| 单词 | 实际 |
| 释义 | 〔practically〕Practically is used unexceptionally in its primary sense of "in a way that is practical.” Its use in the sense "for all practical purposes" is perfectly acceptable.Thus, a person whose liabilities exceed his or her assets may be said to bepractically bankrupt, even though that person has not been legally declared insolvent. By a slight extension of this meaning, however,practically is often used to mean "all but" or "nearly": Practically 最平常、根本的含义就是“通过实用的方式。” 其作为“从实际出发地”这一意思的用法也是完全可接受的。因此，如果某人的债务超出了他或她的财产价值的话，即使还没有在法律上宣告他或她破产，就可以说是实际上已破产了 。 然而将这一意思稍作延伸，practically 就经常用来表示“几乎”或“差不多”的意思： 〔psychotechnics〕The practical or technological application of psychology, as in analysis of social or economic problems.心理技术学：心理学在实际或技术上的运用，比如分析社会或经济问题等〔moot〕Of no practical importance; irrelevant.没有实际重要性的；不相关的〔doctrinaire〕A person inflexibly attached to a practice or theory without regard to its practicality.教条主义者：不顾实际而一味坚持某一经验和理论的人〔simulator〕One that simulates, especially an apparatus that generates test conditions approximating actual or operational conditions.模拟装置：一个进行模拟的东西，尤指产生与实际或操作条件接近的测试条件的装置〔attack〕These verbs mean to set upon, physically or figuratively.这些动词都表示实际或象征性地攻击。〔irony〕An expression or utterance marked by a deliberate contrast between apparent and intended meaning.反语句：以表面含义与实际含义含意相反为特征的表达或措词〔prison〕The wordprison has its origins not in the notions of what such a place is but rather in the notion of how one gets there. Prison can be traced back to the Latin word prēnsiō, "the action or power of making an arrest.” This in turn is derived from the verbprehendere or prendere, which meant "to take hold of, take into custody, arrest.”Prēnsiō then dives into the obscurity of the time when Romance languages such as French were being formed from Vulgar Latin and resurfaces in the Old French of the 12th century with the formprison and the senses "capture" and "place of imprisonment.”This new sense could have already been developed in Latinand not been recorded,but we have to wait until the 12th century to see it,the sense "captivity" being added in the same century.From Old French as well as the Medieval Latin wordpriso, "prison,” derived from Old French, came our Middle English word prisoun, first recorded in a work written before 1121in the sense "imprisonment.”The sense "place of imprisonment" is recorded shortly afterward in a text copied down before 1225but perhaps actually written in the Old English period before the Norman Conquest.Prison 这个单词的来源不在于它是一个什么样的地方而在于一个人是怎么进去的。 Prison 可追溯到意思是“进行逮捕的行动或力量”的拉丁词 prensio。 这个词也是从动词prehendere 或 prendere 派生出来的， 意思是“捉住，逮捕，拘留。”Prensio 这个词在罗马语系中的语言（如法语）逐渐从通俗拉丁语形成时被人们忘却了， 12世纪又以prison 的形式在古法语中重新露面， 其含义是“捉住”和“囚禁人的地方。”这个新的含义很可能在拉丁语中已得到了发展，只是没有被记录下来，但是我们直到12世纪才看到它，在同一世纪“囚禁，俘虏”的意思被加了进去。从古法语、同时也是从源于古法语的中世纪拉丁语词priso “监狱，监禁”中产生了中古英语单词 prison， 这个词最早的记录是在一部著于1121年的作品中，意思是“监禁，拘留。”“监禁或囚禁的地方”这层意思在稍后出现的、在1225年以前被抄录下来的一篇文章中出现，但可能实际写作的时间是在诺曼征服之前的古英语时期〔spy〕An agent employed by a state to obtain secret information, especially of a military nature, concerning its potential or actual enemies.间谍：受雇于一个国家的间谍，专门搜集关于潜在或实际敌人的情况的秘密信息，特别是军事情况〔ordinary〕A cleric, such as the residential bishop of a diocese, with ordinary jurisdiction over a specified territory.高级教士：在一定地区内实际行使宗教管辖权的高级教士，如教区的常住主教〔practically〕In a way that is practical.