| 单词 | 委婉 |
| 释义 | 〔demurral〕The act of demurring, especially a mild, polite, or considered expression of opposition.（委婉的）反对：反对，尤指温和的、有礼貌的、表达委婉的反对〔begorra〕Used as a mild oath.天作证：用作委婉的发誓〔bureaucratese〕A style of language characterized by jargon and euphemism that is used especially by bureaucrats:官僚语言：官僚们所使用的以专门术语和委婉的说法为特点的语言风格：〔challenged〕People who object to the termsdisabled and handicapped as being too negative sometimes propose the substitution of challenged instead, as in referring to persons with physical disabilities as physically challenged. While this particular phrase is quite popular, it is sometimes taken to be condescending, and similar usages such as mentally challenged have failed to win equal acceptance. Indeed, the widespread parody of challenged in such expressions as electronically challenged for "inept at using computers" has effectively eliminated it as an all-purpose alternative to disabled or handicapped. 一些觉得使用disabled 和 handicapped 字眼过于负面的人，偶会以委婉的 challenged 代替，如用 physically challenged 指肢体有缺陷。这个特别词汇的使用相当普遍，因为有时会被视为较谦逊的用法，不过相似用法的接受度不一定相同， mentally challenged 这个用法便无法获得相同的认同。事实上，广为流传的 challenged 谐谑用法如以 electronically challenged（计算机残障） 来形容计算机白痴，已使得其全面替代 disabled 或 handicapped 沦为梦想 〔tarnation〕The noun and interjectiontarnation illustrate suffixation, the addition of a suffix to a word.Tarnation and darnation (the latter probably having come first) are both euphemistic forms ofdamnation. Tarnationseems to have been influenced by tarnal, another mild oath derived from (e ) ternal! TheOxford English Dictionary cites late-18th-century examples of tarnation from New England, indicating that it has been part of American speech since colonial days.既是名词又是感叹词的tarnation 阐明了加后缀的构词法， 即将一个后缀加到一个词的末尾。Tarnation 和 darnation （后者可能先出现） 都是damnstion这个词的委婉形式。 Tarnation看来是受了 tarnal 一词的影响， 后者是从（e ） ternal 派生出来的一个较温和的诅咒语。 牛津英语辞典 援引了18世纪后期新英格兰地区居民使用 tarnation 一词的例子， 以此说明自殖民地时期起它就是美国语言的一部分〔euphemism〕The act or an example of substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for one considered harsh, blunt, or offensive:委婉，委婉的说法：用一个适度的、不直接的、含糊的词来取代一个令人感到粗鲁的、过于率直、具有冒犯性的词：〔suggest〕She intimated that she and her husband were having marital problems. Toinsinuate is to suggest something, usually something unpleasant, in a covert, sly, and underhanded manner: 她含蓄地暗示她和她丈夫的婚烟出现了问题。 Insinuate 指以隐蔽的、委婉的或秘密的方式暗示通常是不愉快的事： 〔nonstandard〕The termnonstandard was introduced by linguists and lexicographers to describe usages and language varieties that had previously been labeled with terms such as vulgar and illiterate. Nonstandardis not simply a euphemism but reflects the empirical discoverythat the varieties used by low-prestige groups have rich and systematic grammatical structuresand that their stigmatization more often reflects a judgment about their speakersrather than any inherent deficiencies in logic or expressive power.Note, however, that the use of nonstandard forms is not necessarily restricted to the communities with which they are associated in the public mind.Many educated speakers freely use forms such ascan't hardly or ain't I to set a popular or informal tone. · Some dictionaries use the termsubstandard to describe forms, such asain't, associated with uneducated speech, while reservingnonstandard for forms such as irregardless, which are common in writingbut are still regarded by many as uneducated.Butsubstandard is itself susceptible of disparaging interpretation, and most linguists and lexicographers now use onlynonstandard, the practice followed in this Dictionary.词条nonstandard 被语言学家和词典编辑人引进用来描述以前已被词条，例如 vulgar 和 illiterate归类的用法和语言种类。 Nonstandand不只是委婉的说法， 而且反映了凭经验得到的发现：被具有权威的群体所用的语种有丰富而且系统的语法结构，而且这些误解被轻蔑描绘更经常地反映了对其说话者的判断，而不是对任何天生的逻辑和表达力的缺乏。然而，要注意，非标准语形式的运用并不必要限制于在公众心目中与其所联系的团体。许多受过教育的说话者自由地用这些形式如can't hardly 或者 ain't I 说流行或非正式的句子。 有些字典用substandard 来描述此类形式， 如ain't， 并与未受教育的言语相联系， 而同时保留nonstandard 用来形容 irregardless 这一类形式， 这些形式普遍用于写作中，但仍被许多人认为是未受教育的用法。但是substandard 本身很容易引起贬低含义的翻译， 大多数语言学家和词典编辑现在只用nonstandard， 在此词典后边有练习〔might〕Used to express a higher degree of deference or politeness thanmay, ought, or should : 可以：用于表示较为恭敬或礼貌，较may，ought 或 should 委婉： 〔mince〕To moderate or restrain (words) for the sake of politeness and decorum; euphemize:委婉地说：由于礼貌或礼节而委婉或限制使用（词语）；委婉地说：〔gee〕Used as a mild expletive or exclamation, as of surprise, enthusiasm, or sympathy.唧：用作一委婉的咒骂语或喊叫，表示惊奇、热情或同情〔dead〕 Deceased —like departed, which is a euphemistic term—refers only to nonliving human beings: Deceased ——象departed ，委婉的语言——仅指死者： |
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