| 单词 | 大革命 |
| 释义 | 〔Lafayette〕French soldier and politician who served on George Washington's staff in the American Revolution. In France he also took part in the 1789 and 1830 revolutions.拉斐德，玛丽·约瑟夫·保罗·伊夫林·罗奇·吉尔伯特·杜·莫蒂尔·德：(1757-1834) 法国战士和政治家，他曾在美国独立战争期间担任乔治·华盛顿参谋。他还参加了法国1789年大革命和1830年的革命〔Jacobin〕A radical republican during the French Revolution.雅各宾党人：法国大革命中激进的民主分子〔McCauley〕American Revolutionary heroine who carried water to the soldiers during the Battle of Monmouth (June 28, 1778) and took over the gun of her husband after he was overcome with heat.麦考利，玛丽·路德维希·海斯：(1754-1832) 美国大革命时期的女英雄，在蒙茅思战役中(1778年6月28日）曾为士兵送水，在她丈夫热晕后她曾接过他手中的枪继续作战〔Bourges〕A city of central France south-southeast of Orléans. It was a Roman provincial capital under Augustus and the site of a notable university that was founded by Louis XI in 1463 but abolished during the French Revolution. Population, 76,432.博格斯：法国中部一城市，位于奥尔良东南偏南。是奥古斯都时期的罗马首府。路易十一世于1463年在此地创办了一所著名的大学，但该校在法国大革命中被取消。人口76,432〔restoration〕The period between the crowning of Charles II and the Revolution of 1688.王朝复辟时期：指查理二世的加冕与1688年大革命之间的时期〔Carnot〕French military strategist for the Republican armies during the French Revolution. He later held high positions under Napoleon I.卡诺，拉扎尔·尼古拉斯·马尔古瑞特：(1753-1823) 法国大革命时期共和军的军事战略家。他后来身居高位，在拿破仑一世手下供职〔tumbrel〕A crude cart used to carry condemned prisoners to their place of execution, as during the French Revolution.死囚押送车：一种载着被判了死刑的人赶赴处决地的粗糙车辆，如用在法国大革命期间的车辆〔Estaing〕French naval commander who was sent to aid American forces in the Revolutionary War (1778). A royalist, he was tried and guillotined during the French Revolution.伊斯坦，查尔斯·赫克托耳·德：(1729-1794) 法国海军将领，在1778年美国独立战争时率舰队支援北美殖民地人民，在法国大革命时因涉嫌保皇而被斩首〔comrade〕A comrade can be socially or politically close,a closeness that is found at the etymological heart of the wordcomrade. In Spanish the Latin wordcamara, with its Late Latin meaning "chamber, room,” was retained, and the derivativecamarada, with the sense "roommates, especially barrack mates,” was formed. Camarada then came to have the general sense "companion.” English borrowed the word from Spanish and French,Englishcomrade being first recorded in the 16th century. The political sense ofcomrade, now associated with Communism, had its origin in the late-19th-century use of the word as a title by socialists and communists in order to avoid such forms of address asmister. This usage, which originated during the French Revolution,is first recorded in English in 1884.同志在社会或政治关系上是亲密的，这种亲密的意思可以从comrade 的词源中找到。 在西班牙语中，拉丁词camara 仍保留有它的拉丁语意思“小房间，房间”， 同时出现了它的派生词camarada 意思是“室友，尤指同营房的战友”。 接着Camarada 具有了一般“同伴”的意思。 英语从西班牙语和法语中借用了这个词，英语中comrade 第一次出现是在16世纪。 comrade 的政治意义现在是与共产主义相联的， 最初在19世纪末，它是作为社会主义者或共产主义者的前称以区别于mister（先生） 一词的。 这种用法起源于法国大革命时期，第一次在英语中出现则是在1884年。〔guillotine〕"At half past 12 the guillotine severed her head from her body.”So reads the statementcontaining the first recorded use ofguillotine in English, found in theAnnual Register of 1793. The word occurs in a context clearly illustrating the function of theguillotine, "a machine with a heavy blade that falls freely between upright guides to behead a condemned person.” Ironically, the guillotine, which became the most notable symbol of the excesses of the French Revolution,was named for a humanitarian physician, Joseph Ignace Guillotin.Guillotin, a member of the French Constituent Assembly,recommended in a speech to that body on October 10, 1789,that executions be performed by a beheading device rather than by hanging, the method used for commoners, or by the sword, reserved for the nobility.He argued that beheading by machine was quicker and less painful than the work of the rope and the sword.In 1791 the Assembly did indeed adopt beheading by machine as the state's preferred method of execution.A beheading device designed by Dr. Antoine Louis, secretary of the College of Surgeons, was first used on April 25, 1792, to execute a highwayman named Pelletier or Peletier.The device was called alouisette or louison after its inventor's name,but because of Guillotin's famous speech,his name became irrevocably associated with the machine. After Guillotin's death in 1814,his children tried unsuccessfully to get the device's name changed.When their efforts failed,they were allowed to change their name instead.“十二点半，断头台斩落了他的头颅。”这句话如此写道。这是英语文章中第一次使用guillotine 这个词， 它出现在1793年的年度文摘 中。 该文中，该词清楚地体现了guillotine 的功用——“利用垂直向下砍落的重斧斩落犯人头颅的机器。” 令人啼笑皆非的是，这一成为法国大革命中恐怖暴行最显著标志的断头台，竟是因一个人文主义医生，约瑟夫·英格纳斯·吉约坦命名的。吉约坦是法国国民代表大会的成员，在1789年10月的一次发言中向大会提出，在处决犯人时以一种砍头的机器来代替处决普通犯人时所用的绞刑或是处决贵族时使用的宝剑。他认为用机器砍头比用绳子或宝剑快而且痛苦小。1791年，国民大会确实将用机器砍头定为国家处决犯人的方法。由外科医生院秘书长安东尼·路易医生设计的砍头装置在1792年4月25日处决拦路强盗佩尔蒂或佩尔捷时第一次使用。这个装置被称为路易塞特 或 路易森 ， 因由其发明者而得名。但是由于吉约坦那次著名的发言，他的名字不可避免地与这种机器联系在一起。1814年吉约坦死后，他的子孙试图为这种机器换个名字,但没有成功。当他们的努力失败后，他们得到允许，改换了自己的名字〔indent〕A U.S. certificate issued at the close of the American Revolution for interest due on the public debt.有息公债证书：美国在大革命即将结束时发行的有息公债的证书〔rebellion〕The 20th century has seen several major revolutions, which in turn have altered the balance of power among nations.20世纪发生了几次大革命，它们依次改变了国家之间的力量平衡。〔denier〕A small coin of varying composition and value current in western Europe from the eighth century until the French Revolution.丹尼尔：西欧18世纪到法国大革命时期流通的一种有不同成分和面值的小硬币 |
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