| 单词 | 奴隶制 |
| 释义 | 〔Buchanan〕The 15th President of the United States (1857-1861). He tried to maintain a balance between proslavery and antislavery factions, but his moderate views angered radicals in both North and South, and he was unable to forestall the secession of South Carolina on December 20, 1860.布坎南，詹姆斯：(1791-1868) 美国第15任总统(1857-1861年），曾试图在赞成奴隶制和反对奴隶制的双方中维持平衡状态，但其折衷的观点激怒了南北两方。他企图抢先一步制止南卡罗来纳州于1860年2月20日发动的内战，以失败告终〔helotism〕A system under which a nominally free social class or a religious, national, or racial minority is permanently oppressed and degraded.农奴制，奴隶制：一种制度，在这种制度中，名义自由的社会阶级、少数宗教派、少数民族或少数种族受到永恒的压迫和羞辱〔doughface〕A Northerner who sided with the South in the U.S. Civil War, especially a member of Congress who supported slavery.北方议员：在美国内战中支持南方的北方人，尤指支持奴隶制的国会议员〔slavish〕Of or characteristic of a slave or slavery; servile:奴隶的：属于奴隶或奴隶制的或以之为特征的；奴性的：〔proslavery〕Advocating the practice of slavery.赞成奴隶制的：提倡实行奴隶制的〔Breckinridge〕Vice President of the United States (1857-1861) under James Buchanan. In 1860 Breckinridge ran as the proslavery candidate for the presidency and was defeated by Abraham Lincoln.布雷肯里奇，约翰·卡贝尔：(1821-1875) 美国副总统(1857-1861年），是詹姆斯·布坎南总统的副座。1860年曾作为亲奴隶制的总统候选人，被亚伯拉罕·林肯击败〔Truth〕American abolitionist and feminist. Born into slavery, she was freed in 1827 and became a leading preacher against slavery and for the rights of women.特鲁斯，索乔尔纳：(1797?-1883) 美国废奴主义者和女权主义者，她生于奴隶家庭；1827年获得自由，并成为反对奴隶制并维护女性权利的主要倡导者〔slavocracy〕A ruling group of slaveholders or advocates of slavery, as in the southern United States before 1865.蓄奴派：奴隶主统治阶级或奴隶制的鼓吹者，比如1865年以前在美国南方〔Whittier〕American poet. His early works, such asVoices of Freedom (1846), reflect his opposition to slavery, but he is best known for his nostalgic poems about New England, including Snow-Bound (1866). 惠蒂埃，约翰·格林利夫：(1807-1892) 美国诗人。其早期作品，如《自由的声音》 （1846年），反映了他对奴隶制的反对,但他最著名的作品是对新英格兰的怀旧诗歌，包括 《大雪封门》 （1866年） 〔Stowe〕American writer whose antislavery novelUncle Tom's Cabin (1852) had great political influence and advanced the cause of abolition. 斯托，哈里艾特（伊丽莎白）·比彻尔：(1811-1896) 美国作家，其反奴隶制小说《汤姆叔叔的小屋》 （1852年）具有巨大的政治影响力，促进了废奴运动发展 〔antislavery〕Opposed to the practice or institution of slavery.反对奴隶制的：反对实行或建立奴隶制的〔Pierce〕The 14th President of the United States (1853-1857). He was unable to reconcile the issue of slavery that divided the United States.皮尔斯，富兰克林：(1804-1869) 美国第十四任总统(1853-1857年）。他没有能够调和使美国分裂的奴隶制问题〔Missouri〕A state of the central United States. It was admitted as the 24th state in 1821. Under Spanish control from 1762 to 1800, the area passed to the United States through the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. Organized as a territory in 1812, Missouri's application for admission as a slaveholding state in 1817 sparked a bitter controversy over the question of extending slavery into new territories. The Missouri Compromise of 1820 provided for the admission of Maine as a free state and Missouri as a slave state in the following year. Jefferson City is the capital and St. Louis the largest city. Population, 5,137,804.