| 单词 | 宪法 |
| 释义 | 〔absolute〕Unconstrained by constitutional or other provisions:不受限制的，独裁的：不受宪法或其它修正案的限制的：〔Bainbridge〕American naval officer who commanded the U.S.S.Constitution to victory over the H.M.S. Java in the War of 1812. 贝里布里奇，威廉：(1774-1833) 美国海军军官，在1812年的战争中指挥美国参议院的宪法号 击败英国皇家海军舰艇 爪哇号 〔Trudeau〕Canadian prime minister (1968-1979 and 1980-1984) whose administration was marked by efforts to contain the French separatist movement in Quebec and by the Constitution Act of 1982, which granted Canada full independence.特鲁多，皮尔·埃利奥特：(生于 1919) 加拿大总理（1968-1979年和1980-1984年），他任期内的政绩有平息魁北克法国分裂主义运动，并通过了使加拿大获得彻底独立的1982年宪法法案〔oppose〕"The idea is inconsistent with our constitutional theory and has been stubbornly opposed . . . since the early days of the Republic" (E.B. White).“这种想法与我们的宪法理论不相符，一直受到顽固抵制…自从共和国成立早期就开始了。” (E.B.怀特）。〔colorblind〕"Our Constitution is color-blind, and neither knows nor tolerates classes among citizens"(John M. Harlan)“我们的宪法是一视同仁的，既不承认也不能容忍在市民中存在阶级差别”(约翰M.哈伦)〔Churchill〕British politician who led the so-called Fourth Party, a group of Conservative members of Parliament who advocated social and constitutional reform.丘吉尔，伦道夫·亨利·斯宾塞：(1849-1895) 英国政治家，领导所谓的第四党，由议会中倡导社会和宪法改革的保守党成员组成〔constitutional〕Consistent with, sanctioned by, or permissible according to a constitution:符合宪法的：符合宪法的、宪法所批准的或许可的：〔obligation〕"I therefore believe it is my duty to my country to love it, to support its Constitution, to obey its laws, to respect its flag, and to defend it against all enemies" (William Tyler Page).“因此我相信保卫祖国，支持宪法，遵守法律，尊重国旗，反抗敌人是我的责任” （威廉姆·泰勒·佩奇）〔hooker〕In hisPersonal Memoirs Ulysses S. Grant described Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker as "a dangerous man . . . not subordinate to his superiors.” Hooker had his faults, of course.He may indeed have been insubordinate;undoubtedly he was an erratic leader.But there is one thing of which he is often accused that "Fighting Joe" Hooker certainly did not do:he did not give his name to prostitutes.According to a popular story,the men under Hooker's command during the Civil War were a particularly wild bunch.When his troops were on leave,we are told, they spent much of their time in brothels.For this reason, as the story goes,prostitutes came to be known ashookers. It is not difficult to understand how such a theory might have originated.The major general's name differs from the wordhooker only in the capital letter that begins it. And it is true that Hooker's men were at times ill-disciplined (although it seems that liquor, not women, was the main source of their difficulties with the provost marshal).However attractive this theory may be,it cannot be true.The wordhooker, with the sense "prostitute,” is in fact older than the Civil War. It appeared in the second edition (although not in the first) of John Russell Bartlett'sDictionary of Americanisms, published in 1859.Bartlett definedhooker as "a strumpet, a sailor's trull.” He also said that the