| 单词 | 宾夕法尼亚州 |
| 释义 | 〔Delaware〕Abbr. DE,Del.A state of the eastern United States on the Atlantic Ocean. It was admitted as the first of the original Thirteen Colonies in 1787. Settled by the Dutch in 1631 and by Swedes in 1638, the region passed to England in 1664. It was part of William Penn's Pennsylvania grant from 1682 until 1776. Dover is the capital and Wilmington the largest city. Population, 668,696.缩写 DE,Del.特拉华州：美国东部一州，临大西洋。1787年成为最早的13个殖民地中的第一个殖民地。1631年和1638年荷兰人和瑞典人分别在此殖民，1664年该地区被转让给英国。从1682年至1776年，该地区一直是威廉·佩恩的宾夕法尼亚州授与地的一部分。多佛为该州首府，威明顿为该州最大的城市。人口668,696〔Knox〕American politician who as U.S. attorney general (1901-1904) won the antitrust suit against Northern Securities Company (1904) and later served as a U.S. senator from Pennsylvania (1904-1909 and 1917-1921) and U.S. secretary of state (1909-1913).诺克斯，费兰德·蔡斯：(1853-1921) 美国政治家，在任美国司法部长期间（1901-1904年），在一起反托拉斯诉讼中击败了北方安全公司（1904年），后代表宾夕法尼亚州出任美国参议员（1904-1909年，1917-1921年），并于1909年到1913年任国务卿〔York〕A city of southern Pennsylvania south-southeast of Harrisburg. Settled in 1735, it was the meeting place of the Continental Congress in 1777-1778 during the British occupation of Philadelphia. Population, 42,192.约克：美国宾夕法尼亚州南部一城市，位于哈里斯堡东南偏南，建于1735年，在英国占领费城期间，曾是1777年至1778年大陆会议的会址。人口42,192〔Rapp〕German-born American religious leader who founded utopian communities in Pennsylvania and Indiana.拉普，乔治：(1757-1847) 德裔美国宗教领袖，在宾夕法尼亚州和印第安纳州建立了乌托邦式的团体〔Lansdale〕A borough of southeast Pennsylvania north of Philadelphia. It has varied industries. Population, 16,362.兰斯黛尔：费城北部一个自治城镇，位于宾夕法尼亚州东南部。拥有多种工业。16,362〔Hazleton〕A city of east-central Pennsylvania south of Wilkes-Barre. It is an industrial center. Population, 24,730.黑泽尔顿：美国宾夕法尼亚州中东部一城市，位于威尔克斯-巴里以南。是一个工业中心。人口24,730〔Whitehall〕A borough of southwest Pennsylvania, a residential suburb of Pittsburgh. Population, 15,206.怀特霍尔：美国宾夕法尼亚州西南部的一个自治镇，是匹兹堡市的居住区。人口15,206〔McKeesport〕A city of southwest Pennsylvania east-southeast of Pittsburgh. It is an industrial center. Population, 26,016.麦基斯堡：美国宾夕法尼亚州西南部城市，位于匹兹堡市的东南偏东。该市为工业中心。人口26,016〔gutter〕Certain household words have proved important as markers for major U.S. dialect boundaries.The channels along the edge of a roof for carrying away rainwater (normally referred to in the plural) are variously known aseaves spouts or eaves troughs in New England and the Great Lakes states, spouting or rainspouts in New Jersey, eastern Pennsylvania, and the Delmarva Peninsula, andgutters from Virginia southward. The transition points mark unusually clear boundaries for the three major dialect areas—Northern, Midland, and Southern—traditionally acknowledged by scholars of American dialects.Atypically, Southerngutters seems to have become the standard U.S. term. 某些常用词作为区分美国各主要方言的标志是非常重要的。在新英格兰和五大湖区，这种装在屋顶边缘用来排走雨水的沟槽（一般都是用作复数）被叫做eaves spouts 或 eaves troughs ， 而在新泽西，宾夕法尼亚州东部和德马华群岛被叫做spouting 或 rainspouts ， 弗吉尼亚以南人们把它称为gutters 。 这些转变表明了美国方言三大区域通常中比较清楚的边界，这三个地区是北部，中部和南部地区，这通常已为美国的方言学者所确认。而南方人使用的gutters 似乎已经成为美国英语中正规的名称，这种情况是不太常见的 〔Pottstown〕A borough of southeast Pennsylvania on the Schuylkill River east-southeast of Reading. Its first ironworks were established in 1715. Population, 21,831.