| 单词 | 希伯来语 |
| 释义 | 〔Ammonite〕from Hebrew 'ammônî [Ammonite] 源自 希伯来语 'ammônî [亚扪] 〔Sanhedrin〕Hebrew sanhedhrîn 希伯来语 sanhedhrîn 〔Pasch〕from Aramaic pasḥā [passover] ; akin to Hebrew pesaḥ [Pesach] * see Pesach 源自 阿拉姆语 pasḥā [越过节] ；类似于 希伯来语 pesaḥ [逾越节] * 参见 Pesach〔Haggadah〕Hebrew haggādâ [narration, telling] 希伯来语 haggādâ [叙述，讲述] 〔Targum〕Mishnaic Hebrew targûm [translation, interpretation, Targum] 密西拿的希伯来语 targûm [翻译，阐释，塔古姆] 〔Philistine〕It has never been good to be a Philistine.Samson, Saul, and David in the Bible helped bring the Philistines into prominence because they were such prominent opponents.Even though the Philistines have long since disappeared,their name has lived on in the Old Testament.The English name for them,Philistines, which goes back through Late Latin and Greek to Hebrew, is first found in Middle English,wherePhilistiens, the ancestor of our word, is recorded in a work composed before 1325. Beginning in the 17th centuryphilistine was used as a common noun usually in the plural to refer to various groups considered the enemy,such as literary critics.In Germany in the same centuryit is said that in a memorial at Jena for a student who had been killed in a town-gown quarrel,the minister preached a sermon from the text "Philister über dir Simson! [The Philistines be upon thee, Samson!],”the words of Delilah to Samson after she attempted to render him powerless before his Philistine enemies.From this usage it is said that German students came to usePhilister, the German equivalent of Philistine, to denote nonstudents and hence uncultured or materialistic people.Both usages were picked up in English in the early 19th century.做非利士人从来没有好处。《圣经》中的参孙、索尔和大卫使非利士人出名是因为他们是很优秀的对手。尽管非利士人已消失很久了，他们的名字却仍存在于《旧约》当中。他们的英文名称Philistines 可由晚期拉丁语和希腊语追溯到希伯来语， 是在中世纪英语中首先发现的，其中我们所用词的前身Philistines 记载在一部1325年前的著作中。 17世纪以来，Philistine 被用作普通名词并且常以复数形式出现， 意指被认为是敌人的各种团体，如文学批评家。在同一世纪的德国，据说在耶拿举行的纪念一名在市民和大学生争执中被杀的学生的纪念会上，牧师从“［非利士人比你强，参孙!］”中选取了一段做布道，就是迪莱勒在试图使参孙在他的非利士手面前变得软弱无力后说的那些话。这段话的用法中可见德国学生开始使用philister 作为 philistine 的德语替代语， 意指不是学生因此也就是没有文化以及不务实的人。这两种用法在19世纪早期的英语中均能找到〔alleluia〕from Hebrew hallĕlûyāh [praise the Lord] * see hallelujah 源自 希伯来语 hallĕlûyāh [赞美上帝] * 参见 hallelujah〔chutzpah〕from Late Hebrew ḥuṣpâ 源自 后期希伯来语 ḥuṣpâ 〔schmooze〕possibly from shmúes [a chat] [pl. of] shmúe [rumor] ; akin to Hebrew šĕmû'â [rumor] 可能源自 shmúes [聊天] shmúe的复数 [谣言] ；类似于 希伯来语 šĕmû'â [谣言] 〔Reuchlin〕German humanist and scholar who wroteOn the Fundamentals of Hebrew (1506), a classic text on Hebrew grammar and language. 罗伊希林，约翰：(1455-1522) 德国人文主义者和学者，撰写了《希伯来语语法纲要》 （1506年），是一本关于希伯来语语法和语言的经典教科书 〔bdellium〕from Greek bdellion ; akin to Hebrew bĕdōlaḥ 源自 希腊语 bdellion ；类似于 希伯来语 bĕdōlaḥ 〔Semitic〕from Hebrew Šēm 源自 希伯来语 Šēm 〔sapphire〕from Hebrew sappîr [a precious stone] 源自 希伯来语 sappîr [一种珍贵的石头] 〔shin〕Hebrew šîn 希伯来语 šîn 〔moshav〕from Hebrew [dwelling] 源自 希伯来语 [居住地] 〔copacetic〕We know very little about the origin of the wordcopacetic, meaning "excellent, first-rate.” Is its origin to be found in Italian, in the speech of southern Black people, in the Creole French dialect of Louisiana, or in Hebrew?John O'Hara, who used the word inAppointment in Samarra, later wrote thatcopacetic was "a Harlem and gangster corruption of an Italian word.” O'Hara went on to say, "I don't know how to spell the Italian,but it's something like copacetti.” His uncertainty about how to spell the Italian is paralleled by uncertainty about how to spellcopacetic itself. Copacetic has been recorded with the spellings copasetic, copasetty, copesetic, copisettic, and kopasettee. The spelling is now more or