word was derived from Corlear's Hook,a district in New York City,but this was only a guess.There is no evidence that the term originated in New York.Norman Ellsworth Eliason has traced this use ofhooker back to 1845 in North Carolina. He reported the usage inTarheel Talk; an Historical Study of the English Language in North Carolina to 1860, published in 1956. The fact that we have no earlier written evidence does not mean thathooker was never used to mean "prostitute" before 1845. The history ofhooker is, quite simply, murky; we do not know when or where it was first used,but we can be very certain that it did not begin with Joseph Hooker.Also, we have no firm evidence that it came from Corlear's Hook.Scholarly evidence or lack thereof notwithstanding,the late Bruce Catton, the Civil War historian, did not go so far as to exonerate completely the Union general.Although "the term ‘hooker’ did not originate during the Civil War,”wrote Catton, "it certainly became popular then.During these war years, Washington developed a large [red-light district] somewhere south of Constitution Avenue.This became known as Hooker's Division in tribute to the proclivities of General Joseph Hookerand the name has stuck ever since.”If the termhooker was derived neither from Joseph Hooker nor from Corlear's Hook, what is its derivation?It is most likely that thishooker is, etymologically, simply "one who hooks.” The term portrays a prostitute as a person who hooks, or snares, clients.尤利西斯·S·格兰特在他的个人回忆录 中把陆军少将约瑟夫·胡克描写成“一个危险人物…从不服从于他的顶头上司”。 胡克当然有他的缺点。他也许曾是一个难以屈服的人；但他无疑是一个怪癖的军官。但是“好战的乔”，胡克却因为一件他肯定没有干过的事情而屡遭指责；他从不对妓女透露他的姓名。根据一个流行故事，内战中胡克的手下有一伙特别狂野的人们。当他的队伍即将离开时，据说他们总在妓院里消磨时日。故事还说正因为如此，妓女开始被叫做hookers。 我们不难理解这样一个故事的起源的推测。这个将军的名字和hooker 只差开头的一个大写字母。 而且胡克的手下在当时确实纪律涣散（尽管看来是酒而非女人才导致了他们与宪兵司令之间的矛盾）。不管这个故事多么诱人，它不可能是真实的。事实上hooker 一词作为“妓女”的意思比内战的历史还要早。 它出现于约翰·罗素·巴特利特编纂的美国俗语词典 的第二版（尽管第一版中没有）， 出版于1859年。巴特利特把hooker 定义为“一个妓女，水手的妓女”。 他还说这个词来源于科利尔的胡克，纽约市的一个地区，但这只是一个猜想。没有证据证明这一说法源于纽约。诺曼·爱尔斯华斯·艾利森把hooker 的用法追溯到1845年的北卡罗来纳州。 他在1956年出版的北卡罗来纳州闲话； 1860年前北卡罗来纳英语历史研究 中说明了这一用法。 缺乏早期书面证据这一事实并不意味着在1845年之前hooker 没有被用作“妓女”一义。 很简单，hooker 的历史隐晦难知； 我们不知道它在何时何地被首次使用，但我们可以肯定它并不始于约瑟夫·胡克。而且我们没有确凿证据证明它来源于科利尔的胡克。不管有无学术性的证据，已故的内战历史学家布鲁斯·卡通并没有做到为联邦将军彻底开脱的地步。尽管“‘hooker’这一词语并不是来源于内战，”卡通写道，“在那之后它肯定流行了起来。在战争年代，华盛顿在宪法大街南部某个地方发展了很大的［红灯区］。人们把这里称作胡克的辖区，作为对约瑟夫·胡克将军怪癖的献礼，这个名字从此便生根发芽”。如果hooker 这一词语既不是源于约瑟夫·胡克也不来自于科利尔的胡克， 那么它的词源究竟是什么呢?从词源学上来说hooker 很有可能仅仅是“引…上钩的人”。 这一词语把妓女描绘成一个勾引或引诱客人的人〔Franklin〕American public official, writer, scientist, and printer. After the success of hisPoor Richard's Almanac (1732-1757), he entered politics and played a major part in the American Revolution. Franklin negotiated French support for the colonists, signed the Treaty of Paris (1783), and helped draft the Constitution (1787-1789). His numerous scientific and practical innovations include the lightning rod, bifocal spectacles, and a stove. 富兰克林，本杰明：(1706-1790) 美国政府官员、作家、科学家和印刷业者。