| 单词 | 常常 |
| 释义 | 〔mercy〕"His Majesty gave many marks of his great lenity, often . . . endeavoring to extenuate your crimes" (Jonathan Swift).“国王陛下多次表示了他的仁慈，常常…试图减轻你的罪行” （乔纳森·斯威夫特）。〔epilogue〕A short addition or concluding section at the end of a literary work, often dealing with the future of its characters. Also called In this sense, also called afterword 结尾部分：文学作品结束时简短的附加或总结性章节，常常关于作品人物的未来 也作 在此意义上也可称作 afterword〔bedfellow〕"Stupidity here makes an easy bedfellow, as always, with racialism"(Christopher Hitchens)“愚蠢常常很容易成为种族偏见的伙伴”(克里斯托夫·希钦斯)〔poliomyelitis〕A highly infectious viral disease that chiefly affects children and, in its acute forms, causes inflammation of motor neurons of the spinal cord and brainstem, leading to paralysis, muscular atrophy, and often deformity. Through vaccination, the disease is preventable. Also called infantile paralysis 脊髓灰质炎；小儿麻痹症：一种极具感染性的病毒性疾病，主要影响儿童，而且严重时，可导致脊髓和脑干的运动神经无发炎，从而引起瘫痪、肌肉萎缩、常常还可造成畸形。通过接种疫苗，这种疾病是可以预防的 也作 infantile paralysis〔rebuff〕To reject bluntly, often disdainfully; snub.See Synonyms at refuse 1回绝：断然地拒绝.常常有蔑视的；冷落 参见 refuse1〔conferencing〕The holding of or participation in a conference, often through computer or telecommunications technology.电话会议：举行或参加会议，常常是透过计算机或电信技术〔faultfinder〕One who is given to petty criticism and constant complaint.吹毛求疵者：爱挑毛病，常常抱怨的人〔consensus〕Many grammarians have maintained that the expressionconsensus of opinion is redundant, inasmuch asconsensus itself denotes a judgment about which there is general agreement. Consensus of opinion has often been used by reputable writers, however, and has sometimes been defended on the grounds that a consensus may involve attitudes other than opinions;thus, one may speak of aconsensus of beliefs, or a consensus of usage. Nonetheless, the qualifying phrase can usually be omitted with no loss of clarity.The sentenceIt was the consensus of opinion among the sportswriters that the game should not have been played says nothing that is not said by 许多语法学家都认为短语consensus of opinion 这个说法是罗唆的， 因为consensus 本身就表示一种得到大多数同意的意见。 然而consensus of opinion 仍常常被知名作家所使用， 并且有时人们会辩解说它除了意见上的一致外可能还包括态度上的一致；因此，我们可以说consensus of beliefs（信仰一致） 或 consensus of usage（用法一致）。 尽管这样，限定性短语通常可以被省略而不会使表达不清楚。如体育新闻记者们的一致意见是这场比赛本不应该进行的 这个句子并不比 〔possum〕Since English is a language that stresses some syllables and not others, weakly stressed syllables,especially those preceding strong stresses, are dropped at times.This process, called aphesis when it occurs at the beginning of a word,is more common in regional American dialects than in the more conservative Standard English,which tends to retain in pronunciation anything reflected in spelling.Although many American dialects feature aphesis,it is most famous in the dialects of the South,where it yields pronunciationssuch ascount of for (on) account of, tater for potato, possum for opossum, and skeeter for mosquito. 由于英语是一种强调某些音节而不强调另一些音节的语言，所以弱音音节，特别是那些在重音音节之前的弱音音节就常常被省掉了。这个过程，如发生于一个字的开头就叫做词首非重读短元音省略。这种现象在美国地方方言中比在更为保守的标准英语中要常见得多，因为标准英语趋向于将拼写中的每一个字母都在发音中加以保存。虽然许多美国方言具有词首非重读短元音省略的特征，但这一现象在南方的方言中最为显著，并产生了许多新发音，如(on) account of 被读成 count of，potato 被读成 tater，opossum 被读成 possum 以及 mosquito 则被读成 skeeter 〔diamond〕An extremely hard, highly refractive crystalline form of carbon that is usually colorless and is used as a gemstone and in abrasives, cutting tools, and other applications.钻石：一种极其坚硬，高折射率的结晶形状的碳素，常常近于无色，被当作宝石并用于研磨、切割工具以及其它用途上〔peacekeeper〕A member of a military force engaging in peacekeeping activities, often under international sanction.