实用地，实际地：通过实用的方式〔economic〕Of or relating to the practical necessities of life; material:实用的：有关实际生活必需品的；物质的：〔assassin〕At first glance, one would be hard-pressed to find a link between pleasure and the acts of assassins.Such was not the case, however, with those who gave us the wordassassin. They were members of a secret Islamic order originating in the 11th centurywho believed it was a religious duty to harass and murder their enemies.The most important members of the order were those who actually did the killing.Having been promised paradise in return for dying in action, the killers,it is said, were made to yearn for paradise by being given a life of pleasure that included the use of hashish.Hence, the name for the secret order as a whole,ḥaššāšīn, "hashish users.” After passing through French or Italian, the word came into English and is recorded in 1603 with reference to the Moslem assassins.开始接触这个词，可能不容易看出暗杀者的乐趣与行为的联系。但是，对于给我们assassin 这个词的人来说，并不是这样。 他们是伊斯兰秘密团体的成员，该团体源自11世纪，他们认为骚扰并杀死他们的敌人是他们的宗教义务。该团体中最重要的成员是实际行使暗杀者。由于暗杀者被许诺进入天堂以作为对可能在行动中被杀的回报，据说为促使他们对天堂的热切渴望，先给予他们一种包括使用大麻麻醉剂乐趣的生活。这样hassasin “大麻使用者”就成了该秘密团体的名称。 这个词经过法语或意大利语进入英语，1603年记录下来，指穆斯林暗杀者。〔real〕Relating to, being, or having value reckoned by actual purchasing power:实质的：关于、作为或具有按实际购买力评估的价值的：〔sophistry〕Plausible but fallacious argumentation.诡辩，似是而非的推论：貌似合理但实际错误的辩论〔Svengali〕"a crafty Svengali who lures talented people with grand promises yet gives them little lasting operational authority"(Chris Welles)“一个以堂皇的诺言引诱有才能的人，却给予他们极少实际权力的精明的斯文加利式人物”(克里斯·韦尔斯)〔unsubstantial〕Lacking material substance; insubstantial.不实在的：缺乏实际物质的；不实在的〔power〕The product of applied potential difference and current in a direct-current circuit.电路：直流电路中的实际电位差与电流的乘积〔sophistry〕A plausible but misleading or fallacious argument.谬论：貌似正确但实际误导或错误的论点〔Montfort〕French-born English nobleman who led the baronial opposition to Henry III. After his military victory over the king at Lewes in southeast England (1264), Montfort was the effective ruler of England. In 1265 he called a representative legislature regarded as England's first full parliament.蒙特福特，西蒙尼·德：(1208?-1265) 法国裔英国贵族，领导了反亨利三世的男爵叛 。在英格兰东南部的刘易斯击败国王取得军事胜利后(1264年），蒙特福特成为英格兰的实际统治者。1265年他召开了作为英格兰首届完全议会的代议立法会议〔antedate〕A date given to an event or a document that is earlier than the actual date.确定提前的日期：为事件或文书确定的早于实际发生的日期〔rape〕Although three senses are listed in our entry for the verbrape, it is unlikely that many people think of the word as having more than one sense.The Latin wordrapere from which rape comes had an even wider range of meanings, including "to ravish.”It must be kept in mind, however, that most of its senses had to do with the notion of seizing or carrying offand that sexual violation was confined to the one sense.In the case of the Middle Englishwordrapen, taken from Latin rapere, fewer senses existed, but some of them differed quite significantly from any in which we would use the word today.It could mean "to fix or set a certain time" ("The tyme he wild [would] not rape" ) or "to carry off somebody to heaven from earth" ( "the visions of seynt poul wan [when] he was rapt in to paradys" ). The past participlerapt has survived in Modern English, where it has become a separate wordreferring to states of deep delight or absorption,far removed from the hideous cruelties ofrape. The sense involving these cruelties was probably present in Middle Englishand has largely taken over the word.尽管在动词rape 这一词条中，我们列了三个意思， 但实际很多人并不认为该词有这么多意思。Rape 从其起源的拉丁语单词 rapere 甚至有更多的词义， 其中包括“使销魂”这一含意。然而，我们必须记住所有这些词义都同“用武力夺取或抢走”有关，性方面的侵犯只是其中的一个意思。在中古英语中，由拉丁语rapere 一词产生的动词 rapen 的词义已经减少， 不过其中有些词义和现在的词义完全不同。它可以意为“约定或确定时间”(“他不肯 约定时间” )或“由人间带某人进入天堂”( “圣保罗进入天堂 的情景” )。 该词的过去分词rapt 仍存在于现代英语中， 在这里它已成为一个单独的单词，意为一种极其兴奋或被深深吸引的状态，这个意思与rape 一词丑恶的词义相去甚远。 