| 单词 | 希望 |
| 释义 | 〔vote〕"If older cities are allowed to decay and contract, can citizens who vote with their feet . . . hope to find better conditions anywhere else?”(Melinda Beck)“如果老城被允许崩溃并且缩小，用行动选择的公民能希望在别处找到更好的环境吗?”(梅琳达·贝克)〔desperate〕Having lost all hope; despairing.绝望的：失去全部希望的；绝望的〔new〕Identifying the virus gave scientists fresh hope of discovering a vaccine.鉴定病毒给予科学家发现疫苗的新希望。〔tease〕To arouse hope, desire, or curiosity in without affording satisfaction.挑逗：激起希望、欲望或好奇但不给予满足〔desire〕To wish or long for; want.希望，期望；想要〔showcase〕"The South Koreans . . . hope the Olympics will . . . showcase their country's breathtaking economic progress" (Nancy Cooper).“韩国人…希望这届奥林匹克运动会能…展示他们国家令人激动人心的经济发展” （南希·库伯）。〔misfire〕To fail to ignite when expected. Used of an internal-combustion engine.不点火：当希望点火时点火失败，用于内燃机〔titillate〕"Once you decide to titillate instead of illuminate . . . you create a climate of expectation that requires a higher and higher level of intensity"(Bill Moyers)“一旦你决定用刺激而不是说明的方式…你就会创造出一种期望，希望这种刺激的强度越来越大”(比尔·莫耶斯)〔train〕To cause (a plant or one's hair) to take a desired course or shape, as by manipulating.整形：使（一植物或某人头发）向希望的方向生长或成为所希望的形状，如通过巧妙处理〔pity〕 Compassion denotes deep awareness of the suffering of another and the wish to relieve it: Compassion 表示对他人困苦的深切体会并希望别人解脱： 〔quiz〕Although we do not know the origin of the wordquiz, just as we may not know the answers to all the questions on a quiz,we can say that its first recorded sense has to do with people,not tests.The term, first recorded in 1782,meant "an odd or eccentric person.”From the noun in this sense came a verbmeaning "to make sport or fun of" and "to regard mockingly.”In English dialects and probably in American Englishthe verbquiz acquired senses relating to interrogation and questioning. This presumably occurredbecausequiz was associated with question, inquisitive, or perhaps the English dialect verb quiset, "to question" (probably itself short for obsoleteinquisite, "to investigate"). From this new area of meaning came the noun and verb senses all too familiar to students.The second recorded instance of the noun sense occurs in the writings of no less an educator than William James,who in a December 26, 1867, letter proffers the hopethat "perhaps giving ‘quizzes’ in anatomy and physiology . . . may help along.”虽然我们不知道quiz 这个词的来源， 正象我们可能并不清楚测试中所有问题的答案一样，但我们可以肯定的是这个词最初被记录时的意义与人有关，而不是测试，这个词第一次被记录下来是在1782年，意思为“一个古怪或行为怪诞的人”。从这种意义的名词派生出一个动词，意思为“嘲笑或戏弄…”和“以嘲讽的态度对待”。在英语并且很可能是在美国英语中，quiz 这个动词形成了有关审问或提问的意思， 据猜测，这一现象的发生是因为quiz 使人联想起 question ， inquisitive 或者可能 quiset 这个英国方言中的动词， 意思为“提问”（很可能是inquisite 这个过时用语的缩写形式，意思为“调查”）。 从这个意思中派生出学生们再熟悉不 过的名词和动词意思。记录下这个名词意义的第二个例子恰好出现在教育家威廉·詹姆斯的笔下。在1867年12月26日写的一封信中，他提出一条希望：或许在解剖学和物理学方面进行测试…可能有些独特的帮助。”〔hope〕A wish or desire accompanied by confident expectation of its fulfillment.希望：一种愿望或渴望，对其实现有自信的期待〔care〕To have a wish; be inclined:希望；倾向于：〔wish〕A desire, longing, or strong inclination for a specific thing.