| 单词 | 差别 |
| 释义 | 〔differentiate〕To perceive or show the difference in or between; discriminate.识别：看出或指出事物间的差别；识别〔awkward〕 Awkward and clumsy, the least specific,are often interchangeable.Both emphasize lack of physical dexterity (an awkward dancer; clumsy fingers); both can also suggest embarrassment or lack of ease (several awkward moments in the discussion; offered a clumsy apology). Awkward 和 clumsy 无大的差别，经常是可互换的。两者都是强调缺少身体的灵活性（ 不灵活的跳舞者；笨人）； 两者也都暗示窘迫或不自在（讨论中一些令人窘迫的时刻；表示不安的歉意）。〔difference〕the distinction in meaning between "good" and "excellent.” A “好的”和“出色”两词的词义差别。 〔contrast〕The difference in brightness between the light and dark areas of a picture, such as a photograph or video image.反差：在摄影或电视图象的画面中明处和暗处之间的亮度差别〔difference〕Unlikeness usually implies greater and more obvious difference: Unlikeness 经常暗含着较大和较明显的差别： 〔miscellaneous〕Motley emphasizes difference to the point of incongruity and discordanceand is sometimes used derogatorily: Motley 强调的是差别已大到不和谐、不协调的地步，有时它含有贬义： 〔difference〕Discrimination in taste or choice; distinction.区别，分别：在品味或选择上的区别；差别〔parallel〕In its mathematical usageparallel is an absolute term— two lines either do or do not intersect—and as such does not admit of qualification as to degree.Some grammarians have arguedthat this restriction should apply as well to nontechnical uses of the word.According to this logic,one may not sayThe two roads have been made more parallel, except perhaps as a loose way of saying what is rendered more precisely by expressions such asmore nearly parallel. Like the analogous objection that has been made to the comparison ofequal, the point betrays a misconception about the relation between mathematical concepts and their ordinary-language equivalents.Applied to objects in the world,parallel can only denote a rough approximation to a geometric ideal. A pair of rails or parked cars cannot be truly parallel in the mathematician's sense of the termbut only more or less so,just as a road or shelf cannot be truly straight in the geometric sensebut nonetheless may be described as very straight or relatively straight.The grammarians' compunctions make even less sense when applied to metaphorical uses ofparallel, as inThe difficulties faced by the Republicans are quite parallel to those that confronted the Democrats four years ago, in which the intended meaning has nothing to do with the possibility of intersectionbut instead suggests the structural correspondence of two distinct situations.In this sense, parallelism is clearly a matter of degreeand the wordparallel can be modified accordingly. See Usage Note at equal ,perfect ,unique 在数学用法中，parallel 是一个绝对的表达法—— 两条线要么相交，要么就不相交——它既没有限定性也没有程度差别。一些语法学家曾提出，这种限制也应该适用于该词在非科技方面的用法，按照这种逻辑，人们不能说这两条路已被修得更加平行了， 除非作为用例如更接近于平行 这样的表达方法更精确地表示的东西的不够精确的说出方法。 象对equal 的比较所做的类似反对一样， 这个观点使数学概念与普通用语中等价词之间的关系引起误解。当运用到世间的实物时，parellel 仅能指与几何理想状态大致接近的状况。 一对铁轨或停放的车辆不可能按数学家对于这个术语的理解来真正地相互并行，而不过是大致平行而已，正如公路和架子不可能是真正几何意义上的笔直，但仍可被描绘成很直的或相对而言的笔直。在用到parallel 的比喻用法时，语法学家的不安就更显得意义不大了， 例如：共和党人所面临的重重困难与四年前民主党人遇到的困难十分相似， 在这句话中，该词的引申意义与相交的可能性毫无关系，然而它暗指了两种不同情况结构上的一致。在此意义上，相似性明显是程度的问题，相应地，parallel 一词也能被其它词限定修饰了。 参见 equal,perfect,unique〔epicritic〕Of or relating to sensory nerve fibers that enable the perception of slight differences in the intensity of stimuli, especially touch or temperature.