| 单词 | 学者们 |
| 释义 | 〔fear〕Old Englishfǣr, the ancestor of our word fear, meant "calamity, disaster,”but not the emotion engendered by such an event.This is in line with the meaning of the prehistoric Common Germanic word.fēraz, "danger,” which is the source of words with similar senses in other Germanic languages,such as Old Saxon and Old High Germanfār, "ambush, danger,” and Old Icelandic fār, "treachery, damage.” Scholars, in fact, have determined the form and meaning of Germanic.fēraz by working backward from the forms and the meanings of its descendants. The most important cause of the change of meaning in the wordfear was probably the existence in Old English of the related verb fǣran, which meant "to terrify, take by surprise.” Fear is first recorded in Middle English with the sense "emotion of fear" in a work composed around 1290.古英语f?r 是 fear 的前身， 意为“不幸，灾难”，而不是因不幸或灾难引起的情绪。这符合史前普通日耳曼词feraz 的意思“危险的”， 是其他日耳曼语言中有相近意思的词的起源，如古撒克逊语和古高地德语far， “埋伏，危险，”和古冰岛语 far “挖掘，破坏”。 事实上，学者们已经通过对它的衍生词的形式和意思的反向研究决定德语feraz 的形式和意思。 引起词语fear 变化的最重要原因可能是古英语中相关动词 f?ran的存在， 意为“害怕，被惊奇抓住。” Fear 第一次在中世纪英语作为“害怕的情绪”被记录下来是在一部约1290年左右创作的作品中〔copacetic〕We know very little about the origin of the wordcopacetic, meaning "excellent, first-rate.” Is its origin to be found in Italian, in the speech of southern Black people, in the Creole French dialect of Louisiana, or in Hebrew?John O'Hara, who used the word inAppointment in Samarra, later wrote thatcopacetic was "a Harlem and gangster corruption of an Italian word.” O'Hara went on to say, "I don't know how to spell the Italian,but it's something like copacetti.” His uncertainty about how to spell the Italian is paralleled by uncertainty about how to spellcopacetic itself. Copacetic has been recorded with the spellings copasetic, copasetty, copesetic, copisettic, and kopasettee. The spelling is now more or less fixed, however, ascopacetic or copasetic, even though the origin of the word has not been determined.The Harlem connection mentioned by O'Hara would seem more likely than the Italian,sincecopacetic was used by Black jazz musicians and is said to have been Southern slang in the late 19th century. Ifcopacetic is Creole French in origin, it would also have a Southern homeland.According to this explanation,copacetic came from the Creole French word coupersètique, which meant "able to be coped with,” "able to cope with anything and everything,” "in good form,”and also "having a healthy appetite or passion for life or love.”Those who support the Hebrew or Yiddish origin ofcopacetic do not necessarily deny the Southern connections of the word. One explanation has it that Jewish storekeepers used the Hebrew phrasekol bĕṣedeq, "all with justice,”when asked if things were O.K. Black children who were in the store as customers or employees heard this phrase ascopacetic. No explanation of the origin ofcopacetic, including the ones discussed here, has won the approval of scholars, as is clearly shown by the etymology ofcopacetic in the first volume of the Dictionary of American Regional English, published in 1985: "Etym unknown.” 我们对copacetic 这个词的词源所知甚少，其意为“极好的、一流的”。 它是起源于意大利语、南方黑人口语、路易斯安那州的克里奥耳人的法语方言还是希伯来语？约翰·奥哈拉在撒马拉的约会 中用到这个词， 他后来写到copacetic 是“变成哈莱姆黑人居住区和强盗土语的意大利词”。 