与残酷行为有关的词义可能在中世纪就存在，后来被保留了下来〔shrewd〕 Shrewd suggests a sharp intelligence, hardheadness, and often an intuitive grasp of practical considerations: shrewd 暗示一种机敏的心智，精明以及通常对实际事务的直觉把握： 〔tenuous〕Having little substance; flimsy:浮夸的：基本没有实际内容的；不足信的：〔workaday〕"the practical, workaday world, of . . . ordinary undistinguished things"(Lionel Trilling)“普通平凡事物的实际而世俗的世界”(赖恩内尔·特里林)〔farther〕Farther and further have been used interchangeably by many writers since the Middle English period. According to a rule of relatively recent origin, however,farther should be reserved for physical distance andfurther for advancement along a nonphysical dimension. Thus 74 percent of the Usage Panel prefersfarther in the sentence If you are planning to drive any farther than Ukiah, you'd better carry chains; whereas 64 percent prefersfurther in the sentence We won't be able to answer these questions until we are further along in our research. In many cases, however, the distinction is not easy to draw.If we may speak metaphorically ofa statement that is far from the truth, for example, the analogous use offarther should be allowed in a sentence such as Nothing could be farther from the truth, though Nothing could be further from the truth is also justifiable. Farther 和 further 自从英国中世纪以来被许多作家交替使用。 然而，根据比较近的起源的法则，farther 应被用于实际距离， 而further 用于沿着非实际范围的前进。 因此用法专题使用小组中74％的成员喜欢将farther 置于句子 如果你计划开到比尤凯亚更远的地方，你最好带上链子 中； 而64%的成员则将further 用于句子 在调查取得更深入的进展前，我们不能回答这些问题 中。 然而，在许多例子中，方向很难把握。如果用此喻来陈述不符合事实的情况 ， 例如，farther 的类似用法允许用于句子， 如Nothing could be farther from the truth, 而Notting could be futher from the truth 也是对的 〔unworkable〕Not workable, especially not capable of being put into practice successfully; not practicable:不可行的：不能实行的，尤其是不能成功地投入实际使用（或运用）的；不切实际的：〔entity〕Something that exists as a particular and discrete unit:实体：实际并独立存在的事物：〔line〕A real or imaginary mark or point at which a race begins or ends.起始线，终点线：赛跑中起点或终点的实际或想象的线〔that〕The standard rule isthatthat should be used only to introduce a restrictive (or "defining") relative clause, which serves to identify the entity being talked about;in this useit should never be preceded by a comma.Thus, we sayThe house that Jack built has been torn down, where the clausethat Jack built tells which house was torn down, orI am looking for a book that is easy to read, wherethat is easy to read tells what kind of book is desired. Onlywhich is to be used with nonrestrictive (or "nondefining") clauses, which give additional information about an entity that has already been identified in the context;in this use,which is always preceded by a comma. Thus, we sayThe students in Chemistry 10 have been complaining about the textbook, which (not that ) is hard to follow. The clausewhich is hard to follow does not indicate which text is being complained about; even if it were omitted,we would know that the phrasethe textbook refers to the text in Chemistry 10. The use ofthat in nonrestrictive clauses like this, though once common in writing and still frequent in speech,is best avoided in formal style. ·Some grammarians have argued that symmetry requires thatwhich should be used only in nonrestrictive clauses, asthat is to be used only in restrictive clauses. Thus, they suggest that we should avoid sentences such asI need a book which will tell me all about city gardening, where the clausewhich will tell me all about city gardening indicates which sort of book is needed. Such use ofwhich is useful where two or more relative clauses are joined by and