波茨敦：美国宾夕法尼亚州东南部的自治镇，临斯库尔基尔河，位于雷汀的东南偏东。其第一座钢铁厂建于1715年。人口21,831〔Indiana〕A borough of west-central Pennsylvania east-northeast of Pittsburgh. It is an industrial center. Population, 15,174.印第安纳市：美国宾夕法尼亚州中西部的一个自治村镇，位于匹兹堡东北偏东方向，是一个工业中心。人口15,174〔Jamestown〕A city of western New York on Chautauqua Lake near the Pennsylvania border. It is the trade center of a farming and grape-producing region. Population, 34,681.詹姆斯敦：美国纽约州西部城市, 位于宾夕法尼亚州边界附近的肖托夸湖畔。它是一个葡萄生产区和农产区的贸易中心。人口34,681〔Juniata〕A river, about 241 km (150 mi) long, of south-central Pennsylvania flowing eastward to the Susquehanna River.朱尼亚塔：美国宾夕法尼亚州中部偏南的一条河，流程大约241公里（150英里），向东流入萨斯奎哈纳河〔Wilmot〕American politician. A U.S. representative (1845-1851) and senator (1861-1863) from Pennsylvania, he introduced (1846) a proviso to prohibit slavery in territories acquired during the Mexican War (1846-1848).威尔莫特，戴维：(1814-1868) 美国政治家、众议院议员(1845-1851年）和宾夕法尼亚州的参议员(1861-1863年）。他提出了在墨西哥战争(1846-1848年）中获得的领土内禁止奴隶制的限制性条款(1846年）〔Dunmore〕A borough of northeast Pennsylvania, an industrial suburb of Scranton. Population, 15,403.丹莫尔：美国宾夕法尼亚州东北部城区，为斯克兰顿的工业郊区，人口15,403〔Aliquippa〕A borough of western Pennsylvania on the Ohio River northwest of Pittsburgh. It is in a highly industrialized area. Population, 17,094.阿勒奎帕：美国宾夕法尼亚州西部一市政区，位于匹兹堡西北部的俄亥俄河沿岸。为一工业高度发达地区。人口17,094〔Stevens〕American politician. A U.S. representative from Pennsylvania (1849-1853 and 1859-1868), he led the impeachment proceedings against President Andrew Johnson (1868).斯蒂文斯，萨德乌斯：(1792-1868) 美国政治家，宾夕法尼亚州议会代表(1849-1853年和1859-1868年），他领导了对安德鲁·约翰逊总统的弹劾(1868年）〔Williamsport〕A city of central Pennsylvania north of Harrisburg. It developed as a lumbering center in the 19th century. Population, 31,933.威廉斯波特：宾夕法尼亚州中部的一城市，位于哈里斯堡以北。19世纪作为伐木业中心发展起来。人口31,933〔dornick〕The worddornick is used from Pennsylvania westward to Illinois. It probably comes from Irish Gaelicdornóg, "a small round stone.” However, it is not clear which group of Gaelic-speaking Irish immigrants brought the word with them.Craig M. Carver, author ofAmerican Regional Dialects, thinks it unlikely that dornick came over with the large numbers of Irish immigrants after the famine of 1846-1847 since the word was apparently well established in Missouri and Arkansas by the middle of the 19th century.Carver attributes the introduction of the term to the Scotch-Irish Protestants from Northern Ireland who emigrated to America in the 18th century. Dornick must have been one of the "few purely Irish terms" in the otherwise English and Scots lexicon of the Scotch-Irish.单词dornick 的使用范围东起宾夕法尼亚州西至伊利诺斯州。 可能起源于爱尔兰的盖尔语dornog， “小而圆的石头”。 然而，究竟哪一批操盖尔语的爱尔兰移民带来的这个词尚不清楚。美国地区方言 的作者克雷格M·卡弗尔认为 dornick 不可能是在1846至1847年的大饥荒之后由爱尔兰人带来的， 因为该词在19世纪中叶就很明显地在密苏里州和阿肯色州使用起来了。卡弗尔认为该词是由来自北爱尔兰的苏格兰爱尔兰新教徒在18世纪带到美国来的。 Dornick 肯定是“少有的纯正爱尔兰语”之一，在苏格兰爱尔兰词典中是英语或苏格兰词语〔Pennsauken〕A community of southwest New Jersey, an industrial and residential suburb of Camden and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Population, 34,733.彭索金：美国新泽西州西南一社区，是宾夕法尼亚州的卡姆登和费城的城郊居住区和工业区。人口34,733〔Levittown〕A community of southeast Pennsylvania near the Delaware River northeast of Philadelphia. Population, 55,362.