| 单词 | 容忍 |
| 释义 | 〔sanction〕To encourage or tolerate by indicating approval.See Synonyms at approve 鼓励，容忍：以给予许可的方式支持或容忍 参见 approve〔sufferable〕Possible to suffer, endure, or permit; tolerable:可忍受的，可容忍的：可能忍受、容忍或容许的；可容忍的：〔anger〕"Beware the fury of a patient man" (John Dryden). “当心容忍者的暴怒” （约翰·德莱顿）。〔toleration〕Tolerance with respect to the actions and beliefs of others:容忍；宽容：对他人行为和信仰的忍受：〔preach〕preached tolerance and peaceful coexistence.宣扬容忍及和平共处〔pocket〕To accept or tolerate (an insult, for example).忍受，容忍（如侮辱）〔tolerant〕Inclined to tolerate the beliefs, practices, or traits of others; forbearing.See Synonyms at broad-minded 宽容的：易于容忍他人信仰、行动或特点的；原谅的 参见 broad-minded〔bear〕To endure something with tolerance and patience:忍受：用容忍和耐心忍受某事：〔barbarism〕There is a significant difference in meaning betweenbarbarism and barbarity. Both denote some absence of civilization,but the wordcivilization itself has several different senses, one the opposite ofbarbarism, the other the opposite of barbarity. On the one handcivilization may refer to the scientific, artistic, and cultural attainments of advanced societies; and it is this sense that figures in the meaning ofbarbarism. The English wordbarbarism originally referred to incorrect use of language, but it is now used more generally to refer to ignorance or crudity in matters of taste, including verbal expression:The New Yorker would never tolerate such barbarisms. On the other hand,civilization may refer to the basic social order that allows people to resolve their differences peaceably, and it is this sense—that is, civilization as opposed to savagery—that figures in the meaning ofbarbarity, which refers to savage brutality or cruelty in actions,as inThe accounts of the emperor's barbarity shocked the world. 在barbarism 与 barbarity 之间意义有明显的区别。 虽然两者都包含不文明的意思，但civilization 一词本身有好几种意思， 一种与barbarism 相反，另一种与 barbarity 相反。 一方面civilization 可以指在发达社会中科学、艺术、文化方面取得的成就， 这层意义能在barbarism 中得到体现。 英语词barbarism 最先指语音不正确的使用， 现在却更多地用来指品味方面的无知与鄙俗，包括动词表示法，例如：这个 纽约人 从不会容忍这些低级趣味。 另一方面，civilization 还可以指允许人们和平地彼此同化的社会基本规则。 在这个意义上，“文明”作为“残暴”的反义词，在barbarity 中得以体现， 指残酷的暴行或行为方面的残忍，例如句子这个皇帝的暴行被报道之后震惊了全世界 〔kind〕The use of the plural demonstrativesthese and those with kind and sort, as inthese kind (or sort ) of films, has been a traditional bugbear of American grammarians. By and large,British grammarians have been more tolerant,and the construction can be found in the works of British writers from Pope to Dickens to Churchill.Grammatically, the question boils down towhetherkind and sort should be treated as head nouns (analogous to species or variety, for example) or whether they have become semantically weakened to the status of a sort of phrasal quantifierthat functions like an adjective,analogous in some ways tobunch and number in expressions such asa bunch of friends, a number of reasons. Ifkind and sort are unambiguously nouns, one would expect to see only singular demonstratives and singular verbs accompanying them: 复数形式的指示代词these 和 those 与 kind 和 sort 的用法， 如these kind （或 sort ） of films， 成为美国语法专家长期感到头痛的问题。 总的说来，英国语法专家对此更能容忍，这一句法结构可以在从蒲柏到狄更斯以至丘吉尔这些英国作家的著作中找到。在语法上，问题归结起来是，是否kind 和 sort 应当作中心词名词（例如，与 species 或 variety 类似）， 或者是否他们语义上减弱到一种数量词短语的地位，其功能像一个形容词，某些方面类似于bunch 和 number ， 其表述例如一群朋友，一大堆理由。 