兰：欧洲最北部的一地区，包括挪威北部、瑞典和芬兰以及苏联西北部的科拉半岛。这个地区大部分在北极圈之内〔Tychy〕A town of south-central Poland south of Katowice. It was largely developed as a resettlement community after World War II. Population, 181,800.蒂黑：波兰中南部的一个城镇，位于卡托维兹的南边。大部分是在第二次世界大战以后作为重新住宅区发展起来的。人口181,800〔parent〕The Usage Panel is better disposed to accept the verbparent than in previous surveys, though a majority continues to find it unacceptable.In 1968 it was acceptable to only 19 percent of the Panel;in the most recent survey45 percent accepted it in the sentenceIn looking for foster homes, we give preference first to relatives and second to families with prior experience in parenting. · The use of the verbparent to mean "act as a parent to" is not entirely new:it occurs as early as 1884 in a metaphorical context.But its use in a literal sense with respect to children is a recent development and reflects a modern reconceptualization of family life.The word is not completely synonymous with the traditional expressionraise a child, though the precise nature of the differences may depend on the context.For some speakers,use of the word suggests a self-conscious shift from child to parent as the focus of the parental relationship,and it may be this implication that feeds critical reservations about the verb.But the usage also reflects a widespread practical realizationthat the activities required of a parent extend well beyond the direct interactionwith the child emphasized inchild raising. Thus theparenting classes for young parents offered by schools and state agencies encompass not only the activities traditionally associated with raising a childbut also topics such as personal self-sufficiency, household financial management, and methods of dealing with schools and health care agencies.See Usage Note at father 用法小组比以往更倾向于接受动词parent 了， 虽然还有大部分人觉得不可接受。1968年仅有19％的小组成员认同这种用法；在最近的调查中，有45％的人接受了它,如在：在寻找收养家庭时，我们首先选孩子的亲戚，其次是有过养育孩子经历的家庭 这样的句子中的用法。 Parent 的意为“做…的父（母）”动词用法， 并不完全是个新用法：早在1884年，在一个比喻性的文章中就出现过了。但就孩子这方面而言，它的本义是近期发展的结果并反映了现代家庭生活的观念。这个词并不与习语 raise a child 完全同义， 尽管不同之处确切的性质可能取决于说话背景。但对一些人来说，使用这个词暗含一个把家长的关系作为重点的自觉的从孩子到父母的转换，也许正是这个隐含的用意引起了关于这个动词批评性的保留。然而，这个用法也反映了广泛的现实认识，即要求父母的活动扩展到超出直接与孩子的相互作用，这个相互作用在 child raising 这个短语中有所强调。 因此，由学校和国家专门部门向年轻家长提供的 parenting 课， 不仅包括传统上与抚养孩子有关的事务，而且还包括诸如个人自给自足、家庭财政管理和同学校和保健部门打交道的方法等课题 参见 father〔Nuremberg〕A city of southeast Germany north-northwest of Munich. First mentioned in 1050, it became a free imperial city in the 13th century and was a center of the German cultural renaissance in the 15th and 16th centuries. From 1933 to 1938 it was the site of annual Nazi party congresses. Largely destroyed in World War II, the city served as the venue for the Allied trials of war criminals (1945-1946). Population, 468,352.纽伦堡：德国东南部的一座城市，位于慕尼黑西北偏北。1050年第一次被提及，13世纪成为自由的帝国城市，并在15和16世纪成为德国文化复兴中心。从1933年到1938年是每年度纳粹党的议会举行地点。在二次世界大战中该城市大部分被毁坏，成为同盟国审理战犯的审判地(1945-1946年）。人口468,352〔picnic〕A shoulder of pork from which most of the butt has been removed.肩肉火腿：已剔除大部分厚皮的猪肉肩膀〔statelet〕"Most of the islands have become independent statelets with freely elected governments"(Economist)“大部分岛屿成为有民主选举政府权力的独立小国”(经济学家)〔anencephaly〕Congenital absence of most of the brain and spinal cord.无脑畸形：大部分大脑和脊髓先天性缺失〔headquarter〕In an earlier surveya majority of the Usage Panel found both these examples to be unacceptable in formal writing.Although ample citational evidence exists for these usages,writers who wish to avoid criticism should consider the use of alternative expressions,for example:The magazine has just assigned him to (or has stationed him in ) a building that houses many foreign journalists. 在一次较早的调查中，大部分用法专题使用小组成员认为这两个例子在正式写作中是不能被接受的。虽然在大量引文中证实存在这种用法，但为免于批评，作家应该考虑运用其它表达方法来代替，例如：杂志社派他 （或者 has stationed him in ） 去有很多外国记者的大楼。 〔responsible〕Some critics have maintained thatresponsible should not be used to describe things, since only persons can be held accountable.The application to things is justifiable, however, whenresponsible is used to mean "being the source or cause of.” In an earlier survey,a majority of the Usage Panel accepted the sentence 一些批评家坚持认为responsible 不应用于描述事物， 因为只有人才能负担责任。