莱维敦：美国宾夕法尼亚州东南部的一个社区，位于费城东北特拉华河附近。人口55,362〔Mifflin〕American Revolutionary soldier and politician who served as president of the Continental Congress (1783-1784) and governor of Pennsylvania (1790-1799).米夫林，托马斯：(1744-1800) 美国独立战争期间的战士及政治家，曾任大陆会议主席(1783-1784年）及宾夕法尼亚州州长(1790-1799年）〔Johnstown〕A city of southwest Pennsylvania east of Pittsburgh. A devastating flood on May 31, 1889, killed more than 2,000 people and destroyed much of the town. Population, 28,134.约翰斯敦：宾夕法尼亚州西南部城市，位于匹兹堡东部。1889年5月31日一场特大洪水使2000多人丧失生命，并摧毁了城市大部分地区。人口28,134〔Deland〕American writer whose works, many of them set in her native Pennsylvania, includeThe Awakening of Helen Richie (1906) and its sequel, The Iron Woman (1911). 狄兰德，玛格丽特：(1857-1945) 美国女作家，她的很多作品都以其故乡宾夕法尼亚州作背景，她的作品包括《海伦瑞奇的醒悟》 （1906年），及其续篇 《铁女人》 （1911年） 〔Pittsburgh〕A city of southwest Pennsylvania at the point where the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers forms the Ohio River. Fort Duquesne was built on the site by the French c. 1750 and fell to the British in 1758, when it was renamed Fort Pitt. The village surrounding the fort grew rapidly after the opening of the Northwest Territory. The city today is highly industrialized. Population, 369,879.匹兹堡：美国宾夕法尼亚州西南部的城市，在此阿尔勒格尼河与莫农格黑拉河的交汇形成了俄亥俄河。1750年法国人在此地建了杜首斯堡，于1758年落入英国军队手中并被重新命名为匹兹城堡。城堡周围的村庄在西北区开发后迅速发展起来。如今该城已高度工业化。人口369,879〔Olean〕A city of western New York on the Allegheny River near the Pennsylvania border. It produces varied manufactures. Population, 16,946.奥利安：美国纽约州西部的一个城市，濒临宾夕法尼亚州界附近的阿勤格尼河，该市生产各种产品。人口16,946〔Bethlehem〕A city of eastern Pennsylvania on the Lehigh River north-northwest of Philadelphia. It is an important steel-producing center. Population, 71,428.伯利恒：美国宾夕法尼亚州东部一城市，位于费城西北偏北的利哈伊河畔。是一个重要的钢铁生产中心。人口71,428〔dope〕Before it came to mean "a narcotic or narcotics considered as a group,”dope was borrowed into English from the Dutch word doop, "sauce.” Throughout the 19th century it meant "gravy.”In the lower northern United States,from Pennsylvania westward to Missouri, dope still means "a sauce of sorts";it is now the term for a topping for ice cream,such as syrup or a chocolate or fruit sauce.In the South, on the other hand,dope means "a cola-flavored soft drink.” The term might be related to the northern usage as a reference to the sweet syrup base of a cola drink.However, folk wisdom has it thatdope recalls the inclusion of minute amounts of cocaine in the original Atlanta recipe for Coca-Cola, which was named after this exotic ingredient.Dope 是从荷兰语 doop 借入英语的，后来才用来指“麻醉剂的总称”。 整个19世纪该词的含义为“肉汁，肉卤”。在美国北部低地地区，从宾夕法尼亚州向西一直到密苏里州， dope 一词仍然指“一种调味汁”；现在用来指冰激凌的浇料，如糖浆、巧克力或果汁。另一方面，在南方dope 一词指“味道象可乐的软饮”。 这种用法可能与北方用来指糖浆做成的可乐饮料这种用法有关。