| 单词 | 小说中 |
| 释义 | 〔dryasdust〕After Dr. Jonas Dryasdust , a fictitious character to whom Sir Walter Scott dedicated some of his novels 源自约那史博士 Dryasdust ，瓦尔特·斯克特爵士某些小说中的虚构人物 〔skip〕skipped through the list hurriedly; skipping over the dull passages in the novel.迅速地跳读名单；跳过小说中枯燥的段落〔trashy〕"There was a special pathos . . . within . . . her trashy tales"(James Wolcott)“她的无聊的小说中…有一种特别的感伤情绪”(詹姆斯·沃尔科特)〔Dorchester〕A municipal borough of southern England west of Poole. An agricultural market, it was the model for Casterbridge in Thomas Hardy's novels. Population, 14,049.都切斯特：英格兰南部浦耳以西的城市。是农业市场，托马斯·哈代小说中卡斯特桥市的背景。人口14,049〔Frankenstein〕The wordFrankenstein has taken on a life of its own, somewhat like the monster created from parts of corpses by the Swiss student Frankenstein, whose name serves as the title of Mary Shelley's novel, published in 1818. People have persisted in calling the monster Frankenstein;in fact, the first recorded use of the name as a common noun in 1838refers to mules as "Frankensteins.”The word has gone on to refer to "a monster having the appearance of a man" and "an agency that slips from the control of and ultimately destroys its creator.”Since most people have given the name of the novel's protagonist to his creation,Frankenstein's monster has, in a sense, destroyed its creator.单词Franerstein 有些象瑞士学生弗兰肯斯泰因（此名成为1818年出版的玛丽·雪莱小说的书名）从部分死尸器官所造的怪物一样，已经具备了自己的生命力。 人们坚持将那个怪物称作弗兰肯斯泰因；实际上此词于1838年第一次用作普通名词，把顽固的人称作“弗兰肯斯泰因”。此词后来演变为指“人形怪物”和“脱离创造者的控制并最终毁灭其创造者的媒介”。因为多数人把小说中主角的名字转借给了他的创造物，所以，从某种意义上说，弗兰肯斯泰因创造的怪物已经毁灭了他本人〔Doctorow〕American writer noted for his artful blend of history and fiction in novels such asThe Book of Daniel (1971). 多克特罗，埃（德加）·劳（伦斯）：(生于 1931) 美国作家。以小说中历史和虚构的完美融合著称，如《丹尼尔记》 （1971年） 〔Asch〕Polish-born American Yiddish writer who sought to reconcile Judaism and Christianity in his controversial novels, such asThe Nazarene (1939). 阿施，肖洛姆：(1880-1957) 波兰裔美国意第绪语作家，在其有争议的小说中试图使犹太教和基督教得到和解，如《拿撒勒人》 （1939年） 〔confidante〕A woman character in a drama or fiction, such as a trusted friend or servant, who serves as a device for revealing the inner thoughts or intentions of a main character.戏剧或小说中的一个女角色，如作为主角的密友或仆人，来揭露主角的内心思想和意图〔denouement〕The events following the climax of a drama or novel in which such a resolution or clarification takes place.在有上述结局的戏剧或小说中，高潮过后的事件〔Babbitt〕After George F. Babbitt , the main character in the novel Babbitt by Sinclair Lewis 源自乔治F. Babbitt ，辛克莱·刘易斯所著小说中的主要人物 巴比特 by Sinclair Lewis 〔famously〕"his famously neurotic mannerisms[are] lampooned in the novels of Evelyn Waugh" (James Atlas)“他那出名地神经质的独特格调 在艾佛琳·瓦夫的小说中受到讥讽” (詹姆斯·亚特拉斯)〔episode〕an episode in a picaresque novel.流浪汉小说中的一个片断〔villain〕A dramatic or fictional character who is typically at odds with the hero.反面角色：在戏剧或者小说中与主角不和的人物〔bluebeard〕After Blue Beard , translation of French Barbe Bleue, a character in a story by Charles Perrault (1628-1703) 源自 Blue Beard ，法语版的 鲍勃·布留 查尔斯·佩罗小说中的人物（1628-1703年） 〔Manzoni〕Italian writer best known for his romantic novelThe Betrothed (1825-1827), considered one of the greatest works of modern Italian fiction. 