奥哈拉还说，“我不知道原来的意大利词是如何拼写的，但是有点象copacetti"。与他不敢肯定如何拼写这个意大利词一样，他对copacetic 一词本身的拼法也不敢肯定。 Copacetic 曾经被拼写成 copasetic, copasetty, copesetic, copisettic 以及 kopasettee。 现在它的拼法多少已经固定成copacetic 或 copasetic， 尽管这个词的词源仍未被确定。奥哈拉所提及的它与哈莱姆黑人居住区的关系看上去比它和意大利语的关系更有可能，因为黑人爵士歌手曾用过copacetic 这个词，并且据说在19世纪晚期它曾是南方的俚语。 如果copacetic 在词源上是克里奥耳人的法语， 那么它也是从南方来的。根据这一解释，copacetic 来自克里奥耳人法语中 coupersetique 一词， 表示“有能力与人竞争的”、“有能力处理任何事情及一切事情的”、“以好的方式的”，还表示“对生活或爱情有正常的欲望或激情的”。那些认为copacetic 来自希伯来语或意第绪语的人并不一定否认这个词与南方的关系。 一种解释认为，犹太店主们在被询问是否一切都好时用了希伯来语中的短语kol bĕṣedeq 即“一切太平”之意， 在店里作工或买东西的黑人儿童将这个短语听成了copacetic。 在关于copacetic 词源的解释中，包括以上讨论的这些，没有一种得到学者们的认可， 这一点我们可以在美国方言英语辞典 （1985年出版）第一册关于 copacetic 一词的词源解释中清楚地看到：“词源不知” 〔ofay〕The commonly seen etymology ofofay —Pig Latin for foe —is perhaps of less interest than the more likely story of this word's origins. The word, which is first recorded in the first quarter of the 20th century,must have been in use much longer if it is, as some scholars think, borrowed from an African source.Although this source has not been pinned down,the suggested possibilities are in themselves interesting.One would trace it to the Ibibio wordafia, "white or light-colored.” Another would have it come from Yorubaofe, a word that was said in order to protect oneself from danger. The term was then transferred to white people,regarded as a danger to Black people throughout the wretched days of slavery and beyond.ofay 一词的最常见的词形变化是 foe ，一种儿童黑话说法——可能更有趣的是关于这个词来源的故事： 在20世纪前二十五年里有次记载，如果按一些学者们所想，如果它是从非洲借过来的，它被使用的时间应更长一些。虽然这个说法还没有定下来，但它蕴含的可能性本身就很有趣。人们可能将它追溯到一个伊比比奥词afia ，意思是“白色或浅色”。 另还有人将它追溯到约鲁巴语ofe ，这个词是为了保持自己，避开危险的意思。 此后这个术语被移用于白人，这些白人在奴隶制及以前的悲惨日子里，被认为是对黑人们的危险〔threshold〕Perhaps the tradition of carrying the bride over the threshold is dying out,but knowledge of the custom persists,leading one to wonder about the-hold or the thresh- in the word threshold. Scholars are still wondering about the last part of the word,but thethresh- can be explained. It is related to the wordthresh, which refers to an agricultural process. This process of beating the stems and husks of grain or cereal plants to separate the grain or seeds from the straw was at one time done with the feet of oxen or human beings.Thus, the Germanic word.therskan, or by the switching of sounds called metathesis, .threskan, meant "thresh" and "tread.” This association with the feet is probably retained in Old Englishtherscold or threscold (Modern English threshold ), "sill of a door (over which one treads).”或许抱新娘过门槛的传统已过时，但这种习俗仍为人所知，使人想到threshold 中的 -hlod 或 thresh- 。 学者们仍不清楚这个词的后半部分，但thresh- 已可作解释。 它与指一种农业加工的thresh 一词有关。 这种通过打谷子或谷类植物的茎壳以使各粒与茎管分开的作业曾一度是用牛或人的脚来做的。因此，德语词therskan 或经音位转换后的 threskan 表示“打”和“踩踏”。 这种和脚的联系可能在古英语therscold 或 threscold （现代英语 threshold ）中仍保留着， “门槛（踏过的地方）”〔Moslem〕Moslem is the form predominantly preferred in journalism and popular usage. Muslim is preferred by scholars and by English-speaking adherents of Islam. Moslem 这种形式主要用于新闻报道和一般用法。 Muslim 主要用于学者们和讲英语的伊斯兰教信徒中 〔taxonomy〕"Scholars have been laboring to develop a taxonomy of young killers"(Aric Press)“学者们正努力对年轻的杀人犯进行分类”(阿里奇·普雷斯)〔scholarship〕The methods, discipline, and attainments of a scholar or scholars.学术：学者或学者们的方法、原则和造诣 |
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