然而，民间的说法是dope 令人想起原亚特兰大处方中的可口可乐包括的少量古苛硷， 可口可乐就是得名于这种产于外国的成分〔ax〕To understand the origin of the idiomax to grind, we need to know thatgrind means "to sharpen.” This phrase is said to have come from a story by the 19th-century journalist Charles Miner (alias Poor Robert) about a seemingly friendly manwho was able by flattery to persuade a young boy to turn a grindstone for him.The tale first appeared in the Luzerne, Pennsylvania,Federalist on September 7, 1810, under the title "Who'll Turn Grindstones?” and later in an 1815 book entitledEssays from the Desk of Poor Robert the Scribe. Because "Poor Robert" was confused with "Poor Richard,”the story has often been erroneously attributed to Benjamin Franklin.The idiom itself is an Americanism—a word or expression originating in the United States.It was at first restricted to political contexts,but quotations from James Joyce ("Skin-the-Goat . . . evidently with an axe to grind, was airing his grievances")and George Bernard Shaw ("distinguished statesmen of different nations . . . each with a national axe to grind") attest that the phrase has traveled abroad and,as we know only too well, is no longer found only in political contexts.为了理解成语ax to grind 的出处， 我们需要知道grind 意思是“磨尖”。 这个短语据说出自19世纪旅行家查尔斯·麦纳（别名穷罗伯特）所写的关于一个似乎很友善的人的故事，他能够奉承地劝说一名男孩为他翻过一块磨光石。这个传说第一次出现在1810年9月7日宾夕法尼亚州的卢泽恩，在1810年9月7日题为“谁将推翻磨石”的联邦制拥护者 中提到， 之后1815年又在名为作家穷·罗伯特文集 一书中提到。 因为"poor Robert和"poor Richard"易被弄混淆，这个故事经常被错误地认为是本杰明·弗兰克林创作的。这个成语本身是美国式的词或表达源于美国。一开始被限于在政治性言词的情况中使用，但是从以下的引文表明这个短语已广泛地传播，一个是引于詹姆斯·琼斯（“这个显然别有企图的披着人皮的狼，正在诉苦”），另一个引自乔治·萧伯纳（“辨认出不同国家的人…每个国家都有自己国家的打算”），正如我们所熟知的，它不会只在政治性言论的上下文间才可以找到的〔shivaree〕Shivaree is the most common American regional form of charivari, a French word meaning "a noisy mock serenade for newlyweds"and probably deriving in turn from a Late Latin word meaning "headache.”The term, most likely borrowed from French traders and settlers along the Mississippi River,was well established in the United States by 1805;an account dating from that year describes a shivaree in New Orleans: "The house is mobbed by thousands of the people of the town, vociferating and shouting with loud acclaim . . . many[are] in disguises and masks; and all have some kind of discordant and noisy music, such as old kettles, and shovels, and tongs. . . . All civil authority and rule seems laid aside" (John F. Watson).The wordshivaree is especially common along and west of the Mississippi River, giving it an unusual north-south dialect boundary (most dialect boundaries run east-west in the United States).Alva L. Davis and Raven I. McDavid, Jr., callshivaree "one of the most widely distributed folk terms borrowed by American English from any European language.” Some regional equivalents arebelling, used in Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Ohio; horning, from upstate New York, Rhode Island, and western New England; andserenade, a term used chiefly in the South Atlantic states. Shivaree 是 charivari 这个词在美国的最普通的地方形式， charivari是个法语词，意思是“一种为新婚夫妇演奏的喧闹的嘲弄式小夜曲”，这个词本身可能是从一个意思为“头痛”的后期拉丁文演变而来。这个词极有可能是从密西西比河沿岸的法国商人和拓居者那儿借用而来，到了1805年这个词已经在美国深深地扎根了；一份可以追溯到这一年的记录描写了新奥良的演奏这种小夜曲的情况： “房子里挤满了成千从镇上来的人，喧嚷着，叫喊着，大声欢呼…许多人 化了装，带了面具，所有的人都搞出某种不和协、喧闹的音响，比如用旧水壶，铲子，钳子…一切世俗的权威和规则好象已经被放到了一边” （约翰F·华生） 。shivaree 这个词在密西西比河沿岸和该河以西尤为常见， 这样密西西比河就成了一个不寻常的方言区的南北分界线（而在美国大多数方言区的分界线都是东西向的）。阿尔瓦·L·戴维斯和小拉文·I·麦克戴维把shivaree 这个词称为“美国英语从欧洲语言中借来的民间用语中流传最广的一个”。 