| 单词 | 始于 |
| 释义 | 〔canon〕Canon The part of the Mass beginning after the Preface and Sanctus and ending just before the Lord's Prayer. Canon 弥撒中的祭献经文：弥撒中始于序言和《圣哉经》之后，结束于主祷经之前的一个部分〔Whitsuntide〕The week beginning on Whitsunday, especially the first three days of this week.圣灵降临周：始于圣灵降临日的那一周，尤指这一周的前三天〔Neolithic〕Of or relating to the cultural period beginning around 10,000b.c. in the Middle East and later elsewhere, characterized by the development of agriculture and the making of polished stone implements. 新石器时代的：属于或同始于大约公元前 10,000年中东及后来其它一些地方的文化时期相关的，以农业发展和磨制石具的制作为特征 〔mod〕An unconventionally modern style of fashionable dress originating in England in the 1960's.摩登派：于20世纪60年代始于英国的一种非传统的现代样式的时髦服装〔Nantes〕A city of western France on the Loire River west of Tours. Dating to pre-Roman times, it was captured by Norse raiders in the ninth century and later fell to the dukes of Brittany. The Edict of Nantes, granting limited religious and civil liberties to the Huguenots, was issued in 1598 by Henry IV of France and revoked in 1685 by Louis XIV. Population, 240,539.南特：法国西部一城市，位于卢瓦尔河畔、图尔的西面，有记录始于前罗马时代，9世纪被诺斯人侵者征服，后落入布里特尼公爵，声明限制胡格诺人宗教和公民自由的南特法令于1598年由法国亨利四世颁布，路易十四世于1685年废止。人口240,539〔Samarkand〕A city of southern Central Asian U.S.S.R. southwest of Tashkent. Dating from the third or fourth millenniumb.c. , the city was conquered by Alexander the Great in 329, taken by the Arabs in the eighth century a.d. , and destroyed by Genghis Khan c. 1220. It was rebuilt as a fabled center of great splendor and opulence when it became (c. 1370) the capital of Tamerlane's empire. Population, 371,000. 撒马尔罕：前苏联中亚地区的城市，位于塔什干西南部。始于公元前 三千年或四千年，329年被亚历山大大帝征服， 公元 8世纪被阿拉伯人夺走，13世纪20年代被成吉思汗摧毁。在14世纪70年代成为塔玛莱恩首都，并成为传说中威严华丽的中心区。人口371,000 〔summitry〕"Modern summitry began at Versailles in 1919"(George F. Will)“现代的最高级会议始于1919年的凡尔赛”(乔治F.威尔)〔Lugo〕A city of northwest Spain west-southwest of Oviedo. It is a trade center with well-preserved Roman walls dating from the third centuryb.c. Population, 62,300. 卢戈：位于西班牙西北部，奥维都西南偏西的一座城市。它是个贸易中心，并使始于公元前 13世纪的罗马墙得到完善的保护。人口62,300 〔Meriden〕A city of south-central Connecticut north-northeast of New Haven. Settled in 1661, it is known for its silver industry, which dates to the 18th century. Population, 59,479.梅里登： 美国康涅狄格州中南部一城市，位于纽里文东北偏北部。该城建于1661年，以其始于18世纪的制银工业而著名。人口59,479〔Iliad〕The older of the two surviving ancient Greek epic poems, traditionally ascribed to Homer but containing material composed orally over several centuries. It begins with the wrathful withdrawal of the Greek hero Achilles from the fighting in the Trojan War and ends after his return to slay the Trojan hero Hector.伊里亚特叙式诗：两首仅存的古代希腊史诗中较古老的那一首，长久以来传为荷马所著，但包含着数个世纪以来以口述所创作的内容，其内容描述期间始于希腊英雄阿契里斯在特洛伊战争的打斗中愤怒地撤退，终于他回来杀害了特洛伊英雄海克特之后〔Farsi〕The modern Iranian language, dating from about the ninth centurya.d. , that is the national language of Iran and is written in an Arabic alphabet; Persian. 