希望，愿望：对某一特定物的欲望、向往或强烈倾向〔encouraging〕Giving courage, confidence, or hope:鼓舞人心的，激励的：给人勇气、信心或希望的：〔frustrate〕"Time after time our hopes are balked" (Herbert Spencer).我们的希望一次又一次的受挫” （赫伯特·斯宾塞）〔interpreter〕"An actor is an interpreter of other men's words, often a soul which wishes to reveal itself to the world"(Alec Guinness)“演员是他人话语的口译员，通常是一个希望向世界展示自己的人物”(亚历克·吉尼斯)〔call〕To describe the intended outcome of (one's billiard shot) before playing.说出撞球数：在游戏进行这前说出希望的结果（如某人的台球进袋数）〔hex〕To bring or wish bad luck to:诅咒，蛊惑：带来或希望给某人恶运：〔injure〕Malicious gossip could injure his chances of success. It can also mean to treat another unjustly or wrongfully: 恶意的流言会危及他成功的希望。 它也用于不公平地或错误地对待另一个人： 〔relinquish〕Yield implies giving way, as to pressure or superior authority, often in the hope that such action will be temporary: Yield 意味着让步，如向压力或上级权威，经常是希望这样的行动将是暂时性的： 〔perform〕To fulfill an obligation or requirement; accomplish something as promised or expected.覆行，完成：满足要求或完成责任；完成所保证或希望的事情〔alive〕keep your hopes alive.使希望之火不灭〔obedient〕These adjectives mean carrying or willing to carry out the orders, requests, or wishes of another.这些形容词的含义是执行或愿意执行别人的命令、要求或希望。〔foster〕foster a secret hope.抱着秘密的希望〔futureless〕Having no prospect or hope of success in one's future.无前途的：在某人的将来没有前途或没有成功希望的〔serious〕I'm serious: we expect you to complete the assignment on time. She has posed a serious question that deserves a thoughtful response.我不是在开玩笑：我们希望你能接时完成任务。她提出了一个严肃的问题，应好好思索予以答复〔aggro〕"The Commons met in apprehensive mood yesterday following the ructions in the Chamber last week. Were we in for more aggro or were the lads on the Westminster terraces going to return to more civilized conduct?”(Financial Times)“在上周议院发生的骚乱后，下院昨天怀着忧虑的心情召开了会议。我们是赞成有更多的骚乱，还是希望在威斯敏斯特地区的年轻人恢复更文明的行为呢?”(金融时报)〔yes〕The wordyes is a good example of how an ordinary and frequently used word can have a complex etymology. We can traceyes back to two Indo-European roots, .i-, a pronominal stem, and .es-, "to be.” From two extended forms of.i-, .yām and .yāi, came the prehistoric Common Germanic forms.jā and jai, which gave us Old Englishgeā, an affirmative particle, the source of Modern Englishyea. The Indo-European root.es- is the source of our forms am and is. From the stem.sī- used to make verb forms in the optative mood, a mood used to express a wish, came the Germanic form.sijai-, which gave us Old Englishsīe, "may it be so.” This form, unlike the sources ofam and is, died out, but before disappearing it had combined with Old Englishgēa to form the compound gēse, the ancestor of our wordyes. Thissīe was destined to have even more of a triumph. Until around 1600yea was used to respond to positive expressions, whereasyes was used to respond to negative expressions. After that timeyes became a response to both positive and negative expressions, yea surviving primarily in voice votes. yes 一词是说明一个普通常用词如何拥有一复杂词源的极好例证。 我们可以追溯yes 到两个印欧语词根， 代名词词干i- 和 es- “是”。 从i-的两种扩展形式，yam 和 yai， 形成了史前普通日耳曼语形式ja 和 jai, 它们又带来了古英语中的肯定虚词gea ， 这便是现代英语yea 的来源。 