其它地方方言中相当于这个词的词有belling 在宾夕法尼亚州、弗吉尼亚西部和俄亥俄州流传； 纽约州上半部份，罗德岛州，新英格兰西部的horning ， 而大西洋沿岸南部各州主要用serenade 这个词 〔redd〕The termsredd and redd up came to the American Midlands from the many Scottish immigrants who settled there. Meaning "to clear an area or to make it tidy,” redd is still used in Scotland and Northern Ireland;in the United States it is especially common in Pennsylvania as the phrasal verbredd up. The term, which goes back to Old Norserydhja, can be traced from the 15th century to the present, particularly in dialects of Scotland and the North of England.词语redd 和 redd up 通过许多苏格兰移民传到了他们的定居地-北美中部地区。 意为“清理出一块区域或使干净”， redd 仍用于苏格兰和北爱尔兰；在美国动词词组redd up 尤其在宾夕法尼亚州常见。 这个词可以追溯到北欧语rydhja， 其发展从15世纪一直延续到现在， 尤其在苏格兰和英格兰北部的方言中使用〔Kingston〕A borough of northeast-central Pennsylvania on the Susquehanna River opposite Wilkes-Barre. It is mainly residential. Population, 15,681.金斯顿：宾夕法尼亚州中部一城市，位于偏东北萨斯奎汉纳河边，与威尔克斯-巴黑相望。它主要是居民区。人口15,681〔Wright〕American architect and planner of innovative communities, including Sunnyside Gardens in Queens, New York, and Chatham Village in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.莱特，亨利：(1878-1936) 美国建筑师和革新社区的设计者，作品包括纽约昆区的向阳花园，和宾夕法尼亚州匹兹堡的查塔姆村〔Dutch〕The Pennsylvania Dutch.宾夕法尼亚州荷兰人〔Norristown〕A borough of southeast Pennsylvania on the Schuylkill River northwest of Philadelphia. Settled in the early 1700's, it is a trade and manufacturing center. Population, 30,749.诺里斯敦：美国费城西北斯库尔克尔河上宾夕法尼亚州东南的自治镇，建于18世纪早期，是商业和制造业中心。人口30,749〔Wheeling〕A city of northwest West Virginia in the Panhandle on the Ohio River southwest of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Settled in 1769, it was an important trading post on the Cumberland Road until the 1850's. Wheeling was the state capital from 1863 to 1870 and from 1875 to 1885. Population, 34,882.惠灵：美国西弗吉尼亚州西北部的一座城市，位于宾夕法尼亚州匹兹堡西南，俄亥俄河畔柄状狭长地带。建于1769年，直到19世纪50年代之前它都是坎伯兰郡之路上的一个重要贸易驿站，自1863年至1870年及1875年至1885年间惠灵为州首府。人口34,882〔Chambersburg〕A borough of southern Pennsylvania southwest of Harrisburg. It was burned by the Confederate cavalry in July 1864 after the townspeople refused to pay an indemnity of $100,000 in gold. Population, 16,647.钱伯斯堡：宾夕法尼亚州南部一自治村镇，位于哈里斯堡西南。1864年7月因镇上居民拒绝以金币方式交付十万美元的赔偿被南部联军骑兵焚毁。人口16,647〔Punxsutawney〕A city of west-central Pennsylvania northeast of Pittsburgh. It is an industrial center noted for its annual observance of Groundhog Day, February 2, when "Punxsutawney Phil" emerges from its burrow and is carefully watched for a shadow, thus supposedly presaging six more weeks of winter weather. Population, 6,782.蓬克苏桃内：美国宾夕法尼亚州中西部一城市，位于匹兹堡东北。是一工业中心，以其一年一度的2月2土拔鼠日而出名，在那一天“土拔鼠”从洞中出现并仔细寻找影子，人们认为这会使冬季再延长六个多星期。人口6,782〔Dutch〕Of or relating to the Pennsylvania Dutch.宾夕法尼亚州荷兰人的：宾夕法尼亚州荷兰人的、或与之有关的〔Philadelphia〕The largest city of Pennsylvania, in the southeast part of the state on the Delaware River. It was founded as a Quaker colony by William Penn in 1681 on the site of an earlier Swedish settlement. The First and Second Continental Congresses (1774 and 1775-1776) and the Constitutional Convention (1787) met in the city, which served as the capital of the United States from 1790 to 1800. Population, 1,585,577.费城：美国宾夕法尼亚州最大的城市，位于该州东南部、特拉华河上沿岸。它由威廉·彭于1681年在原瑞典领地上建立起来。第一和第二次大陆会议(1774和1775-1776年）和制宪会议(1787年）均在该城市召开，从1790年到1800年曾作为美国的首都。人口1,585,577 |
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