精细觉的：与能够察觉到所受刺激强度最微小的差别，尤其是与触摸或温度的感觉神经纤维有关的〔westing〕The difference in longitude between two positions as a result of a movement to the west.经度差：因为向西的运动而产生的两个位置之间的经度上的差别〔refinement〕A keen or precise phrasing; a subtle distinction.精细：精妙的用语；细微的差别〔Hadrian〕Emperor of Rome (117-138) who sought to end distinctions between Rome and the Roman provinces. During his visit to Britain (122), he ordered the construction of Hadrian's Wall.哈德良：罗马皇帝（117-138年在位），他试图取消罗马和罗马行省间的差别。在122年他去不列颠巡游期间，他下令建造哈德良长城〔distinction〕The condition or fact of being dissimilar or distinct; difference:差别，不同：不相似或不同的条件或事实；相异：〔shade〕A slight difference or variation; a nuance:细微差别：变化的轻微差别；细微差别：〔uninitiated〕"What's the difference, the uninitiated may ask, between eggshell white and wedding gown white?”(Wall Street Journal)“没有经验的人可能会问，蛋壳白色和结婚礼服白色之间有什么差别”(华尔街期刊)〔tight〕Tight is used as an adverb following verbs that denote a process of closure or constriction, assqueeze, shut, close, tie, and hold. In this useit is subtly distinct from the adverbtightly. Tight denotes the state resulting from the process,whereastightly denotes the manner of its application. As such,tight is more appropriate when the focus is on a state that endures for some time after the activity has ended. The sentenceShe closed up the house tight suggests preparation for an impending blizzard. By the same token, it is more natural to sayThe windows were frozen tight than The windows were frozen tightly, since in this case the tightness of the seal is not likely to be the result of the manner in which the windows were frozen.With a few verbstight is used idiomatically as an intensive and is the only possible form: sleep tight; sit tight. Tight can be used only following the verb:The house was tightly (not tight ) shut. Tight 作副词用在表示关闭或压迫过程的动词后， 如squeeze，shut，close，tie 和 hold 。 在这种用法中，它与副词tightly有细微的差别。 Tight 表示过程导致的状态，而tightly 表示使用这些动作的方式。 因此，当焦点放在动作结束后仍然能持续一段时间的状态时，用tight 更为恰当。 句子她把房子的门窗紧紧地关起来 中表示准备迎接即将来到的暴风雪。 同样，我们说The windows were frozen tight 比 The windows were frozen tightly 更为自然， 因为这里的密封不大可能是窗子被冻上的结果。tight 还与几个动词结合惯用为加强语气的成分，且是唯一可能的形式： sleep tight； sit tight。 Tight 只能用于动词后：房子紧紧地 （而非 tight ) 关闭着 。 〔dare〕The auxiliary forms are used primarily in present tense questions, negations, imperatives, and conditional clauses.These forms differ subtly in meaning from the main verb formsin that they emphasize the attitude or involvement of the speakerwhile the main verb forms present a more objective situation.ThusHow dare she take the exam without ever once coming to class? expresses indignation at the student's action, whereasHow did she dare to take the exam without ever once coming to class? is a genuine request for information. Whendare is used as a transitive verb meaning "challenge,” only main verb forms are possible andto is required: 助动词形式主要用于一般现在时疑问句、否定句、祈使句和条件从句中。这些形式和实义动词形式的意思有细微的差别，即他们强调说话者的态度和参与，而实义动词形式给出一个较客观的形势。因此她怎么敢从未上过课就参加考试呢? 表示对该学生行为的愤怒， 然而她从未上过课怎么敢参加考试呢? 是一真实的信息需求， 当dare 用作及物动词意指“挑战”时， 只能是实义动词形式而且要接to ： 〔postulate〕"the postulate that there is little moral difference between the superpowers"(Henry A. Kissinger)“假设超级大国之间没有什么道德差别”(亨利A.