而印欧语词根es- 是我们 am 和 is 两形式的源头。 以is- ，一个用于制造祈愿语气动词的词干， 产生出日尔曼形式sijai-， 并由此形成了古英语sie, “希望如此”。 这种形式不象am 和 is 的词源，已经灭绝了， 但在消失之前，它已经和古英语gea 混合形成复合词 gese， 即我们的单词yes 的前身。 这个sie 注定要获取更大的胜利。 直至1600年左右，yea 还被用于回答肯定的陈述； 而yes 则用于回答否定陈述。 此后，yes 既可作肯定也可否定表达的回答， yea 则主要在口头投票时使用 〔greedy〕Excessively desirous of acquiring or possessing, especially wishing to possess more than what one needs or deserves.贪婪的；贪心的：对获取或拥有，特别是希望拥有超过自身所需或应得的事物的极度渴望的〔revive〕resuscitating old hopes and aspirations;复兴旧的希望和愿望；〔bear〕One, such as an investor, that sells securities or commodities in expectation of falling prices.卖空者，做空头者：抛售股票或商品希望造成价格下跌的人，如某位投资者〔entice〕To attract by arousing hope or desire; lure:诱惑：被希望或欲望所吸引；诱惑：〔Inge〕American playwright whose dramas explored the hopes and fears of small-town Midwesterners. His playPicnic (1953) won a Pulitzer Prize. 英奇，威廉：(1913-1973) 美国剧作家，其剧作反映了中西部小镇居民的希望与恐惧。他的剧本《野餐》 （1953年）获普利策奖 〔despair〕 Despondency emphasizes depression of spirit resulting from cessation of hope and a belief that continued efforts will fail: Despondency 强调由希望的中止以及一种继续努力，也会徒劳无功的信念导致的精神沮丧： 〔kind〕The use of the plural demonstrativesthese and those with kind and sort, as inthese kind (or sort ) of films, has been a traditional bugbear of American grammarians. By and large,British grammarians have been more tolerant,and the construction can be found in the works of British writers from Pope to Dickens to Churchill.Grammatically, the question boils down towhetherkind and sort should be treated as head nouns (analogous to species or variety, for example) or whether they have become semantically weakened to the status of a sort of phrasal quantifierthat functions like an adjective,analogous in some ways tobunch and number in expressions such asa bunch of friends, a number of reasons. Ifkind and sort are unambiguously nouns, one would expect to see only singular demonstratives and singular verbs accompanying them: 复数形式的指示代词these 和 those 与 kind 和 sort 的用法， 如these kind （或 sort ） of films， 成为美国语法专家长期感到头痛的问题。 总的说来，英国语法专家对此更能容忍，这一句法结构可以在从蒲柏到狄更斯以至丘吉尔这些英国作家的著作中找到。在语法上，问题归结起来是，是否kind 和 sort 应当作中心词名词（例如，与 species 或 variety 类似）， 或者是否他们语义上减弱到一种数量词短语的地位，其功能像一个形容词，某些方面类似于bunch 和 number ， 其表述例如一群朋友，一大堆理由。 如果kind 和 sort 是明确的名词， 人们应该希望只看到单数指示代词和与之相伴的单数动词： 〔begin〕The public hoped the government would initiate restrictions on imported goods.公众希望政府能对进口货物采取限制。〔expect〕Hope for the best, but expect the worst. Toawait is to wait in expectation of; it implies certainty: 做最大的希望，但也等待最大的失望。 Await 意思是满怀期望的等待；暗含肯定性： 〔macho〕"He was a mindless activist, a war lover, who found macho relish in danger and felt driven to prove manhood by confrontation"(Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.)“他是个没有头脑的活跃分子，一个战争狂，在险境中寻到了充分显示男子汉气概的机会并急切地希望通过直接对抗证明自己是男子汉”(小阿瑟M.施莱辛格)〔foldup〕"The Giants are hoping that[he] can avoid his foldup of last season and help them remain in the race" (Los Angeles Times)“巨人队希望［他］ 能避免在最后一个赛季中垮下去并帮助他们赢得胜利” (洛杉矶时报) |
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