法尔西语：现代伊朗语言，始于公元 9世纪，用阿拉伯字母书写，是伊朗的本国语；波斯语 〔Tikal〕A ruined Mayan city of northern Guatemala. It was the largest of the Mayan cities and may also be the oldest. Excavation and restoration of the ruins began in 1956.蒂卡尔：危地马拉北部的一座玛雅废城，曾是玛雅城市中最大也可能最古老的一座。挖掘和修复该废墟的工作始于1956年〔mastiff〕The mastiff, which was at one time used in bullbaiting and bearbaiting as well as in dogfights,is ultimately named not for its fierceness but for its tameness.To find this tamenesswe must look back to the ultimate source ofmastiff in the Latin word mānsuētus, "tame, domesticated,” itself derived from the past participle ofmanusuēscere, "to tame,” made up of the rootman- found in the wordmanus, "hand,” and the verb suēscere, "to become accustomed to.” Tame beasts are accustomed to the hand.To explain howmansuēscere became mastiff, we must follow it through its Vulgar Latin development,.mansuētīnus, "domesticated,” and the later Old French development, mastin, "mastiff.” While being borrowed into English,mastin was probably blended with the Old French word mestif, "mongrel,” and was possibly influenced by the Medieval Latin wordmastīvus, "mastiff,” probably itself an error formastīnus, which came from the same Vulgar Latin source as the Old French word. Mastiff is first recorded in Middle English (as mastif ) in a work written before 1387. 曾经一度被用于纵狗斗牛、纵狗斗熊以及斗狗的大驯犬，最终并不是因为它的凶狠而是因为它的驯顺命名。要找到这种驯顺，我们必须回溯到mastiff 的最终拉丁语词源 mansuetus 意为“驯服，驯养”， 该词本身源于manusuescere “驯养”的过去分词， 由man- 构成， 始于manus （意为“手”）和动词 suesere “适应，习惯于”。 被驯养的野兽习惯于驯养者的手。要知道mansuecere 如何成 mastiff ， 我们必须紧跟它在俗拉丁语中的发展，mansuetinus （“驯服的”）以及后来古法语的发展 mastin “猛犬”。 当mastin 一词借用到英语中时，它可能和古法语词 mestif （“杂种狗”）相混合， 还可能受中世纪拉丁语词mastivus （“大驯犬”）的影响， 但也许这个词本身就是同样作为古法语词来源于俗拉丁语的mastinus 的误写。 Mastiff 在1387年的一部作品中首次出现在中世纪英语里（当时写作 mastif ） 〔Romanov〕Russian ruling dynasty (1613-1917) that began with the accession of Czar Michael (1596-1645; ruled 1613-1645) and ended with the abdication of Nicholas II during the Russian Revolution.罗曼诺夫王朝：俄国的一个始于米哈伊尔沙皇(1596-1645；1613-1645在位）即位并终结于俄国革命时期尼古拉二世退位的统治王朝(1613-1917年）〔Odyssey〕The younger of the two surviving ancient Greek epic poems, traditionally ascribed to Homer but containing much orally transmitted material composed over several centuries, and concerning the adventures and ordeals of the Greek warrior Odysseus after the fall of Troy as he struggles to return home and reestablish himself as king of Ithaca.奥德赛：古希腊两本仅存史诗中较新的一部，始于荷马记述但也合并了历代口耳相传的故事内容，描写希腊战士奥德赛在特洛伊城陷后如何挣扎奋斗以返回家园并夺回伊萨基王位所经历的冒险与考验〔Blarney〕A village of southern Ireland near Cork. Blarney Castle (dating from the 15th century) is the site of the Blarney Stone, said to impart powers of eloquence and persuasion.布拉尼：爱尔兰南部科克附近一村庄。布拉尼城堡（始于15世纪）是布拉尼石的所在地。据说可赋予人以口才与说服力的力量〔gavelkind〕An English system of land tenure from Anglo-Saxon times to 1926 that provided for the equal division of land among all qualified heirs.