| 单词 | 官僚主义 |
| 释义 | 〔stolid〕"the incredibly massive and stolid bureaucracy of the Soviet system"(John Kenneth Galbraith)“苏维埃制度下令人难以置信的普遍的冷漠官僚主义”(约翰·肯尼思·加尔布雷斯)〔bureaucracy〕"knew something about bureaucracy and those nameless, faceless forces that can crush the life's blood from the individual"(Rollene W. Saal)“了解一些关于官僚主义和那些无名的、无特征的，并能够将生命的原动力从个体中挤压出来的力量的情况”(罗里尼W.萨尔)〔rage〕raged at the mindless bureaucracy.怒斥愚蠢的官僚主义〔impact〕Each generation of critics seems to select one particular usage to stand as the emblem of what they view as linguistic crassness.Thirty years ago it was the use ofcontact as a verb, but opposition to that form has more or less disappeared,and attention now focuses on the verbal use ofimpact meaning "have an effect, affect.” Eighty-four percent of the Usage Panel disapproves of the constructionto impact on, as in the phrasesocial pathologies, common to the inner city, that impact heavily on such a community; and fully 95 percent disapproves of the use ofimpact as a transitive verb in the sentence Companies have used disposable techniques that have a potential for impacting our health. But even these figures do not reflect the degree of distaste with which critics view the usage:in their comments some Panelists labeled the usage as "bureaucratic,” "pretentious,” "vile,” and "a vulgarism.” ·It may be that the particular pretentiousness associated with the verbal use ofimpact is caused by its derivation from an already questionable metaphoric use of the noun impact, as in phrases such asthe political impact of the decision or the impact of the program on the community, in which no more is usually meant than might have been expressed by effects or consequences. But thoughimpact may have begun life a generation ago as an inflated substitute for "affect significantly,” it has by now become so common in corporate and institutional contexts that younger speakers appear to regard it as wholly standard and straightforward usage.Within a few years, accordingly,the usage is likely to be no more objectionable thancontact is now, since it will no longer betray any particular pretentiousness on the part of those who use it.See Usage Note at contact 每一代的批评家好象都挑了一个特别的用法作为他们认为的语言上的愚蠢行为的象征。三十年以前是contact 作为动词的用法， 但是对这种形式的反对或多或少已经消失了，注意力现在集中到了impact 意思为“有不好的影响、影响”的动词用法上。 用法专题小组成员中百分之八十四不同意to impact on 的结构， 如在短语对内城区来说很普通的社会病理学，对这样一个社区产生了很大影响的 当中； 百分之九十五的成员完全不同意impact 在句子 公司已经使用了可能会对我们的健康产生不良影响的易处理技术 中当作及物动词来使用。 但是即使是这些数字也没有反映出批评家们对这种用法厌恶的程度：在他们的评论当中有些成员把这种用法说成是“官僚主义的”、“装腔作势的”，“可耻的”，还说这是“粗鄙的语言。”也许和impact 的动词用法有关联的虚饰成份是由于它是从名词 impact 的一个早有争议的比喻用法衍变而来造成的。 如在短语这个决定在政治上的影响 或者 这个计划对公众的影响 中它的意思并没有比用 effects 或者 consequences 表达出来的意思要多。 尽管impact 作为“明显地影响”的夸大了的替代可能在一代人之前开始产生， 但是现在的年轻一代使用者看上去把它当成了完全标准的、直接的用法，这在共同的和惯例的文章中已经很普遍了。相应地在几年内，这种用法很有可能不比今天的contact 更引起反对， 因为对于那些使用它的人来说这不会再显得有点矫揉造作了 参见 contact〔bureaucracy〕Management or administration marked by diffusion of authority among numerous offices and adherence to inflexible rules of operation:官僚主义：一种以在众多机构中拥有权威地位，并且固守着不变规则办事为特点的处理或管理：〔bloated〕a bloated bureaucracy; a bloated budget.膨胀的官僚主义；过高的预算〔bureaucratize〕"The failure of communication is built—or . . . bureaucratized—into the legal system"(Anatole Broyard)“交流的失败已被建立——或…被官僚主义化——成为法律体系的一部分”(阿纳托尔·布鲁瓦亚尔)〔prioritize〕It can be argued thatprioritize serves a useful function in providing a single word to mean "arrange according to priority,” but like many other recent formations with-ize, it is widely regarded as corporate or bureaucratic jargon.In an earlier survey,prioritize was unacceptable to the great majority of the Usage Panel. See Usage Note at -ize 人们当然可以争论prioritize 在提供一个单字以表示“按优先次序排列”上的有用功能， 但是象许多其他新近形成的以-ize 结尾的词一样， 它被广泛地认为是公司或官僚主义的行话。在较早的一次调查中发现，用法专题使用小组中绝大多数认为prioritize 不可接受 参见 -ize〔Augean〕the Augean task of reforming the bureaucracy.改革官僚主义是一项艰苦的工作〔bureaucratize〕To make into a bureaucracy or bring under bureaucratic control:使官僚主义化：使…成为官僚主义或受官僚主义摆布：〔labyrinthine〕"the labyrinthine corridors and alleys of bureaucratic red tape"(William H. Hallahan)“官僚主义就如迷宫中的回廊，又象小巷般的繁文缛节”(威廉H.哈勒汉)〔complexity〕a maze of bureaucratic and legalistic complexities.官僚主义与墨守成规混杂成一团糟 |
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