基辛格)〔different〕As a result, a simple noun phrase followingdifferent than is often construed as elliptical for a clause, which allows for a subtle distinction in meaning between the two constructions. 那么，接在different than 后的简单名词可以解释为是完整句子的省略。 两种结构在意思上有些细微的差别。 〔nuance〕gradations of feeling from infatuation to deep affection;从迷恋到挚爱的感情程度上的差别；〔diversity〕The fact or quality of being diverse; difference.差异：事实或质量的不同；差别〔equal〕It has been argued thatequal is an absolute term— two quantities either are or are not equal—and hence cannot be qualified as to degree.Therefore one cannot logically speak ofa more equal allocation of resources among the departments. However, this usage was accepted by 71 percent of the Usage Panel in an earlier survey.What is more, objection to the usage betrays a widespread but questionable assumptionthat it is in mathematics and logic that we find the model of accuracy most appropriate to the everyday use of language,a supposition that also underlies traditional grammatical discussions of words such asunique, parallel, and center. According to this account,the "precise" or "literal" meaning ofequal is realized in the use of the equal sign in an arithmetic expression such as 5 + 2 = 7; and the ordinary-language uses of the term,though they may be permissible,represent "loose" or "imprecise" extensions of that sense.But in fact the mathematical concept of equality is a poor model for using the wordequal to describe relations between things in the world. As applied to such things,statements of equality are always relative to an implicit standard of tolerance.When someone saysThe two boards are of equal length, we assume that the equality is reckoned to some order of approximation determined by the context;if we did not,we would be required always to usenearly equal when speaking of the dimensions of physical objects. What is more,we often want to predicate equality of things that do not admit of quantitative measurement,as when we sayThe college draft was introduced in an effort to make the teams in the National Football League as equal as possible, orThe candidates for the job should all be given equal consideration. In all such cases,equality is naturally a gradient notionand so is amenable to modification in degree.This much is evident from the existence of the wordunequal. The prefixun- attaches only to gradient adjectives: we sayunmanly but not unmale; and the worduneven can be applied to a surface (whose evenness may be a matter of degree) but not to a number (whose evenness is an either-or affair). ·The adverbequally is generally regarded as redundant when used in combination with as, and the following examples employingequally as were termed unacceptable by 63 percent of the Usage Panel in an earlier survey: 单词equal 一向被认为是一个很绝对的词语—— 两个数量要么相同要么不同——这样就不能有程度上的差别。所以，如果有人说在各部门间对资源更公平的分配 ，那么就不合逻辑了。 但是这种用法在早先的用法调查中被百分之七十一用法使用小组的人接受。而且，对这种用法的反对体现出了一种很流行但却值得怀疑的假设，那就是我们从数学和逻辑中得出适用于日常语言准确性的实例，而这种假设也可从我们对一些词，如unique，parallel 和 center 传统的语法讨论中体现出来。 根据这个解释，equal “准确”或“书面”的意思则是由在算术表达式，如5+2=7中所运用的相同的符号而表达清楚的； 而该词在日常语言中的用法，虽然被允许，但却代表了其含意“松散”或“不严谨”的引申。但是实际上用数学概念上的相等来运用equal 这个词描述世上各种事物之间的关系是一个很差劲的例子。 当该词应用于生活中的事物时，相等的观念往往与暗含的容忍相关联。当有人说两块木板同样长 时， 我们会认为由于上下文的关系，相等可以被看作大约近似；如果我们不这样想，那么当我们谈到物体的尺寸时，就要经常使用nearly equal 。 另外，我们常常会预测和数量无关的事物的相同性，比如我们会说，引入大学的要求是为了使全国足球联合会中的各队尽可能平等 ， 或者应给予该项工作的应征者同等的考虑 。 