| 单词 | 市长 |
| 释义 | 〔continue〕She continued as mayor for a second term.她连任了一期市长〔implement〕The verbimplement, meaning "to put into practice, carry out,” has in fact been in use since the 19th century.Critics have sometimes objected to the verb as jargon,but its obvious usefulness appears to have outweighed their reservations.Eighty-nine percent of the Usage Panel accepts the usage in the sentenceThe mayor's office announced the creation of a special task force that will be responsible for implementing the new policy. 意思为“使生效，执行”的动词implement ， 实际上在19世纪已经在被使用。批评家们有时侯因为晦涩难懂而反对，但是它明显用途远远压倒了他们的保留意见。用法专题小组百分之八十九的成员接受了在句子市长办公室宣布了为执行新政策的专案小组的成立 中的用法 〔father〕One of the leading men, as of a city:市长：城市的领导者：〔Curley〕American politician who as mayor of Boston (1914-1918, 1922-1926, 1930-1934, and 1946-1950) and governor of Massachusetts (1935-1937) was known for his colorful leadership of Boston's Democratic political machine.柯利，詹姆斯·迈克尔：(1874-1958) 美国政治家，历任波士顿市长（1914-1918年、1922-1926年、1930-1934年以及1946-1950年）和马萨诸塞州州长（1935-1937年），因其在波士顿民主党政党组织中的吸引人的领导才能而著称〔kir〕After Canon Félix Kir (1876-1968), mayor of Dijon, France 源自卡农·费利克斯 基尔 (1876-1968年），法国第戎市长 〔throw〕She threw up her campaign for mayor.她退出了市长竞选〔honor〕Honor Used withHis, Her, or Your as a title and form of address for certain officials, such as judges and mayors: Honor 阁下：与His, Her 或 Your 连用，作为一种头衔和对某些官员的称谓，例如法官和市长： 〔man〕Traditionally,man and words derived from it have been used generically to designate any or all of the human race irrespective of sex.In Old Englishthis was the principal sense ofman, which meant "a human being" regardless of sex;the wordswer and wyf (or w÷pman and wifman ) were used to refer to "a male human being" and "a female human being" respectively. But in Middle Englishman displaced wer as the term for "a male human being,”whilewyfman (which evolved into present-day woman ) was retained for "a female human being.” The result of these changes was an assymetrical arrangement that many criticize as sexist.Many writers have revised some of their practices accordingly.But the precise implications of the usage vary according to the context and the particular use ofman or its derivatives. · Man sometimes appears to have the sense of "person" or "people" when it is used as a count noun, as inA man is known by the company he keeps and Men have long yearned to unlock the secrets of the atom, and in phrases likethe common man and the man in the street. Here the generic interpretation arises indirectly:if a man is known by the company he keeps,then so, by implication, is a woman.For this reasonthe generic interpretation of these uses ofman is not possible where the applicability of the predicate varies according to the sex of the individual. Thus it would be inappropriate to say thatMen are the only animals that can conceive at any time, since the sentence literally asserts that the ability to conceive applies to male human beings.This usage presumes that males can be taken as representatives of the species.In almost all cases,however, the wordsperson and people can be substituted for man and men, often with a gain in clarity. · By contrast,man functions more as a generic when it is used without an article in the singular to refer to the human