财产保有权：一种英国的土地保有制度，始于盎格鲁-撒克逊时期，废于1926年，即把其土地平均分配给有资格的继承人〔neoliberalism〕A political movement beginning in the 1960's that blends traditional liberal concerns for social justice with an emphasis on economic growth.新自由主义：始于20世纪60年代的政治运动，把强调经济增长和传统自由主义对社会公正的关心结合起来〔petunia〕"Tobacco is a dirty weed,” as the song goes (it also perversely admits "I like it, I like it"),but tobacco has some nice relatives in the nightshade family,such as the tomato, red pepper, and eggplant.One of its more beautiful relatives,the petunia, is actually named for tobacco.This curious story begins when the Portuguese in South America picked up their wordpetum, meaning "tobacco,”from a Tupi-Guarani word,such as Tupipetyn. From Portuguese the word made its way into French (pétun ), from which English borrowed the word (petun remains an archaic word for tobacco). The name of the genuspetunia was formed in New Latin (1789) from French pétun because of the close relationship of the petunia genus to tobacco. Englishpetunia, taken from Modern Latin, is first recorded around 1825. 如歌（它也荒谬地承认“我喜欢它，我喜欢它”） 中所唱“烟草是一种肮脏的杂草”，但烟草有一些漂亮的龙葵族的近亲，例如蕃茄、红椒和茄子。它更漂亮的族亲之一，矮牵牛实际上是以烟草命名的。这个奇妙的传说始于南美洲的葡萄牙人使用词汇petum 时， 意思是“烟草”，该词来源于一个图皮--瓜拉尼语词汇，如图皮语petyn。 这个词从葡萄牙语进入了法语（petun ）， 英语又借用了这个法语词(petun 保留了烟草的古代词汇）。 因为矮牵牛属植物同烟草有着相近的关系，种属名称petunia 以源于法语 pétun 的新拉丁语形成了(1789年）。 来自现代拉丁文的英语词petunia 首次记录大约出现在1825年 〔crescendo〕"The attacks . . . began in December . . . and reached a crescendo during[the president's] September visit" (Foreign Affairs)“进攻…始于十二月份…而在 九月访问期间攻击的最为激烈” (外交事务)〔hooker〕In hisPersonal Memoirs Ulysses S. Grant described Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker as "a dangerous man . . . not subordinate to his superiors.” Hooker had his faults, of course.He may indeed have been insubordinate;undoubtedly he was an erratic leader.But there is one thing of which he is often accused that "Fighting Joe" Hooker certainly did not do:he did not give his name to prostitutes.According to a popular story,the men under Hooker's command during the Civil War were a particularly wild bunch.When his troops were on leave,we are told, they spent much of their time in brothels.For this reason, as the story goes,prostitutes came to be known ashookers. It is not difficult to understand how such a theory might have originated.The major general's name differs from the wordhooker only in the capital letter that begins it. And it is true that Hooker's men were at times ill-disciplined (although it seems that liquor, not women, was the main source of their difficulties with the provost marshal).However attractive this theory may be,it cannot be true.The wordhooker, with the sense "prostitute,” is in fact older than the Civil War. It appeared in the second edition (although not in the first) of John Russell Bartlett'sDictionary of Americanisms, published in 1859.Bartlett definedhooker as "a strumpet, a sailor's trull.” He also said that the word was derived from Corlear's Hook,a district in New York City,but this was only a guess.There is