| 单词 | 夸克 |
| 释义 | 〔hadron〕Any of a class of subatomic particles that are composed of quarks and take part in the strong interaction. See table at subatomic particle 强子：一种由夸克组成的基本粒子，参与强的相互作用 参见 subatomic particle〔quark〕"Three quarks for Muster Mark! / Sure he hasn't got much of a bark / And sure any he has it's all beside the mark.” This passage of James Joyce'sFinnegans Wake is part of a scurrilous 13-line poem directed against King Mark,the cuckolded husband in the Tristan legend.The poem and the accompanying prose are packed with names of birds and words suggestive of birds,and the poem is a squawk,like the cawing of a crow, against King Mark.Thus, Joyce uses the wordquark, which comes from the standard English verbquark, meaning "to caw, croak,” and also from the dialectal verb quawk, meaning"to caw, screech like a bird.” But Joyce'squark was not what it has become: "any of a group of hypothetical subatomic particles proposed as the fundamental units of matter.”Murray Gell-Mann, the physicist who proposed these particles, in a private letter of June 27, 1978, to the editor of theOxford English Dictionary, said that he had actually been influenced by Joyce's word in naming the particle,although the influence was subconscious at first.Gell-Mann was thinking of using the pronunciation (kwôrk) for the particle,possibly something he had picked up fromFinnegans Wake, which he "had perused from time to time since it appeared in 1939. . . . The allusion to three quarks seemed perfect" (originally there were only three subatomic quarks).Gell-Mann, however, wanted to pronounce the word with (ô) not (ä), as Joyce seemed to indicate by rhyming words in the vicinity such asMark. Gell-Mann got around that "by supposing that one ingredient of the line ‘Three quarks for Muster Mark’was a cry of ‘Three quarts for Mister . . . ’ heard in H.C. Earwicker's pub.”冲马克王呱叫三声! / 很显然一声狗吠对他还不够 / 很显然他所有的一切都和盛名无关。 这一段出自詹姆斯·乔伊斯的为芬尼根守灵 ， 是对马克王进行侮辱谩骂的一首十三行诗中的一部分。马克王是特里斯特拉姆传奇故事中被戴了绿帽子的丈夫。这首诗和随同的叙述中充斥着鸟类的名字和暗示鸟类的词。这首诗是对马克王的粗声抗诉，就象乌鸦的啼叫。所以乔伊斯用了quark 一词， 它来源于标准英语动词quark （意思为“呱呱地叫，乌鸦叫”）和方言中的动词 quawk （意思为“象鸟一样呱呱地叫、尖叫”）。 乔伊斯笔下的quark 一词并不是现在形成的意思： “任何一组假想的亚原子粒子，被认为是物质的基本单位”。这些粒子的提出者——物理学家默里·基尔曼在1978年6月27日写给牛津英语词典 编者的一封私人信件中说, 他给这种粒子命名时确实受到了乔伊斯这个词的影响，虽然这种影响起初只是潜意识的。基尔曼本想用(kwôrk)这个发音来代表这种粒子，可能也是从为芬尼根守灵 一书中汲取出来的。 自从1939年这书出版以来，他曾时常精读…关于三声呱叫的暗示看上去很完满（最初只有三种亚原子夸克）。但是基尔曼想让这个词发音为(o)而不是(a)——乔伊斯将韵押为与Mark 相近的音好象表明该发这个音。 基尔曼认为这行诗中的一部分“对马克王呱叫三声”，实际上是在酒店中听到的“给这位先生来三夸脱酒”叫喊声〔gluon〕A hypothetical massless, neutral elementary particle believed to mediate the strong interaction that binds quarks together.胶子：假设的无质量的中性基本粒子之一，被认为能传递一种把夸克结合在一起的强大的相互作用力量〔antiquark〕The antiparticle of a quark.反夸克：夸克的反粒子〔Diaspora〕"the diaspora of English into several mutually incomprehensible languages"(Randolph Quirk)“英语传播成几种彼此难以理解的语言”(伦道夫·夸克)〔Kendall〕American physicist. He shared a 1990 Nobel Prize for research that confirmed the existence of quarks.肯德尔，亨利W.：(生于 1926) 美国物理学家。因研究证明夸克的存在而获1990年诺贝尔奖〔Massapequa〕An unincorporated community of southeast New York on the southern coast of Long Island southeast of Mineola. It is chiefly residential. Population, 27,500. The village ofMassapequa Park is to the east; its population is 22,018. 马萨皮夸：美国纽约州东南部的一个未经特许成立的社区，位于长岛南岸和米尼奥拉市的东南。主要为居住区。人口27,500人。马萨皮夸夸克 村在该社会以东；人口22,018 〔quark〕Any of a group of hypothetical elementary particles having electric charges of magnitude one-third or two-thirds that of the electron, regarded as constituents of all hadrons. See table at subatomic particle 夸克：一组假想的电粒子中的任一个，它带有电子的三分之一或三分之二的电荷量，被认为是所有强子的组成要素 参见 subatomic particle〔baryon〕Any of a family of subatomic particles, including the nucleon and hyperon multiplets, that participate in strong interactions, are composed of three quarks, and are generally more massive than mesons. Also called heavy particle See table at subatomic particle 激（发核）子，重子：微原子粒子家族中的一员，包括核子和超子多重谱线，由三夸克组成，一般比介子要重，会发生很强烈的内部反应 也作 heavy particle 参见 subatomic particle〔Kwakiutl〕The Wakashan language of the Kwakiutl.夸扣特尔语：夸克特尔人讲的瓦卡希语〔meson〕Any of a family of subatomic particles that participate in strong interactions, are composed of a quark and an antiquark, and have masses generally intermediate between leptons and baryons. See table at subatomic particle 介子：任一种具有较强相互作用力的亚原子粒子群，由一夸克与一反夸克构成，并具有通常介于轻子和重子间的质量 参见 subatomic particle〔Taylor〕Canadian physicist. He shared a 1990 Nobel Prize for research that confirmed the existence of quarks.泰勒，理查德E.：(生于 1929) 加拿大物理学家。他因研究和证实夸克的存在而获1990年诺贝尔奖〔Friedman〕American physicist. He shared a 1990 Nobel Prize for research that confirmed the existence of quarks.弗里德曼，杰罗姆·以撒：(生于 1930) 美国物理学家。因研究证实了夸克的存在获1990年诺贝尔奖〔chromodynamics〕The physics of the relationship between color-carrying quarks, especially the nature of their strong interaction, which is characterized by the exchange of gluons.色动力学：带色夸克之间联系的物理学，尤指其强烈相互作用的本质，是以胶子的交换为特征的〔why〕"The reason why[regular verbs] are called regular is that we can predict what all the other three forms are" (Randolph Quirk)“[规则动词] 之所以称为规则是因为我们能够预知动词另三种形式的变化” (伦道夫·夸克) |
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