race, as in sentences likeThe capacity for language is unique to man or in phrases like man's inhumanity to man. But this use ofman is also ambiguous, since it can refer exclusively to male members of the human race.In most contexts wordssuch ashumanity or humankind will convey the generic sense of this use of man. · On the whole,the Usage Panel accepts the generic use ofman, the women members significantly less than the men. The sentenceIf early man suffered from a lack of information, modern man is tyrannized by an excess of it was acceptable to 81 percent of the Panel (including 58 percent of the women and 92 percent of the men).The Panel also accepted compound words derived from genericman. The sentenceThe Great Wall is the only man-made structure visible from space was acceptable to 86 percent (including 76 percent of the women and 91 percent of the men).The sentence"The history of language is the history of mankind" (James Bradstreet Greenough and George Lyman Kittredge) was acceptable to 76 percent (including 63 percent of the women and 82 percent of the men). Such compounds were acceptable even when the context required that they be applied chiefly to women.Thus, 66 percent of the Panel (including 57 percent of the women and 71 percent of the men) accepts the wordmanpower in the sentence Countries that do not permit women to participate in the work force are at a disadvantage in competing with those that do avail themselves of that extra source of manpower. · A related set of problems is raised by the use ofman in forming the names of occupational and social rolessuch asbusinessman, chairman, spokesman, layman, and freshman, as well as in analogous formationssuch asunsportsmanlike and showmanship. Some condemn this use categorically;however, these words remained acceptable to a majority of the Usage Panel when they were used to refer to a role or class in the abstractbut were rejected when they were used to refer to a woman.Thus the general use ofchairman was acceptable to 67 percent of the Panel (including 52 percent of the women and 76 percent of the men) in the sentence The chairman will be appointed by the Faculty Senate. But only 48 percent (including 43 percent of the women and 50 percent of the men) accepted the use of the word inEmily Owen, chairman of the Mayor's Task Force, issued a statement assuring residents that their views would be solicited, where it is applied to a woman. · Several strategies have been suggested for replacing the categorical use of compounds formed withman. Parallel terms likebusinesswoman, spokeswoman and chairwoman are increasingly used to refer to women. Also in use are common-gender terms coined withperson, such asbusinessperson, spokesperson, and chairperson. For occupational titles ending inman, new standards of official usage have been established by the U.S. Department of Labor and other government agencies.In official contexts termssuch asfirefighter and police officer are now generally used in place of fireman and policeman. · A majority of the Panelists rejected the verbman when it was used to refer to an activity performed by women. The sentenceMembers of the League of Women Voters will be manning the registration desk was unacceptable to 56 percent of the Panel (including 61 percent of the women and 54 percent of the men). See Usage Note at -ess ,people 传统上，man 以及它的衍生字一般是用来指任何人或整个人类， 不考虑性别。