| 单词 | 宗教改革 |
| 释义 | 〔Wittenberg〕A city of east-central Germany on the Elbe River east of Dessau. Martin Luther made the city the center of the Protestant Reformation when he nailed his 95 theses to the door of the Schlosskirche in 1517. Population, 54,306.维滕堡：德国中东部的城市，位于德绍东部的易北河上。1517年当马丁·路德把他的95条论纲钉在威田堡教堂的门上时他把该城作为宗教改革的中心。人口54,306〔Barth〕Swiss Protestant theologian who advocated a return to the principles of the Reformation and the teachings of the Bible. His published works includeChurch Dogmatics (1932). 巴特，卡尔：(1886-1968) 瑞士基督教神学家，提倡宗教改革和《圣经》的教义，出版的著作有教会教义学 （1932年） 〔Zwingli〕Swiss religious reformer whose sermons on the absolute authority of the Bible (1519) marked the beginning of the Reformation in Switzerland.茨温利，乌尔里希：(1484-1531) 瑞士宗教改革家，他关于圣经（1519年）绝对权威的讲道，标志着瑞士改革的开始〔Trent〕A city of northern Italy northwest of Venice. Probably founded in the fourth centuryb.c. , it was the site of the Council of Trent (1545-1563), which established the foundations of the Counter Reformation. Population, 98,833. 塔兰托：意大利北部一城市，位于威尼斯西北部，可能建于公元前 4世纪，它是塔兰托会议（1545-1563年）的会址，正是这次会议奠定了反宗教改革的基础。人口98,833 〔Huss〕Czechoslovakian religious reformer who was excommunicated (1409) for attacking the corruption of the clergy. HisDe Ecclesia questioned the authority and infallibility of the Catholic Church. 胡斯，约翰：(1372?-1415) 捷克斯洛伐克宗教改革者，1409年由于攻击牧师制度的堕落而被开除教籍。他在著作《教会》 中对天主教会的权威和正确性提出了质疑 〔Wycliffe〕English theologian and religious reformer. His rejection of the biblical basis of papal power and dispute with the doctrine of the transubstantiation of the host anticipated the Protestant Reformation.威克里夫，约翰：(1328?-1384) 英国神学家和宗教改革者，他反对圣经作为教皇权力的基础，抨击圣体论，由此激起新教改革运动〔Lollard〕A member of a sect of religious reformers in England who were followers of John Wycliffe in the 14th and 15th centuries.罗拉德教派：英格兰宗教改革派的一个分支的成员，14至15世纪约翰·韦克利夫的信徒〔Keble〕British cleric and poet whose sermon "National Apostasy" (1833) initiated the Oxford Movement, an effort to reintroduce sacraments and doctrines that the Church of England had discarded or neglected since the Reformation.基布尔，约翰：(1792-1866) 英国教士和诗人，其布道“国家的叛弃”（1833年）发起了牛津运动，目的是重新引入英国圣公会自宗教改革后所放弃或忽视的圣礼和教义〔Tyndale〕English religious reformer and martyr whose translation of the New Testament was the basis of the King James Bible.廷德尔，威廉：(1494?-1536) 英国宗教改革家和殉教者，他对新约的翻译是詹姆士也一世钦定圣经的基础〔Hussite〕A follower of the religious reformer John Huss.胡斯的信徒：宗教改革者约翰·胡斯的拥护者〔reformation〕Reformation A 16th-century movement in Western Europe that aimed at reforming some doctrines and practices of the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the establishment of the Protestant churches. Reformation 宗教改革：16世纪西欧旨在改革罗马天主教某些教义和作法的改革运动，最终造成新教的建立〔Melanchthon〕German theologian and a leader of the German Reformation. A friend of Martin Luther, he wroteLoci Communes (1521), the first extensive treatise on Protestant doctrine. 梅兰希顿，菲利普：(1497-1560) 德国神学家及德国宗教改革的领导人。他是马丁·路德的朋友，著有《奥格斯堡信纲》 （1521年），这是有关新教教义的第一本详细著述 〔Groote〕Dutch religious reformer who criticized the worldliness of the clergy and espoused a life of prayer and learning.