曼佐尼，亚历山德罗：(1785-1873) 意大利作家，其成名作为浪漫主义小说《约婚夫妇》 （1825-1827年），这部小说被认为是现代意大利小说中最伟大的作品之一 〔ramona〕Possibly after Ramona , heroine of a novel by Helen Hunt Jackson 可能源自 Ramona ，海伦·亨特·杰克逊所著的小说中主人公 〔introduce〕introduce suspense into a novel;在小说中设置悬念；〔Zola〕French writer and critic who was a leading proponent of naturalism in fiction. His works includeLes Rougon-Macquart (1871-1893), a series of 20 novels, and "J'Accuse" (1898), a letter in defense of Alfred Dreyfus. 左拉，埃米尔：(1840-1902) 法国作家和批评家，他在小说中是自然主义的主要倡议者，作品包括二十本的系列小说《鲁贡玛卡家族》 （1871-1893年），还有一封为阿尔弗列德·德雷福斯辩护的公开信“我控诉”(1898年） 〔identify〕In the sense "to associate or affiliate (oneself) closely with a person or group,”identify has developed two distinct subsenses. In one, the verb suggests a psychological empathy with the feelings or experiences of another person,as inMost young readers readily identify (or identify themselves ) with Holden Caulfield. This usage derives originally from psychoanalytic writing,where it has a specific technical sense,but like other terms from that field,it was widely regarded as jargon when introduced into the wider discourse.In particular,critics seized on the fact that in this sense the verb was often used intransitively,with no reflexive pronoun.As Wilson Follett wrote in 1966,"The critic . . . could help restore the true notion in these words if he would give upidentifying at large and resume identifying himself with Ivan Karamazov, Don Quixote, Mary Poppins, or whomever.” In recent years, however, this use ofidentify with without the reflexive has become a standard locution. Eighty-two percent of the Usage Panel accepts the sentenceI find it hard to identify with any of his characters; whereas only 63 percent now accepts this same usage when the reflexive pronoun is used,as inI find it hard to identify myself with any of his characters. · Omission of the reflexive with this use ofidentify serves among other things to distinguish it from use of the verb to mean "to associate (oneself) with the goals, interests, or principles of a group.” This use of the verb can be traced back to the 18th century,but it is now somewhat less acceptable to the Panel than the first sense under discussion:58 percent of the Panel accepts the sentenceShe identified herself with the campaign against drug abuse, and only 40 percent acceptsShe identified with the campaign against drug abuse, where no reflexive pronoun is used. 在“使（自己）密切联系或依附于别人”这一意思中的。identify 一词又有两种不同的含义。 第一，这个动词表现了对其他人的感情或经历在心理上的认同，例如大多数青年读者很快认同了 （或 identify themselves ) 霍尔顿·科尔菲德。 这种用法来源于有关心理分析的著作，在这些著作中，这个词具有特殊的科技含义，不过就象从该领域引入的其它词语一样，这个词在日常生活使用中还带有专业术语的痕迹。特别指出的是，批评家们在发现这个词常常作为不及物动词来用，后面不带反身代词。正如威尔逊·福勒特1966年写到的，“如果评论家们很早就全面放弃identifying 而重新使用 identifying himself with 伊万·卡拉玛佐夫、堂吉诃德、玛丽·波普斯等人物，那就会有助于探询出这些词的真实含意。” 不过，近年来使用identify with 中间不加反身代词已成为一种标准搭配。 用法专题小组中82%的成员认为我觉得很难认同于他小说中的人物 一句是正确的； 而现在只有63%的成员接受使用反身代词来表达同一意思的句子，即I find it hard to identify myself with any of his characters。 省略反身代词以及其它一些方法，使identify 这种用法区别于它作为动词在“与某个集团的目标、利益或原则相联系”一句中的意思。 