密苏里州：美国中部的一个州。于1821年被接受为第二十四个州。1762年到1800年，此地区处于西班牙的控制下，美国于1803年在路易斯安那购买行动中获得这一地域。1812年成为一个地区。1817年密苏里申请以蓄奴州身份加入联邦导致了关于是否将奴隶制扩大到新地区的争论。1820年的密苏里协议为次年作为自由州的缅因州和作为蓄奴州的密苏里州加入联邦铺平了道路。杰斐逊城是州首府，圣路易斯为最大城市。人口5,137,804〔abolitionism〕Advocacy of the abolition of slavery.废奴主义：废除奴隶制的主张〔Adams〕The sixth President of the United States (1825-1829). As secretary of state (1817-1825) he helped formulate the Monroe Doctrine. After his presidency he served in the House of Representatives (1831-1848), where he advocated antislavery measures.亚当斯，约翰·昆西：(1767-1848) 美国第六任总统（1825-1829年）。作为国务卿（1817-1825年），他帮助制定门罗主义，卸任后任众议员（1831-1848年），并提出反对奴隶制的措施〔maroon〕The history of the wordmaroon, which we associate with desert islands, takes us back to the days of slavery, when the nounmaroon was a term in English for a Black person who lived in the mountains and forests of Dutch Guiana (Suriname) and the West Indies, a term that is still used in parts of the Caribbean.These were plantation slaveswho had run away to live free in uncultivated parts.The English word is taken from the French wordmarron, "runaway Black slave,”which in turn was an alteration of American Spanishcimarrón, meaning "runaway slave.”Cimarrón is perhaps from cima, "summit.” Having come into English (first recorded in 1666),maroon took on a life of its own and came to be used as a verbmeaning "to be lost in the wilds,”from which our sense "to put ashore on a deserted island or coast" evolved.单词maroon 与荒岛有关联，其历史可追溯到奴隶制时代， 当时英语中的maroon 这个词指的是生活在荷属圭亚那（苏里南）和西印度群岛的黑人， 在加勒比的某些地区这个词仍在使用。这些人本是种植园里的奴隶，他们逃到未开发的土地上自由自在地生活。英语中的这个词源于法语中的marron ， 意思是“逃亡的黑奴”，它又是美洲西班牙语cimarron 的变形， 其意为“逃亡的奴隶”。Cinmarron 可能源于 cima ，“顶峰”。 进入英语之后（最早的记载在1666年），maroon 具有了自己的内涵， 而且开始被作为动词使用，意思是“在荒野中迷失方向”，我们的“将…置于一个荒凉的岛上或海岸边”这个意思就是从这里发展而来〔Douglas〕American politician who served as U.S. representative (1843-1847) and senator (1847-1861) from Illinois. He proposed legislation that allowed individual territories to determine whether they would allow slavery (1854) and in the senatorial campaign of 1858 engaged Abraham Lincoln in a famous series of debates.道格拉斯，斯蒂芬·阿诺德：(1813-1861) 美国政治家，曾任过来自伊利诺斯州的美国众议员(1843-1847年）和参议员(1847-1861年）。曾主张立法准许各州自主决定是否实行奴隶制(1854年），在1858年的上院论战中与亚伯拉罕·林肯进行了一系列著名的辩论〔Birney〕American politician and abolitionist who sought to end slavery through political channels and moral argumentation.伯尼，詹姆斯·吉莱斯皮：(1792-1857) 美国政治家和废奴主义者，通过政治渠道和道德论教寻求废除奴隶制〔Williams〕Trinidadian politician and intellectual who led his country to independence from Britain and became its first prime minister (1962-1981). A noted historian, his works include the classicCapitalism and Slavery (1944). 威廉斯，艾力克：特立尼达政治家和知识分子，领导特立尼达从英国独立，并担任第一届总理（1962年-1981年）。是著名的历史学家，作品包括经典之作的《资本主义与奴隶制》 （1944年） 〔Lawrence〕A city of northeast Kansas on the Kansas River east-southeast of Topeka. It was founded in 1854 by the New England Emigrant Aid Society and was the scene of a proslavery raid (1856) that sparked retaliatory killings by the abolitionist John Brown. Population, 65,608.劳伦斯：美国堪萨斯州东北一城市，位于托皮卡东南偏东部的堪萨斯河畔。