格鲁特，格哈得：(1340-1384) 荷兰宗教改革者。他批评神职人员的世俗化，提倡一种祈祷和学习的生活〔Knox〕Scottish religious reformer and founder of Scottish Presbyterianism. While living in exile (1553-1559) during the reign of Mary Queen of Scots, a Catholic, he came under the influence of John Calvin. Returning to Scotland (1559), Knox led the struggle for religious reform. With the drafting of the Confessions of Faith (1560), Protestantism became the established religion in Scotland.诺克斯，约翰：(1514?-1572) 苏格兰宗教改革家和苏格兰长老会的创建人。在天主教徒玛丽女王统治苏格兰时，他被流放。他在流放中（1553-1559年）受到了约翰·加尔文的影响。回到苏格兰以后（1559年），他领导了宗教改革斗争。随着《信仰声明》的起草(1560年），新教成为苏格兰的国教〔Pole〕English prelate. The last Roman Catholic archbishop of Canterbury (1556), he was a leading figure in the Counter Reformation.波尔·雷金诺德，雷金纳德：(1500-1558) 英国枢机主教。最后一任坎特伯雷罗马天主教大主教(1556年），在反宗教改革中他是一名领导性人物〔Erskine〕Scottish religious reformer whose moderate views eased the tension between Protestants and the Catholic royalty in Scotland.厄斯金，约翰：(1509-1591) 苏格兰宗教改革家，曾在苏格兰宗教改革派和天主教派之间停止紧张状态的谈判中起到重大的调节作用〔Clarke〕American religious reformer, abolitionist, and advocate of woman suffrage.克拉克，詹姆斯·弗里曼：(1810-1888) 美国宗教改革者、废奴主义者和妇女参加选举的支持者〔Anabaptist〕A member of a radical movement of the 16th-century Reformation which believed in the primacy of the Bible, in baptism as an external witness of the believer's personal covenant of inner faith, and in separation of church from state and of believers from nonbelievers.再洗礼派教徒：16世纪宗教改革激进运动的成员，相信《圣经》的权威性，洗礼是对教徒个人内心信仰承诺的外部证明，主张政教分离、信徒和非信徒分离〔pie〕An almanac of services used in the English church before the Reformation.日课规则书，日课表：宗教改革前英国教会使用的一种礼拜历本〔cappuccino〕The history of the wordcappuccino exemplifies how words can develop new senses because of resemblances that the original coiners of the terms might not have dreamed possible.The Capuchin order of friars, established after 1525,played an important role in bringing Catholicism back to Reformation Europe.Its Italian name came from the long, pointed cowl,orcappuccino, derived fromcappuccio, "hood,” that was worn as part of the order's habit.The French version ofcappuccino was capuchin (now capucin ), from which came EnglishCapuchin. The name of this pious order was later used as the name (first recorded in English in 1785) for a type of monkey with a tuft of black, cowllike hair.In Italiancappuccino went on to develop another sense, "espresso coffee mixed or topped with steamed milk or cream,”so called because the color of the coffee resembled the color of the habit of a Capuchin friar.The first use ofcappuccino in English is recorded in 1948 in a work about San Francisco. cappuccino 一词的历史很好地说明了词语如何可以因一些相似性而发展出新的意思， 而这些词的创造者也许做梦都没想过这些相似性是可能的。嘉布遣会建于1525年后，在将天主教带回经历宗教改革的欧洲的过程中发挥了重要作用。它的意大利语名称来自一种长而尖的蒙斗篷，或称cappuccino， 这个词又来自coppuccio， 意为“风帽”， 蒙头斗篷是这一派修士所穿衣服的一部分。Cappuccino 在法语中成了 capuchin （现在是 capucin ）， 英语中的Capuchin 就来自这个法语词。 这一虔诚教派的名字后来被用来作一种带一撮黑色的、蒙面斗篷似毛发的驴子的名字（于1785年首次用英语记录）。在意大利语中，cappuccino 接着又发展出一个新的意思， 意为“混以或加入煮过的牛奶或奶油的浓别啡，”这样叫是因为这种咖啡的颜色类似于嘉布遣会修士所穿衣服的颜色。Cappuccino 在英语中的第一次使用记载于1948年一本关于旧金山的著作中 |
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