如果kind 和 sort 是明确的名词， 人们应该希望只看到单数指示代词和与之相伴的单数动词： 〔intolerant〕Unwilling to tolerate differences in opinions or beliefs, especially religious beliefs.不容异说的：不愿容忍意见或信仰，特别是宗教信仰方面存在差异的〔permissive〕Granting or inclined to grant permission; tolerant or lenient.宽容的，容许的：允许或有意给予许可的；容忍的或宽容的〔wittol〕A man who knows of and tolerates his wife's infidelity.知道并容忍妻子不忠行为的人〔steady〕Her father, an equable and genial man, is tolerant of her spirited stubbornness.她的父亲，一个平和可亲的人，能容忍她倔强的脾气。〔endure〕To carry on through, despite hardships; undergo:度过，忍受：不顾艰难险阻而忍耐下去；容忍：〔suffer〕To tolerate or endure evil, injury, pain, or death.See Synonyms at bear 1受苦，受害：忍受或容忍不幸、伤害、痛苦或死亡 参见 bear1〔impatient〕Unable to wait patiently or tolerate delay; restless.无耐性的：不能耐心等待或容忍延误的；烦躁的〔separate〕“‘A house divided against itself cannot stand.’ I believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free" (Abraham Lincoln).“‘分裂的房子不能维持原状’。我相信这个政府不会容忍永久的半奴半自由的存在”。 （亚伯拉罕·林肯）。〔retire〕Despite the upbeat books written about retiringand the fact that it is a well-earned time of relaxation from the daily rigors of work,many people do not find it a particularly pleasant prospect.Perhaps the etymology ofretire may hint at why. The ultimate source of our word is the Old French wordretirer, made up of the prefixre-, meaning in this case "back,” and the verb tirer, "to draw,” together meaning "to take back or withdraw.” The first use of the English wordretire is recorded in 1533 in reference to a military force that withdraws.It is not until 1667 that we find the word used to mean "to withdraw from a position for more leisure.”In regard to the sting in all thiswe need to look at the source oftirer, "to draw, draw out, endure,”which ultimately may be from Old Frenchmartir, "a martyr,” probably reflecting the fact that martyrs had to endure the torture of being stretched up to and beyond the point of dislocating their bones.尽管有关于退休的乐观书籍，以及退休是从日常工作的严酷中解放出来的极好时光的事实，许多人并没有发现它特别令人愉悦的地方。也许retire 的语源学暗示了原因。 这个词最早的来源是古法语单词retirer ， 由在此意指“向后”的前缀re- 及意为“拉”的动词 tiver 合在一起组成，意为“撤回或退回”。 英语单词retire 的使用则最早记录于1553年， 指撤退的军队。直到1667年我们才发现该词用于表达“为得到更多的闲暇而退出职位。”考虑到所有这些词的负面含义，我们有必要看看tirer 的词源， 其意为“拉，拉出，容忍，”它可能最初源于意为“殉道者”的古法语martir ， 这可能反映了一个事实，即殉者不得不忍受四肢被拉直至骨肉脱离的酷刑〔forbearance〕The quality of being forbearing.容忍：容忍的性质〔mercy〕Charity is goodwill and benevolence,especially as it manifests itself in kindly forbearance in judging others: Charity 是指善心或善行，尤指在评判他人时所显示出的宽厚容忍： 〔stand〕We will not stand for impertinent behavior.我们不会容忍不礼貌的行为〔tolerate〕To put up with; endure.See Synonyms at bear 1容忍 参见 bear1〔equal〕It has been argued thatequal is an absolute term— two quantities either are or are not equal—and hence cannot be qualified as to degree.Therefore one cannot logically speak ofa more equal allocation of resources among the departments. However, this usage was accepted by 71 percent of the Usage Panel in an earlier survey.What is more, objection to the usage betrays a widespread but questionable assumptionthat it is in mathematics and logic that we find the model of accuracy most appropriate to the everyday use of language,a supposition that also underlies traditional grammatical discussions of words such asunique, parallel, and center. According to this account,the "precise" or "literal" meaning ofequal is realized