在所有这些例子中，相等是个可变化的概念，所以可在程度有所不同。Unequal 这个词的存在就是很好的证明。 un- 这个前缀只附加于有程序变化的形容词， 我们说unmanly 但不说 unmale ； 而uneven 这个词只能用于某物的表面（其平坦可有程度上的差别）， 而不能用于数目（数目只能说相等或不相等）。Equally 这一副词在与 as 连用时通常被认为是多余的， 在早先的用法调查中，以下这些使用equally as 的句子遭到百分之六十三使用小组的人反对： 〔differentiate〕To constitute the distinction between:区分：在两事物间区分差别：〔nicety〕A fine point, small detail, or subtle distinction:微妙之处：精细的一点，小的细节或细微的差别：〔trolley〕A small truck or car operating on a track and used in a mine, quarry, or factory for conveying materials.小矿车，小贷车：在轨道上运行的小型卡车，且用在矿场、码差别或工厂运送物品材料〔difference〕differences in color and size;颜色和尺寸间的差别；〔head〕The difference in depth of a liquid at two given points.落差：液体中两个点深度上的差别〔nuance〕The central meaning shared by these nouns is "a slight variation or differentiation between nearly identical entities": 这些名词共同的中心含义是“两个几乎完全一致的实体间细微的变化或差别”： 〔discriminating〕Able to recognize or draw fine distinctions; perceptive.有识别力的；敏锐的：能识别或画出明显的差别；洞察的〔adorn〕To enhance the distinction, beauty, splendor, or glory of; add luster to:使增色：增添…的差别，美丽、光彩或光荣；为…增加光泽：〔compare〕It takeswith when it refers to the act of examining two like things in order to discern their similarities or differences: 当涉及考察两个相象的事物以辨别他们的相似或差别时，它取with ： 〔intense〕The meanings ofintense and intensive overlap considerably, but the two are often subtly distinct.When used to describe human feeling or activity,intense often suggests a strength or concentration that arises from inner dispositions and is particularly appropriate when used to describe emotional states: intense 和 intensive 的意思在相当程度上是交叉的， 但是它们经常有细微的差别。当用来描述人的感情或活动时，intense 通常指由内在倾向而来的力量或专心， 它特别适于用来描写感情状态： 〔quibble〕A petty distinction or an irrelevant objection.牵强之词：微不足道的差别或不切中要点的异议〔everyplace〕The formseveryplace (or every place ), anyplace (or any place ), someplace (or some place ), and no place are widely used in speech and informal writing as equivalents for everywhere, anywhere, somewhere, and nowhere. Though these usages are not incorrect,they should be avoided in formal writing.But when the two-word expressionsevery place, any place, some place, and no place are used to mean "every (any, some, no) spot or location,” they are entirely appropriate at all levels of style.The distinction between the two meanings is often subtle,but acceptability can often be gauged by seeing whether an expression with-where can be substituted. Thus in the sentence everyplace （或 every place ）， anyplace （或 any place ）， someplace （或 some place ），和 no place 的形式作为与 everywhere，anywhere，somewhere 和 nowhere 等价的词，被广泛用于讲话和非正式的书写中。 虽然这些用法并非不正确，也应该在正式的书写中避免使用它们。但是当两词短语every place，any place，some place 和 no place 用于表示“每一（任何，一些，没有）地点或位置”的意思时， 它们在各样文体中都完全适用。两个含意之间的差别常是很微妙的，是否可能接受，常常通过检验-where 式的表达是否能被代替。 因此在句子 〔sensitive〕Registering very slight differences or changes of condition. Used of an instrument.灵敏度高的：显示条件的很细微的差别或改变的。用于仪器〔contrast〕the contrast between Northern and Southern speech patterns.北方话与南方话有显著的差别〔disinterested〕a proportion that is not significantly different from the 93 percent who disapproved of the same usage in an earlier survey.与前一段统计中不赞成这一同样用法的比率百分之九十三相比，没有什么大的差别〔compare〕Abbr. cp.To examine in order to note the similarities or differences of.缩写 cp.比较：为记录相似性或差别而调查 |
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