当他的作品《穷理查的历书》 成功之后（1732-1757年），他进入了政界并在美国革命中起了重要作用。富兰克林通过谈判说服法国支持殖民地、签署了巴黎和约（1783年）并帮助起草了宪法（1787-1789年）。他的众多的科学发明包括避雷针、双焦点的眼镜和暖炉 〔excrescence〕"Independent agencies were an excrescence on the Constitution"(Los Angeles Times)“独立的代理处是宪法不需要的东西”(洛杉矶时报)〔originalism〕The belief that the U.S. Constitution should be interpreted according to the intent of those who composed and adopted it.原信念：认为美国的宪法应该按照那些编写它和采纳它的人们的意图来进行解释和说明的一种观念〔heroic〕"We trust the House . . . will come up with answers without all the political heroics"(Atlanta Constitution)“我们相信议院…将会给我们不带丝毫政治豪言壮语的答复”(亚特兰大宪法报)〔Sigurdsson〕Icelandic politician and scholar who secured a constitution for his country from Denmark (1874).西格茨松，约：(1811-1879) 冰岛政治家和学者，他制定了使冰岛脱离丹麦（1874年）的宪法〔correct〕"Whenever [the people] shall grow weary of the existing government, they can exercise their constitutional right of amending it, or their revolutionary right to dismember or overthrow it" (Abraham Lincoln).See also Synonyms at punish “无论什么时候 对现存政府厌倦了， 他们都能行使他们改善政府的宪法权，或者废除、颠覆它的革命权利” （亚伯拉罕·林肯） 参见同义词 punish〔constitutional〕Of or relating to a constitution:宪法的：宪法的或与宪法有关的：〔divide〕"would clearly tip the court . . . across a dangerous constitutional divide"(Lawrence H. Tribe)“越过危险的宪法界限将会使法庭明显地倾斜”(劳伦斯H.拉伯姆)〔constitutionality〕Accordance with the provisions or principles of a constitution:合宪性：与宪法的规定或原则相符合：〔Whig〕A 19th-century American political party formed to oppose the Democratic Party and favoring high tariffs and a loose interpretation of the Constitution.辉格党：19世纪为反对民主党而形成的一个美国的政党，奉行高关税政策，对宪法的阐释也较松散且不严谨〔monarch〕A sovereign, such as a king or an empress, often with constitutionally limited authority:君主，如国王或女皇，通常权力受宪法的制约：〔amendment〕Formal revision of, addition to, or change, as in a bill or a constitution.修正案，修正条款：对法案、宪法的正式修改、增补或改变〔charter〕A document outlining the principles, functions, and organization of a corporate body; a constitution:宪章，规章：简述一团体的原则、职能和组织的文件；宪法：〔amendment〕The 19th Amendment to the Constitution gave women the right to vote.宪法的第十九条修正案赋予了妇女的选举权〔phalanx〕"formed a solid phalanx in defense of the Constitution and Protestant religion"(G.M. Trevelyan)“为维护宪法与新教而组成的牢不可破的人阵”(G.M.特里维廉)〔anthology〕"The Irish love their constitution for what it is: an anthology of the clerical-nationalist ideas of 1936, when it was drawn up"(Economist)“爱尔兰人热爱他们的宪法：当它在1936年被制定出来时就是宗教民族主义思想的杂集”(经济学家)〔ultimate〕"As the ultimate arbiter of the Constitution, the Supreme Court occupies a central place in our scheme of government"(Richard A. Epstein)“作为宪法的最高裁决者，最高法院在政府体系中占有核心位置”(理查德A.爱泼斯坦)〔explain〕"We must never forget that it is aconstitution we are expounding" (John Marshall). “我们永远不应忘记那是宪法 ，对此我们正在加以解释” （约翰·马歇尔）。 〔constitution〕The document on which such a system is recorded.宪法：记载这种体制的文件〔extraconstitutional〕Beyond what is provided for in a constitution.违法的：超出宪法所规定的〔constitutional〕a law that was declared constitutional by the court; the constitutional right of free speech.