在古英语中，这就是man 这个字主要的意思， 即“人” 而不分性别；单词wer 和 wyf （或 woepman 和 wifman )则分别用以指“男人”和“女人”。 但在中古英语时man 取代了 wer 这个词， 也具有“男人”的意义了；而wyfman （这个字发展演变成了今天的 woman 这个字）作为“女人”这个意思被保留了下来。 这些变化的结果是，作为性别歧视者所批评的匀称排列。为此，许多作家相应地修订了他们部分的创作活动。但是这用法的准确含义取决于它的上下文以及man 的具体用途或它的衍生字。 当man 这个字被当作一个可数名词来用时，它有时似乎具有“一个人”或“人们”的意思， 如在被他所在的那个公司熟悉了解的人 和 很久以来，人们都期盼着解开原子的秘密 ， 以及如下短语中普通的人 和 街上的人 。 这里，一般的理解源于间接地推理：如果一个男人是被他所在的公司了解的话，其言下之意是，一个女人也是被他所在的公司熟悉了解的。正是这个原因，使得man 当此一般理解之义用时，其谓语随着个人性别的改变而变化是不可能的。 所以，说人是唯一能在任何时候思考的动物 是不适当的， 因为这句话字面之义是指男人的思考能力。这种用法是假定男人可以作为人类的代表。几乎毫无例外的是，词person 和 people 可以用 man 和 men 来取代，且后两字意思更清楚。 相反，当man 以单数不带冠词出现用以指人类时，它更是指一类、一属， 如在象句子只有人才有语言能力 或象短语 人类对人类的不人道 中。 但man 若以这种形式出现，其意思也会模糊不清， 因为其可只指人类中的男性成员。在大多数的行文中，例如humanity 或 humankind 这样的字也传达了 man 这种用法的一般意义。 总的说来，在用法专题使用小组成员中接受man 这种一般用法的女性比男性明显少得多。 下面这句话如果说古代人受信息不足之苦的话，那么现代人则是受信息过量之虐待了 在小组中有81的成员可接受 （其中女性成员中的接受率为58，男性中则为92)。专题小组会还接受作为一般意义的man 构成的复合词。 长城是太空中的唯一可见的人造物 这句话有86的成员接受 （其中女性成员的接受率为76，而男性中为91)。“语言史就是一部人类史” （詹姆士·布拉斯瑞特·格里诺和乔治·莱曼·基特里奇）这句话的接受率为76（基中在女性成员中有63接受，而男性中为82)。 即使是上下行文所需的字主要指的是女人，这种复合词仍然被接受。因此小组中的66（其中女性委员的57，男性的71)接受了manpower 这个词在下句的用法： 那些不允许女人加入生产力大军的国家和那些允许女人加入生产力大军的国家相比，在处理剩余劳动力这一点上明显处于竞争的劣势 。 由于man 的使用所引起的一系列相关问题产生了， 在构成职业或社会角色类别的名称，如商人、主席、发言人、外行 和 渔夫 ， 以及将这个字用于类似的构词法中，如违反运动精神的 和 善于表演的才能 。 有些人谴责这种类别的用法；然而，当它们抽象地指某种角色或阶层时，这些词仍能得到用法专题使用小组大多数人的接受；但当它们用由于指女性时，这些词就被拒绝了。因此在句子主席由职工委员会指定 中 主席 的这种一般用法就得到了67小组成员的接受（其中在女性成员中为52，而男性中为76)。 但是，在句子艾米莉·欧文，市长任务小组的主席，发表了一个声明，向市长保证将考虑他们的观点 中这个字的用法，由于是指女性，只有48的成员接受（其中在女性成员中的接受率为43，而男性中为50)。 对于如何替换用man 构成的类别复合词，几种构思被提了出来。 与之相对的复合词如女商人、女发言人 和 女主席 越来越多地被用来指女性。 另外，用person 构成的中性词也创造了出来， 如商人、发言人 和 主席 。 对于用man 结尾的职业名称， 美国政府劳工部和其它政府机构已建立起了新的官方运用标准。在官方行文，现在一般用如firefighter 和 police officer 代替 fireman 和 policeman 。 大多数的小组成员反对将动词man 用于指那些女性从事的活动。 句子登记处将配备女性选民联盟的成员 在用法专题使用小组中的反对率是56（其中在女性成员中的反对率是61，而男性中为54) 参见 -ess,people〔mayoralty〕from Old French maire [mayor] * see mayor 源自 古法语 maire [市长] * 参见 mayor〔complete〕The mayor terminated the press conference with a few words of thanks.市长在新闻发布会结束时再次说了些感谢的话。〔appoint〕a new commissioner of public safety named by the mayor;被市长任命的新公安局局长；〔Chirac〕French politician who was elected president in 1995. He also served as mayor of Paris (1977-1995) and prime minister (1974-1976 and 1986-1988).希拉克，雅克：法国政治家，1995年当选总统。曾担任巴黎市长(1977年-1995年)及首相(1974年-1976年以及1986年-1988年)〔Bradley〕American policeman and politician who became the first Black mayor of Los Angeles in 1973. He was narrowly defeated when he ran for governor of California in 1982.布拉德利，托马斯：(生于 1917) 美国警察和政治家，于1973年成为洛杉矶市的首任黑人市长。于1982年竞选加利福尼亚州州长时以相差很少的选票失利〔deliver〕campaign workers who delivered the ward for the mayor.为市长保护选区而参加竞选活动的工人〔vote〕vote in a new mayor; voted out their representative; vote down the amendment.选出一位新市长；投票选出他们的代表；投票来否决修正案〔politicize〕"The mayor was given authority to appoint police commissioners and by virtue of that power was able to politicize the department"(Connie Paige)“该市长被授权任命警政署长，而且通过这一权力他就能使该部门政治化”(康妮·佩奇)〔Low〕American educator, reformer, and public official. He served as mayor of Brooklyn (1882-1886) and New York City (1901-1903).洛，塞特：(1850-1916) 美国教育家，改革家和政府官员。