它作为动词的用法可追溯到18世纪，不过对于用法专题小组来说它没有第一种解释那样被易于接受：58%的小组成员接受她支持反对滥用药物的运动 这一说法， 只有40%的成员接受不要反身代词的She identified with the campaign against drug abuse 这一说法 〔golliwog〕After Golliwog , a character in books by Florence Upton (died 1922), American illustrator 源自 Golliwog ，美国插画家弗罗伦斯·伍伯顿（卒于1922年）所著小说中的人物 〔protagonist〕Theprotagonist of a Greek drama was its leading actor, of whom there could be but one in any play.This is an etymological nicety that many modern writers continue to observe when using the word to refer to the main character of a drama or other fiction.Thus when the members of the Usage Panel were asked "How many protagonists are there inOthello ?” the great majority answered "One"and offered substitutes such asantagonist, villain, principal, and deuteragonist to describe Desdemona and Iago. But there is reputable precedent from the 17th century on for usingprotagonist to mean simply "important actor" or "principal party,”with no implication of uniqueness,as inThere are three protagonists in this sluggish novel. Smith and Jones were the protagonists in the struggle over the future of the computer company. Thus, while some writers may prefer to confine the word to a singular sense in their own usage,it is pedantic to insist that the looser use is incorrect. ·The use ofprotagonist to refer to a proponent has become common only in the 20th century and may have been influenced by a misconception that the first syllable of the word represents the prefixpro-, "favoring.” In sentences such asHe was an early protagonist of nuclear power, this use is likely to strike many readers as an errorand can usually be replaced byadvocate or proponent with no loss of sense.希腊戏剧的protagnist 是主角， 且在任何戏剧中仅有一个主角。许多现代作家在用这个词时都注意使它指代戏剧或其他小说的主要人物，因此当用法专题小组成员被问及“在奥赛罗 里有几个主要人物?”时， 大部分人回答“一个”，而且用如antagonist、villain、principal 和 deuteragonist 等词来描述苔丝德蒙娜和雅各。 但是从十七进纪开始，有一个使用protagonist 的规范惯例， 仅表示“重要的演员”或“首要的政党”，而丝毫没有独一无二的暗示，象在句子在这部文风拖沓的小说中有三个人物。 史密斯和琼斯是为计算公司的未来而奋斗的主角中一样。 因此，当某些作家可能在他们自己的用法中偏于把这个词限制在一个简单的含义中时，仍强调自由用法不正确就是卖弄学问的了。用protagonist 来指代建议者或支持者仅在20世纪开始变得常见， 而且被对于代表意为“支持的”前缀pro- 的该词第一个音节的误解所影响。 在句子他是核武力的早期支持者 中， 这种用法可能会使读者认为是个错误，而且常被advocate 或 proponent 所替代， 同时也不会有任何意思的遗漏〔conflict〕Opposition between characters or forces in a work of drama or fiction, especially opposition that motivates or shapes the action of the plot.冲突：戏剧或小说中人物或势力间的对立，尤指推动或影响故事情节的矛盾冲突〔Martian〕A hypothetical inhabitant of the planet Mars, especially as a stock fictional character.火星人：假想的火星上的居民，尤指小说中的人物〔confidant〕A character in a drama or fiction, such as a trusted friend or servant, who serves as a device for revealing the inner thoughts or intentions of a main character.密友：戏剧或小说中的人物，如作为可信赖的朋友或仆人，来揭露主角的内心思想和意图〔freedom〕the new freedom in movies and novels.电影和小说中新的直接表现法〔Pollyanna〕After the heroine of the novel Pollyanna , by Eleanor Hodgman Porter (1868-1920), American writer 源自小说中的女主人公 Pollyanna ，美国作家埃莉诺·霍奇曼·波特(1868-1920年）著 〔Hurston〕American writer. In her several books and novels, includingTheir Eyes Were Watching God (1937), she gives detailed and sensitive accounts of Black life in the South. 赫斯顿，佐拉·尼尔：(1901?-1960) 美国作家。她的书和小说中对美国南方黑人的生活进行了详尽、感人的描绘，包括《他们在观望上帝》 （1937年） |
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