less fixed, however, ascopacetic or copasetic, even though the origin of the word has not been determined.The Harlem connection mentioned by O'Hara would seem more likely than the Italian,sincecopacetic was used by Black jazz musicians and is said to have been Southern slang in the late 19th century. Ifcopacetic is Creole French in origin, it would also have a Southern homeland.According to this explanation,copacetic came from the Creole French word coupersètique, which meant "able to be coped with,” "able to cope with anything and everything,” "in good form,”and also "having a healthy appetite or passion for life or love.”Those who support the Hebrew or Yiddish origin ofcopacetic do not necessarily deny the Southern connections of the word. One explanation has it that Jewish storekeepers used the Hebrew phrasekol bĕṣedeq, "all with justice,”when asked if things were O.K. Black children who were in the store as customers or employees heard this phrase ascopacetic. No explanation of the origin ofcopacetic, including the ones discussed here, has won the approval of scholars, as is clearly shown by the etymology ofcopacetic in the first volume of the Dictionary of American Regional English, published in 1985: "Etym unknown.” 我们对copacetic 这个词的词源所知甚少，其意为“极好的、一流的”。 它是起源于意大利语、南方黑人口语、路易斯安那州的克里奥耳人的法语方言还是希伯来语？约翰·奥哈拉在撒马拉的约会 中用到这个词， 他后来写到copacetic 是“变成哈莱姆黑人居住区和强盗土语的意大利词”。 奥哈拉还说，“我不知道原来的意大利词是如何拼写的，但是有点象copacetti"。与他不敢肯定如何拼写这个意大利词一样，他对copacetic 一词本身的拼法也不敢肯定。 Copacetic 曾经被拼写成 copasetic, copasetty, copesetic, copisettic 以及 kopasettee。 现在它的拼法多少已经固定成copacetic 或 copasetic， 尽管这个词的词源仍未被确定。奥哈拉所提及的它与哈莱姆黑人居住区的关系看上去比它和意大利语的关系更有可能，因为黑人爵士歌手曾用过copacetic 这个词，并且据说在19世纪晚期它曾是南方的俚语。 如果copacetic 在词源上是克里奥耳人的法语， 那么它也是从南方来的。根据这一解释，copacetic 来自克里奥耳人法语中 coupersetique 一词， 表示“有能力与人竞争的”、“有能力处理任何事情及一切事情的”、“以好的方式的”，还表示“对生活或爱情有正常的欲望或激情的”。那些认为copacetic 来自希伯来语或意第绪语的人并不一定否认这个词与南方的关系。 一种解释认为，犹太店主们在被询问是否一切都好时用了希伯来语中的短语kol bĕṣedeq 即“一切太平”之意， 在店里作工或买东西的黑人儿童将这个短语听成了copacetic。 在关于copacetic 词源的解释中，包括以上讨论的这些，没有一种得到学者们的认可， 这一点我们可以在美国方言英语辞典 （1985年出版）第一册关于 copacetic 一词的词源解释中清楚地看到：“词源不知” 〔hora〕Modern Hebrew hōrâ 现代希伯来语 hōrâ 〔leviathan〕from Hebrew liwyātān ; akin to Canaanite ltn [Lotan, the Hydra] 源自 希伯来语 liwyātān ；类似于 迦南语 ltn [洛唐，九头蛇] 〔Philistine〕from Hebrew Pĕlištîm 源自 希伯来语 Pĕlištîm 〔sin〕Hebrew śîn 希伯来语 śîn 〔goy〕from Hebrew gôy [nation, one who is not Jewish, non-Jew, Jew ignorant of the Jewish religion] 源自 希伯来语 gôy [是犹太人地区没有犹太人作风的；不是犹太人的；是犹太人不信犹太教的国家或人] 〔Tishri〕Hebrew tišrî 希伯来语 tišrî 〔Hebraism〕A linguistic feature typical of Hebrew occurring especially in another language.希伯来用语：希伯来语的典型语言特性，尤指出现在另一种语言中时〔Esther〕Hebrew Estēr 希伯来语 Estēr 〔bethel〕Hebrew bêt’el [house of God] 希伯来语 bêt’el [上帝的房子] 〔Adar〕Hebrew ’ădār 希伯来语 ’ădār 〔omer〕Hebrew 'ōmer [a measure] 希伯来语 'ōmer [一个定量] 〔earnest〕from Hebrew 'ērābôn 源自 希伯来语 'ērābôn 〔he〕Hebrew hē 希伯来语 hē 〔chiton〕[of Semitic origin] ; akin to Hebrew kuttōnet [garment] [从闪米特语中来] ；类似于 希伯来语 kuttōnet [外衣] 〔Halakah〕Mishnaic Hebrew halākâ [rule, tradition] 密西拿的希伯来语 halākâ [条律，传统] 〔Shavuot〕Hebrew šābū'ôt 希伯来语 šābū'ôt 〔Azazel〕Hebrew 'ăzā’zēl [removal, scapegoat (ritually sent into the wilderness), perhaps originally a divine name] 希伯来语 'ăzā’zēl [移动，替罪羊（按仪式遣送到荒野中），可能源于一种神的名字] 〔lambda〕; akin to Hebrew lāmed [lamed] ；类似于 希伯来语 lāmed [希伯来语的第十二个字母] 〔cab〕Hebrew qab [hollow vessel] 希伯来语 qab [空的容器] 〔Kiddush〕Hebrew qiddûš 希伯来语 qiddûš 〔shekel〕Hebrew šeqel 希伯来语 šeqel 〔chazan〕Late Hebrew ḥazzān 后期希伯来语 ḥazzān 〔cabala〕from Hebrew qabbālâ [received doctrine, tradition] 源自 希伯来语 qabbālâ [接受了的学说，习俗] 〔menorah〕Hebrew mĕnôrâ 希伯来语 mĕnôrâ |
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