no evidence that the term originated in New York.Norman Ellsworth Eliason has traced this use ofhooker back to 1845 in North Carolina. He reported the usage inTarheel Talk; an Historical Study of the English Language in North Carolina to 1860, published in 1956. The fact that we have no earlier written evidence does not mean thathooker was never used to mean "prostitute" before 1845. The history ofhooker is, quite simply, murky; we do not know when or where it was first used,but we can be very certain that it did not begin with Joseph Hooker.Also, we have no firm evidence that it came from Corlear's Hook.Scholarly evidence or lack thereof notwithstanding,the late Bruce Catton, the Civil War historian, did not go so far as to exonerate completely the Union general.Although "the term ‘hooker’ did not originate during the Civil War,”wrote Catton, "it certainly became popular then.During these war years, Washington developed a large [red-light district] somewhere south of Constitution Avenue.This became known as Hooker's Division in tribute to the proclivities of General Joseph Hookerand the name has stuck ever since.”If the termhooker was derived neither from Joseph Hooker nor from Corlear's Hook, what is its derivation?It is most likely that thishooker is, etymologically, simply "one who hooks.” The term portrays a prostitute as a person who hooks, or snares, clients.尤利西斯·S·格兰特在他的个人回忆录 中把陆军少将约瑟夫·胡克描写成“一个危险人物…从不服从于他的顶头上司”。 胡克当然有他的缺点。他也许曾是一个难以屈服的人；但他无疑是一个怪癖的军官。但是“好战的乔”，胡克却因为一件他肯定没有干过的事情而屡遭指责；他从不对妓女透露他的姓名。根据一个流行故事，内战中胡克的手下有一伙特别狂野的人们。当他的队伍即将离开时，据说他们总在妓院里消磨时日。故事还说正因为如此，妓女开始被叫做hookers。 我们不难理解这样一个故事的起源的推测。这个将军的名字和hooker 只差开头的一个大写字母。 而且胡克的手下在当时确实纪律涣散（尽管看来是酒而非女人才导致了他们与宪兵司令之间的矛盾）。不管这个故事多么诱人，它不可能是真实的。事实上hooker 一词作为“妓女”的意思比内战的历史还要早。 它出现于约翰·罗素·巴特利特编纂的美国俗语词典 的第二版（尽管第一版中没有）， 出版于1859年。巴特利特把hooker 定义为“一个妓女，水手的妓女”。 他还说这个词来源于科利尔的胡克，纽约市的一个地区，但这只是一个猜想。没有证据证明这一说法源于纽约。诺曼·爱尔斯华斯·艾利森把hooker 的用法追溯到1845年的北卡罗来纳州。 他在1956年出版的北卡罗来纳州闲话； 1860年前北卡罗来纳英语历史研究 中说明了这一用法。 缺乏早期书面证据这一事实并不意味着在1845年之前hooker 没有被用作“妓女”一义。 很简单，hooker 的历史隐晦难知； 我们不知道它在何时何地被首次使用，但我们可以肯定它并不始于约瑟夫·胡克。而且我们没有确凿证据证明它来源于科利尔的胡克。不管有无学术性的证据，已故的内战历史学家布鲁斯·卡通并没有做到为联邦将军彻底开脱的地步。尽管“‘hooker’这一词语并不是来源于内战，”卡通写道，“在那之后它肯定流行了起来。在战争年代，华盛顿在宪法大街南部某个地方发展了很大的［红灯区］。人们把这里称作胡克的辖区，作为对约瑟夫·胡克将军怪癖的献礼，这个名字从此便生根发芽”。如果hooker 这一词语既不是源于约瑟夫·胡克也不来自于科利尔的胡克， 那么它的词源究竟是什么呢?从词源学上来说hooker 很有可能仅仅是“引…上钩的人”。 这一词语把妓女描绘成一个勾引或引诱客人的人〔Nanchang〕A city of southeast China on the Gan Jiang southeast of Wuhan. Dating from the 12th century, it is the capital of Jiangxi province. Population, 1,088,800.南昌：中国东南部一城市，位于赣江边上、武汉东南，有记录始于12世纪，是江西省的省会。人口1,088,800〔Paoli〕Corsican patriot who led (from 1755) the struggle for independence from Genoa.保利，帕斯奎尔·迪：(1725-1807) 科西嘉爱国主义者，领导了（始于1755年）反抗热那亚的独立战争〔Rostropovich〕Russian cellist and conductor of the National Symphony Orchestra in Washington, D.C. (since 1977).罗斯托波维奇，米斯蒂斯拉夫：(生于 1927) 俄国大提琴手，曾任华盛顿特区的国家交响团指挥（始于1977年） |
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