1854年由新英格兰移民救助社团建立，1856年在此发生赞成奴隶制者的袭击事件（1856年）从而激起了废奴主义者约翰·布朗领导的报复性杀戳。人口65,608〔Wilmot〕American politician. A U.S. representative (1845-1851) and senator (1861-1863) from Pennsylvania, he introduced (1846) a proviso to prohibit slavery in territories acquired during the Mexican War (1846-1848).威尔莫特，戴维：(1814-1868) 美国政治家、众议院议员(1845-1851年）和宾夕法尼亚州的参议员(1861-1863年）。他提出了在墨西哥战争(1846-1848年）中获得的领土内禁止奴隶制的限制性条款(1846年）〔Wilberforce〕British politician. As a member of Parliament (1780-1825) he campaigned for the British abolition of slavery.威尔伯福斯，威廉：(1759-1833) 英国的政治家。曾于任英国下院议员(1780—1825年）时，致力于废除奴隶制的工作〔ofay〕The commonly seen etymology ofofay —Pig Latin for foe —is perhaps of less interest than the more likely story of this word's origins. The word, which is first recorded in the first quarter of the 20th century,must have been in use much longer if it is, as some scholars think, borrowed from an African source.Although this source has not been pinned down,the suggested possibilities are in themselves interesting.One would trace it to the Ibibio wordafia, "white or light-colored.” Another would have it come from Yorubaofe, a word that was said in order to protect oneself from danger. The term was then transferred to white people,regarded as a danger to Black people throughout the wretched days of slavery and beyond.ofay 一词的最常见的词形变化是 foe ，一种儿童黑话说法——可能更有趣的是关于这个词来源的故事： 在20世纪前二十五年里有次记载，如果按一些学者们所想，如果它是从非洲借过来的，它被使用的时间应更长一些。虽然这个说法还没有定下来，但它蕴含的可能性本身就很有趣。人们可能将它追溯到一个伊比比奥词afia ，意思是“白色或浅色”。 另还有人将它追溯到约鲁巴语ofe ，这个词是为了保持自己，避开危险的意思。 此后这个术语被移用于白人，这些白人在奴隶制及以前的悲惨日子里，被认为是对黑人们的危险〔Phillips〕American abolitionist who served as president of the American Antislavery Society from 1865 to 1870.菲利普斯，温德尔：(1811-1884) 美国废奴论者，从1865年到1870年，曾担任美国反对奴隶制社会的领袖〔Sumner〕American politician. A U.S. senator from Massachusetts (1851-1874), he was a brilliant orator with an uncompromising opposition to slavery.萨姆纳，查尔斯：(1811-1874) 美国政治家，是来自于马萨诸塞州的一位美国参议员（1851-1874年），他是一位杰出的演说家，他坚定、毫不妥协地反对奴隶制〔womanist〕"Womanist tradition assumes, because of our experiences during slavery, that black women already are capable"(Alice Walker)“信任妇女的传统认为鉴于我们在奴隶制期间的经验，黑人妇女已经是具有能力了”(艾丽斯·沃克)〔Grey〕British politician who as prime minister (1830-1834) implemented parliamentary and social reforms, notably the abolition of slavery throughout the British Empire.格雷，查尔斯：(1764-1845) 英国政治家，任首相（1830-1834年）时，他实行了议会和社会改革， 以其在英帝国范围内废除奴隶制而闻名〔Toombs〕American politician. A U.S. representative (1845-1853) and senator (1853-1861) from Georgia, he was an outspoken supporter of the states' right to permit slavery. He served as Confederate secretary of state (1861).图姆斯，罗伯特·奥古斯都：(1810-1885) 美国政治家。他是来自乔治亚州的众议员(1845-1853年）和参议员(1853-1861年），明确支持各州拥有保留奴隶制的权利。1861年担任联邦州务秘书〔Leavenworth〕A city of northeast Kansas on the Missouri River northwest of Kansas City. Settled in 1854 by proslavery partisans from Missouri, it is near Fort Leavenworth, the site of a federal penitentiary. Population, 38,495.莱文沃斯：美国堪萨斯州东北一城市，位于密苏里河河畔，堪萨斯城西北部。1854年由来自密苏里州的赞成奴隶制者在此定居。该城附近的莱文沃斯堡，是一个联邦监狱。人口38,495 |
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