or or, as inIt is a philosophy in which the common man may find solace and which many have found reason to praise. Which is also preferred to introduce a restrictive relative clausewhen the preceding phrase itself contains athat, as inI can only give you that which I don't need (not that that I don't need ) or We want to assign only that book which will be most helpful (preferred tothat book that will be most helpful ). · That may be omitted in a relative clause when the subject of the clause is different from the referent of the phrase preceding the clause. Thus, we may say eitherthe book that I was reading or the book I was reading, where the subject of the clause (I ) is not the referent of the phrase the book. Omission ofthat in these cases has sometimes been described as incorrect, but the practice is extremely common and has ample precedent in reputable writing. ·There have also been occasional objections to the omission ofthat in its use to introduce a subordinate clause, as inI think we should try again. But this usage is entirely idiomatic and is in fact favored with some of the verb phrases that can introduce such clauses:thus, one would more normally write 标准规则中，that 应只被用于引导限定性（或“确定的”）关系从句， 这些从句用于明确正被谈论的实体；在这种情况下，前面决不能有逗号。因此，我们说杰克建的房子已经拆毁了 ， 在这里，从句杰克所建的 指明哪幢房子被拆毁了， 或者我正在找一本易读的书 ， 在这里，易读的 指明哪类书是需要的。 只有which 用于非限定性（或“不确定的”）从句中， 为已经在上下文中定义的实体提供附加信息；在此用法中，which 之前总有逗号。 因此，我们说化学10班的学生一直在抱怨这课本，实在 （不是 that ) 是太难懂了 。 从句which is hard to follow 并不指明哪一课本被抱怨； 即使它被省略，我们也知道the textbook 指化学10班的课本。 That 象这样用于非限定性从句中， 虽然在写作中曾很普遍而且在口语中依然频繁出现，但在正式文体中最好避免使用。一些语法学家认为对称性要求which 应只用于非限定性从句中， 就象that 只用于限定性从句中。 因此，他们建议我们应该避免诸如我需要一本关于城市园艺的书 这样的句子， 这里从句which will tell me all about city gardening 指明需要何种书。 当两个或多个关系从句被and 或 or 连接时， which 的这种用法很有用， 如是哲学使普通人找到慰藉并使许多人有理由去称颂。 Which 也用作引导限定性关系从句，在当前置短语中含有that 时， 如我只能给你我不需要的东西 （不是 that that I don't need )或 我们只想分发那本最用的书 （好于that book that will be most helpful )。 当从句主语与从句前短语所指不一致时，that 在关系从句中可以省略。 因此，我们可以说the book that I was reading 或者 the book I was reading 。 在这里，从句主语(I )和短语 the book 的主语不同。 在这些情况下，that 的省略有时被认为是错误的， 但是这在实际中极普遍而且在规范写作中有充分的先例。对于that 用于引导从句时被省略偶然持有异议， 如在我认为我们应该再试一次 中。 但这种用法完全符合语法而且实际上有一些引导这样从句的短语支持；因此，可以正常应用 〔irony〕Incongruity between what might be expected and what actually occurs:讽刺意味：可能被期望的与实际发生的情况间的不一致：〔shrewd〕These adjectives mean having or showing keen awareness, sound judgment, and often resourcefulness, especially in practical matters.这些形容词都表示具有或显示出敏锐的感知力、合理的判断力以及通常需要的应变力，尤指在实际事务中。〔practically〕For all practical purposes; virtually.实质地：从实际出发地；实际上，事实上〔policy〕Prudence, shrewdness, or sagacity in practical matters.在实际事务中的谨慎、精明或睿智〔preceptorship〕A period of practical experience and training for a student, especially of medicine or nursing, that is supervised by an expert or a specialist in a particular field.实习期：尤指医学或护理专业的学生接受实际体验和训练的一段时期，由这一特定领域内的专家或能手进行指导〔dummy〕An imitation of a real or original object, intended to be used as a practical substitute.模拟靶：实际或初始目标的模拟物，用作练习时的替代物〔reality〕That which exists objectively and in fact:实际：客观存在的东西，事实存在的事物：〔toll〕The amount or extent of loss or destruction, as of life, health, or property, caused by a disaster.代价：如生命健康或财产方面等实际造成的损失或毁坏的数量或程度〔pensive〕"The Contemplative Atheist is rare . . . And yet they seem to be more than they are" (Francis Bacon).“喜欢深思的无神论者是很罕见的…他们看起来实际更喜欢思考” （弗朗西斯·培根）。〔overcapacity〕Too great a capacity for production of commodities or delivery of services in relation to actual need:生产能力过剩：与实际需要相比，过大的生产工业商品能力或过多的服务： |
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