in the use of the equal sign in an arithmetic expression such as 5 + 2 = 7; and the ordinary-language uses of the term,though they may be permissible,represent "loose" or "imprecise" extensions of that sense.But in fact the mathematical concept of equality is a poor model for using the wordequal to describe relations between things in the world. As applied to such things,statements of equality are always relative to an implicit standard of tolerance.When someone saysThe two boards are of equal length, we assume that the equality is reckoned to some order of approximation determined by the context;if we did not,we would be required always to usenearly equal when speaking of the dimensions of physical objects. What is more,we often want to predicate equality of things that do not admit of quantitative measurement,as when we sayThe college draft was introduced in an effort to make the teams in the National Football League as equal as possible, orThe candidates for the job should all be given equal consideration. In all such cases,equality is naturally a gradient notionand so is amenable to modification in degree.This much is evident from the existence of the wordunequal. The prefixun- attaches only to gradient adjectives: we sayunmanly but not unmale; and the worduneven can be applied to a surface (whose evenness may be a matter of degree) but not to a number (whose evenness is an either-or affair). ·The adverbequally is generally regarded as redundant when used in combination with as, and the following examples employingequally as were termed unacceptable by 63 percent of the Usage Panel in an earlier survey: 单词equal 一向被认为是一个很绝对的词语—— 两个数量要么相同要么不同——这样就不能有程度上的差别。所以，如果有人说在各部门间对资源更公平的分配 ，那么就不合逻辑了。 但是这种用法在早先的用法调查中被百分之七十一用法使用小组的人接受。而且，对这种用法的反对体现出了一种很流行但却值得怀疑的假设，那就是我们从数学和逻辑中得出适用于日常语言准确性的实例，而这种假设也可从我们对一些词，如unique，parallel 和 center 传统的语法讨论中体现出来。 根据这个解释，equal “准确”或“书面”的意思则是由在算术表达式，如5+2=7中所运用的相同的符号而表达清楚的； 而该词在日常语言中的用法，虽然被允许，但却代表了其含意“松散”或“不严谨”的引申。但是实际上用数学概念上的相等来运用equal 这个词描述世上各种事物之间的关系是一个很差劲的例子。 当该词应用于生活中的事物时，相等的观念往往与暗含的容忍相关联。当有人说两块木板同样长 时， 我们会认为由于上下文的关系，相等可以被看作大约近似；如果我们不这样想，那么当我们谈到物体的尺寸时，就要经常使用nearly equal 。 另外，我们常常会预测和数量无关的事物的相同性，比如我们会说，引入大学的要求是为了使全国足球联合会中的各队尽可能平等 ， 或者应给予该项工作的应征者同等的考虑 。 在所有这些例子中，相等是个可变化的概念，所以可在程度有所不同。Unequal 这个词的存在就是很好的证明。 un- 这个前缀只附加于有程序变化的形容词， 我们说unmanly 但不说 unmale ； 而uneven 这个词只能用于某物的表面（其平坦可有程度上的差别）， 而不能用于数目（数目只能说相等或不相等）。Equally 这一副词在与 as 连用时通常被认为是多余的， 在早先的用法调查中，以下这些使用equally as 的句子遭到百分之六十三使用小组的人反对： 〔patient〕Marked by or exhibiting calm endurance of pain, difficulty, provocation, or annoyance.容忍的，耐苦的：具平静忍受痛苦、困难、挑衅或烦扰的特征的，或显示出这一特点的〔bear〕 Abide and the more emphaticsuffer suggest resignation and forbearance: Abide 及语气更强烈的suffer 指顺从、听任、容忍、自制： 〔penetration〕"If the policy is accepted that the Soviet Union has a right to penetrate her immediate neighbors for security, penetration of the next immediate neighbors becomes . . . equally logical"(W. Averell Harriman)“如果苏联出于安全考虑而有权对其最接近的邻国进行渗透并窃取情报的这种策略手段得到容忍，那么它对其他邻国情况的刺探及渗透同样也会变得符合逻辑了”(W.阿弗莱尔·哈里曼)〔sufferance〕Sanction or permission implied or given by failure to prohibit; tacit consent; tolerance.容忍，默许：未予阻止而暗示或给予的准许或许可；缄默的同意；默许〔kind〕Forbearing; tolerant:宽容的；容忍的：〔suffer〕To endure or bear; stand:忍受，容忍，承受： |
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