被法庭判为符合宪法的法规；宪法赋予的言论自由权利〔Bagehot〕British economist, social scientist, and journalist who wroteThe English Constitution (1867), an analysis of the comparative powers of the branches of British government. 白芝浩，沃尔特：(1826-1877) 英国经济学家、社会科学家和记者，著有《英国宪法》 （1867年），是一部对英国政府分支机构权力比较的分析著作 〔Carroll〕American political pamphleteer and adviser who wrote prolifically for anti-Catholic and pro-Union causes. In 1862 she published a pamphlet that outlined what was to become President Abraham Lincoln's constitutional theory concerning the rebellious states.卡洛尔，安娜·埃拉：(1815-1893) 美国政治小册子作者及顾问，为反对天主教和拥护联邦的事业而撰写了大量著作。她于1862年发表了一本小册子，描画了日后成为亚伯拉罕·林肯总统论述叛乱各州的宪法理论的大致轮廓〔promote〕promote a constitutional amendment.倡议宪法修正案〔Hull〕American naval officer who commanded theConstitution (known as "Old Ironsides") during the War of 1812. 赫尔，艾萨克：(1773-1843) 美国海军军官，在1812年战争中指挥“宪法号” （被称为“老铁甲军号”） 〔Fuller〕American jurist who served as the chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1888-1910) and maintained that governmental powers must derive from a strict interpretation of the Constitution.富勒，梅尔维尔·韦斯顿：(1833-1910) 美国法官，曾任美国最高法院首席法官（1888-1910年）。他主张政府的权限必须从对宪法的严格解释中得到〔Connecticut〕A state of the northeast United States. It was admitted as one of the original Thirteen Colonies in 1788. Connecticut's coastline was first explored by Dutch navigators after 1614, and in 1635 colonists from Massachusetts Bay began to settle in the Connecticut River valley. The Fundamental Orders, a constitution based on the consent of the governed, was adopted by the colony in 1639. Hartford is the capital and Bridgeport the largest city. Population, 3,295,669.康涅狄格州：美国东北部一州。1788年它被接受为美国最初的十三个独立殖民地之一。1614年后，荷兰的航海家最先到达康涅狄格的海岸线，1635年来自马萨诸塞湾的殖民者开始在康涅狄格河谷定居。在统治政府的同意下，一部基本法-宪法于1639年开始实行。哈特福德是其首都，布里奇波特为最大城市。人口3,295,669〔constitutionalize〕To incorporate into or sanction under a constitution:使宪法化：使…体现为宪法或依据宪法支持批准：〔Ito〕Japanese politician who helped draft the constitution of 1889 and served as prime minister (1885-1888, 1892-1896, 1898, and 1900-1901).伊藤，博文：(1841-1909) 日本政治家，曾帮助起草1889年的宪法，并担任过首相(1885-1888, 1892-1896, 1898, 和 1900-1901年）〔Adams〕The first Vice President (1789-1797) and second President (1797-1801) of the United States. He was a major figure during the American Revolution, the drafting of the Declaration of Independence, and the shaping of the Constitution.亚当斯，约翰：(1735-1826) 美国首任副总统（1789-1797年）及第二任总统（1797-1801年）。美国独立战争期间的主要人物，《独立宣言》的起草撰写者及宪法的设计完成者〔Madison〕The fourth President of the United States (1809-1817). A member of the Continental Congress (1780-1783) and the Constitutional Convention (1787), he strongly supported ratification of the Constitution and was a contributor toThe Federalist Papers (1787-1788), which argued the effectiveness of the proposed constitution. His presidency was marked by the War of 1812. 麦迪逊，詹姆斯：(1751-1836) 美国第四任总统(1809-1817年）。大陆会议(1780-1783年）和制宪会议(1787年）的成员之一，他坚决支持批准宪法，是《联邦文选》 （1787-1788年）的主要撰稿人之一，在其中他论述了实施宪法的必要性。他的总统任职以1812年战争为标志 |
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