他担任过布鲁克林市长(1882-1886年）和纽约市市长(1901-1903年）〔clamor〕clamored the mayor into resigning.强烈要求市长下台〔attack〕The governor was attacked by the press for failing to keep a campaign promise.市长因未遵守竞选时的诺言而被报界攻击。〔Chamberlain〕British politician who served as the mayor of Birmingham (1873-1876), president of the Board of Trade (1880-1885), and colonial secretary (1895-1903).张伯伦，约瑟夫：(1836-1914) 英国政治家，曾任伯明翰市长（1873-1876年）、贸易董事会总裁（1880-1885年）及殖民大臣（1895-1903年）〔fly〕The mayor let fly with an angry attack on her critics.市长对批评她的人发出了愤怒的猛攻〔swear〕swear in a mayor.使市长宣誓就职〔Lindsay〕American politician who was mayor of New York City from 1966 to 1974.林赛，约翰·维列特：(生于 1921) 美国政治家，1966-1974年期间任纽约市市长〔Grace〕Irish-born American shipping magnate active in the exploitation of Peruvian resources. He also served as mayor of New York City (1880-1882 and 1884-1886).格雷斯，威廉·拉塞尔：(1832-1904) 出生于爱尔兰的美国航运钜子，积极参与秘鲁资源的开发。 曾任纽约市市长（1880-1882年和1884-1886年）〔record〕go on record in favor of the mayor's reelection.公开表明支持市长再次当选〔judge〕The mayor appointed an experienced arbitrator to mediate between the sides and resolve the transit strike. Anarbiter is one who may or may not have official status but whose opinion or judgment is recognized as being unassailable or binding: 市长委派一位有经验的仲裁人在各方之间作调停并且解决这场公共交通罢工。 Arbiter 可以指有官方地位也可以指没有官方地位的人， 但其观点或判断被承认是无可争议或者必须遵守的： 〔grant〕had to concede the mayor's incorruptible honesty.不得不承认市长的清白、诚实。〔alcalde〕The mayor or chief judicial official of a Spanish town.市长，执法官：西班牙城镇的市长或首要司法官员〔commune〕The smallest local political division of various European countries, governed by a mayor and municipal council.乡镇：各种欧洲国家的最小地方政治区域，由市长和市委员会管理〔reform〕a reform candidate for mayor.革新派市长竞选人〔be〕The mayoral election is held annually.市长选举每年都会举行〔provost〕The chief magistrate of certain Scottish cities.市长：某些苏格兰城市的首要行政长官〔increase〕The mayor's political influence rapidly increased. Toexpand is to increase in size, area, volume, bulk, or range: 市长的政治影响迅速扩大。 expand 指在大小、面积、容积、体积或范围等方面的增长： 〔bound〕She's bound to be mayor.她被推选为市长〔infer〕When the mayor said that she would not rule out a business tax increase, she implied (not inferred ) that some taxes might be raised. 当市长说她不排除商业税增涨的可能性时，她暗指（不是 inferred ) 可能要提高某些税收。 〔blink〕a mayor who blinks at the corruption in city government.对市政府的腐败现象视若无睹的市长〔potshot〕reporters taking potshots at the mayor.记者们对市长胡乱加以批评〔town〕The whole town disagreed with the mayor.所有的镇民都不同意市长的观点〔Young〕American diplomat and politician. Director of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1964-1970), he later served as U.S. ambassador to the United Nations (1977-1979) and as mayor of Atlanta (1981-1989).扬，小安德鲁·杰克逊：(生于 1932) 美国外交家和政治家，曾任南方基督教领导联合会的会长(1964-1970年），后来任美国驻联合国大使(1977-1979年）和亚特兰大市长(1981-1989年）〔Quincy〕American Revolutionary patriot who traveled to England to present the colonists' grievances (1774-1775). His sonJosiah (1772-1864) was a U.S. representative from Massachusetts (1804-1813) who opposed involvement in the War of 1812 and served as mayor of Boston (1823-1829) and president of Harvard University (1829-1845). 昆西，约西亚：(1744-1775) 美国独立战争时期的爱国英雄，1774年到1775年间，他前往英国提交殖民地民众的申诉。他的儿子约赛亚 (1772-1864年）是马萨诸塞州的众议员(1804-1813年），他反对参加1812年的战争。1823年到1829年任波士顿市长，1829年到1845年为哈佛大学的校长 |
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