但是当responsible 被用来表示“归因于…”的意思时，用它叙述事物是合理的。 在更早期的调查中，用法专题小组中的大部分成员都接受句子 〔phonolite〕A light-colored volcanic rock composed largely of feldspars.响石，响岩：大部分由长岩组成的淡色的火山岩〔consume〕engines that consume less fuel; a project that consumed most of my time and energy.耗油较少的发动机；耗尽我大部分时间和精力的计划〔weight〕The greater part; preponderance:大部分；优势：〔spareribs〕Pork ribs with most of the meat trimmed off.小排骨：被去掉大部分肉的猪肋骨〔Beerbohm〕British caricaturist, writer, and wit whoseCaricatures of Twenty-five Gentlemen appeared in 1896. He spent most of his later years in Italy. 比尔博姆，亨利·马克西米连：(1872-1956) 英国漫画家、作家和才子。他于1896年发表了《二十五个绅士漫画像》 ，晚年大部分时间在意大利度过 〔formula〕A liquid food for infants, containing most of the nutrients in human milk.婴儿食品：用来哺育婴儿的液体食物，含有人奶中的大部分营养物〔Danbury〕A city of southwest Connecticut northwest of Bridgeport. Settled in 1685, it was largely destroyed by the British in 1777 during the American Revolution. Population, 65,585.丹伯里：美国康涅狄格西南一城市，位于布里奇波特西北。建于1685年，1777年在北美独立战争中，大部分被英军破坏。人口65,585〔Glendower〕Welsh rebel who led a revolt against Henry IV (1400), controlled most of Wales, and summoned his own parliament (1405) before being effectively crushed by English forces (1409).格伦道尔，欧文：(1359?-1416?) 威尔士叛乱者，他领导起义反抗亨利四世（1400年），控制了大部分威尔士，在被英国武力（1409年）有效镇压前召集了自己的议会（1405年）〔Ethiopian〕Of or relating to the zoogeographic region that includes Africa and most of Arabia.非洲赤道以南地区的：属于或关于包括非洲和大部分阿拉伯的动物地理学区域的〔photosynthesis〕The process in green plants and certain other organisms by which carbohydrates are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water using light as an energy source. Most forms of photosynthesis release oxygen as a byproduct.光合作用：在绿色植物或其它有机物中，以光作为能量来源，用二氧化碳和水合成碳氢化合物的过程。大部分形式的光合作用都释放氧气作为副产品〔part〕To the greater extent; generally or mostly.多半，通常：很大程度地；普遍地或大部分地〔literate〕For most of its long history in English,literate has meant only "familiar with literature,” or more generally, "well-educated, learned";it is only during the last hundred years that it has also come to refer to the basic ability to read and write.Its antonymilliterate has an equally broad range of meanings: anilliterate person may be incapable of reading a shopping list or perhaps may only be unable to grasp an allusion to Shakespeare or Keats.The termfunctional illiterate is often used to describe a person who can read or write to some degree, but below a minimum level required to function in even a limited social situation or job setting.More recently, the meanings of the wordsliteracy and illiteracy have been extended from their original connection with reading and literature to any body of knowledge. For example, "geographic illiterates" cannot identify the countries on a map,and "computer illiterates" are unable to use a word-processing system.None of these uses ofliteracy or illiteracy are incorrect, but it might be preferable to use another word in instances where the context does not make the meaning clear.在英语悠久的历史中，literate 大部分时期只表示“精通文学的”或更概括一些， 指“受过良好教育的，有学问的”；仅仅是在上个世纪它才开始表示读和写的基本能力。它的反义词illiterate 有着同样广泛的意义： 一个illereare 的人也许连张购物单都不会读， 或许只是不理解莎士比亚或济慈的典故。functional illiterate 一词用于描写一个具有一定程度的读写能力， 但还不到甚至在一个有限的社会环境或工作环境中运用语言所须的最低水平。最近，literacy 和 illiteracy 这两词的含义已经从它们原先与阅读和文学的联系扩展到与任何一种知识的联系。 例如，一个“地理盲”不会在地图上寻找国家，而一个“计算机盲”不会使用文字信息处理系统。literacy 和 illiteracy 的这些用法都是正确的， 但是当上下文可能导致意义混淆时还是用其它词更好一些〔Mazzini〕Italian patriot who spurred the movement for an independent, unified Italy with his political writings and machinations, conducted mostly from exile in London.马志尼，朱森珀：(1805-1872) 意大利爱国者，以其政治性文章和秘密策划推行独立、统一的意大利的运动，大部分是在伦敦流亡期间实施的〔Johnstown〕A city of southwest Pennsylvania east of Pittsburgh. A devastating flood on May 31, 1889, killed more than 2,000 people and destroyed much of the town. Population, 28,134.约翰斯敦：宾夕法尼亚州西南部城市，位于匹兹堡东部。1889年5月31日一场特大洪水使2000多人丧失生命，并摧毁了城市大部分地区。人口28,134 |
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