| 单词 | 已废弃 |
| 释义 | 〔pachyderm〕from New Latin *Pachyderma [sing. of] Pachydermata [obsolete order name] 源自 新拉丁语 *Pachyderma Pachydermata的单数 [已废弃的种类名称] 〔pun〕The origin of the wordpun is lost in obscurity, perhaps deservedly so in the eyes of those who consider the pun the feeblest form of wit. The wordpun is first recorded in a work of 1662 written by John Dryden. In a slightly later passage of 1676we find the wordpun in the company of the words pundigrion and punnet with the same sense. Punnet is probably a diminutive of pun, as are the laterpunlet (used by Samuel Taylor Coleridge in 1819) and punkin (Henry James, 1866). Butpundigrion, although recorded later, may have been around earlier than pun and might be its source.Pundrigrion in turn might be an alteration of the obsolete Italian word puntiglio, "fine point,” which we have in English aspunctilio. In any case,the wordpun has given birth to some derivatives of its own, including punnigram, modeled onepigram, and punnology. 可能在那些认为双关语是智慧的最虚弱表现形式的人眼里，pun 的本源难以考证是当然的。 1662年在约翰·德莱登的一篇文章中最早出现了pun 这个词。 其后不久1676年的一篇文章中，pun 同 pundigrion 和 punnet 具有相同的意思而列在一起。 Punnet 可能是 pun 的一个词尾， 后来的punlet (1819年萨缪尔·泰勒·柯利芝使用）和 punkin （亨利·詹姆斯于1866年使用）可能也是如此。 但尽管pundigrion 比 pun 的记载晚，却很可能比它略早出现， 且可能是它的来源。Pundrigrion 按顺序来说可能是已废弃的意大利语 puntiglio 的变形，意为“妙处”， 英语中相应的词是punctilio。 不论如何，pun 自身还衍生了一些词，包括 punnigram ， 它是模仿epigram 和 punnology 而成的 〔modern〕The wordmodern, first recorded in 1585 in the sense "of present or recent times,” has traveled through the centuriesdesignating things that inevitably must become old-fashionedas the word itself goes on to the next modern thing.We have now invented the wordpostmodern, as if we could finally fixmodern in time, but evenpostmodern (first recorded in 1949) will seem fusty in the end, perhaps sooner thanmodern will. Going back to Late Latinmodernus, "modern,” which is derived frommodo in the sense "just now,” the English wordmodern (first recorded at the beginning of the 16th century) was not originally concerned with anything that could be later considered old-fashioned. It simply meant "being at this time, now existing,” an obsolete sense today.Beginning in the later 16th century, however, we see the word contrasted with the wordancient and also used of technology in a way that is clearly related to our own modern way of using the word.Modern was being applied specifically to what pertained to present times and also to what was new and not old-fashioned.Thus in the 19th and 20th centuries the word could be used to designate a movement in art,which is now being followed by postmodernism.单词modern 首次于1585年以“现在的或最近的时代”的意义被记载， 它已经历了数个世纪，表明必然会变得过时的事物，就象这个词本身也会继续走向更加现代。现在我们已发明了单词postmodern， 仿佛我们终于能及时固定住modern 的了， 但即使是postmodern （首次于1949年记载）最终也会显得过时， 也许比modern 更快。 可追溯至近代拉丁词modernus “现代的”， 源自表示“刚才”意思的modo ， 英语单词modern （首先在16世纪初被记载）原本与后来被认为过时的事物没有任何联系。 它只意味着“现时的，现存的”，今天已废弃了的一个意思。然而从16世纪晚期我们看到这个词成为ancient 的反义词并且用于科技， 其意义与我们现在使用的意义明显相关。Modern 当时特指现时的事物， 也指新的且不过时的事物。因此在19世纪和20世纪这个词能被用来表示艺术上的一个运动，现在尾随其后的是后现代主义〔musty〕Out of date; antiquated.过时的：过时的；已废弃的〔scan〕In the 1969 edition ofThe American Heritage Dictionary a dead issue was buried by our Usage Panel, 85 percent of whom thought it was acceptable to usescan in the sense "to look over quickly,” though the note stated that this was less formal usage.The usage issue was raised becausescan in an earlier sense meant "to examine closely.” From a historical perspective it is easy to see how these two opposite senses ofscan developed. The source of our word, Latinscandere, which meant "to climb,” came to mean "to scan a verse of poetry,” because one could beat the rhythm by lifting and putting down one's foot.The Middle English verbscannen, derived from scandere, came into Middle English in this sense (first recorded in a text composed before 1398). In the 16th century this highly specialized sense having to do with the close analysis of verse developed other senses,such as "to criticize, examine minutely, interpret, perceive.” From these senses having to do with examination and perception,it was an easy step to the sense "to look at searchingly" (first recorded in 1798),perhaps harking back still to the careful, detailed work involved in analyzing prosody.But a thorough search can change into a quick one, as it seems to have done in the case of the verbscan. 在1969年版的美国传统词典 中，我们的用法委员会放弃了一个已废弃的争议， 其中85%的人认为scan 意为“快速浏览”是可接受的， 虽然注释上说这是非正式的用法。之所以这么用是因为scan 在较早的意义上表示“仔细检查”。 从历史的角度了解scan 的两个相反意思如何发展是容易的。 这个单词的词源是拉丁语scandere ，意为“攀登”，后又演化为“标出诗之格律”， 因为人们可以通过抬起或放下脚来打拍子。中世纪英语动词scannen 即是在这个意义上从 scandere 转化而来的（首次被记载在一本1398年之前编辑的教科书上）。 在16世纪这个已经高度专门化并且用来表示仔细分析诗歌的词语又发展出了其它的意项，如“批评、细致入微地检查、翻译或理解”。从这些表示检查和察觉的意思，很容易就过渡到“细察”(1798年首次被记载）的意义，也可能返回到仔细分析诗体的细微工作。但就象这个动词scan 一样，彻底地搜查可能变成快速地浏览 〔pachydermatous〕New Latin Pachydermata [obsolete order name] * see pachyderm 新拉丁语 Pachydermata [已废弃的种类名称] * 参见 pachyderm |
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