维和部队成员：常常在国际制裁中从事维护和平活动的军事力量的成员〔dictum〕An authoritative, often formal, pronouncement:声明：一种权威性的，常常是正式的声明：〔gossip〕can't be trusted with a secret—he always blabs;不要相信这是一个秘密——他常常胡扯；〔we〕When the pronoun is followed by an appositive noun phrase,the formus is frequently encountered where grammatical correctness would require we, as inUs owners (properly We owners ) will have something to say about the contract. Less frequently,we is substituted for us, as inFor we students, it's a no-win situation. Both usages should be avoided.See Usage Note at be ,I 1当代词后跟同位的名词短语时，us 常常被使用，但正确的语法要求使用 we， 如在Us owners （正确的应是 We owners ) will have something to say about the contract（我们这些所有者关于此合同会有些话讲）， we 不太多见被用来代替 us， 如在For we students, it's a no-win situation（对我们学生来说，这是一个决无胜算的情形）。 两种用法都应避免 参见 be,I1〔epigram〕A concise, clever, often paradoxical statement.See Synonyms at saying 隽语：一个简明，机智，常常似是而非的陈述 参见 saying〔boomy〕"This mode of bass reinforcement by resonance often causes boomy obfuscation of the true musical pitch—something akin to singing into a barrel"(New York Times)“这种通过回响加强低音的方式常常使人听不清真正的音调而听到隆隆的响声，好象对着一个桶唱歌”(纽约时报)〔consider〕Regard often implies a personal attitude: Regard 常常意味着一种个人态度： 〔dialect〕 Cant now usually refers to the specialized vocabulary of a group or trade and is often marked by the use of stock phrases. Cant 现在通常指某个集团或贸易的专业词汇，并常常明显带有股票短语的使用。〔Barth〕American writer whose novels, includingThe Sot-Weed Factor (1960, revised 1967), often examine the relationship between language and reality. 巴恩，约翰·西蒙斯：(生于 1930) 美国作家，著作有《烟草代理商》 （1960年，1967年修订），常常研究语言和现实之间的关系 〔young〕Juvenile connotes immaturity, often childishness: Juvenile 表示不成熟，常常是孩子气： 〔yearning〕A persistent, often wistful or melancholy desire; a longing:渴望：长久的、常常是愁闷的或伤感的愿望；渴望：〔artifice〕Maneuver applies to calculated and skillful tactics and often to a single strategic move: Maneuver 指使用特意计划的和技巧的战术，常常是为了一个战略行动： 〔idealist〕One whose conduct is influenced by ideals that often conflict with practical considerations.理想主义者，理想家：行为受理想支配，常常与现实想法相冲突的人〔Paz〕Mexican writer whose essays, includingThe Labyrinth of Solitude (1950), and volumes of poetry, such as Sun Stone (1957), often explore the Mexican identity. He won the 1990 Nobel Prize for literature. 帕斯，奥科塔维奥：(生于 1914) 墨西哥作家，他的文章如《孤独的迷宫》 （1950年）和大量诗歌如 《太阳石》 （1957年），常常探求墨西哥人的个性。获1990年度诺贝尔文学奖 〔swing〕 Vibrate usually implies quick periodic oscillations;it often suggests trembling, pulsating, or quivering: Vibrate 通常暗指快速的周期性摇摆；常常表示颤抖、搏动或微颤： 〔livelihood〕"The principal part of our subsistence was to be had by our guns" (Daniel Defoe).Very often, however, it suggests resources barely sufficient to support life: “大部分生活所需都靠我们的枪来获得。” （丹尼尔·狄佛）。但它也常常表示勉强足够维持生活的资源： 〔sympodium〕A primary axis that develops from a series of short lateral branches and often has a zigzag or irregular form, as in orchids of the genusCattleya. Also called pseudaxis 合轴：从一连续短的侧枝上生长出来的初级茎轴，常常为之字形或不规则的形状，如卡特米兰属的兰花中的 也作 pseudaxis〔exaltation〕A state or feeling of intense, often excessive exhilaration or well-being.See Synonyms at ecstasy 兴奋：一种强烈的，常常是极度兴奋或极度幸福的状态或感觉 参见 ecstasy〔goth〕A style of rock music that often evokes bleak, lugubrious imagery.哥德摇滚：摇滚乐的一种，常常让人想到凄凉、哀伤的场面〔bench〕A long seat, often without a back, for two or more persons.长凳：常常是无靠背、可坐两个或多人的长座凳〔frequent〕To pay frequent visits to; be in or at often:时常出入：频繁的访问；经常在那儿或常常出现：〔participle〕The "dangling participle" is quite common in speech,where it often passes unremarked;but its use in writing can lead to unintentional absurdities,as in He went to watch his horse take a turn around the track carrying a copy of the breeders' guide under his arm. Even when the construction occasions no ambiguity,it is likely to distract the reader,who will ordinarily be operating on the assumption that a participle or other modifying phrase will be associated with the noun phrase that is immediately adjacent to it.Thus the sentenceTurning the corner, the view was quite different would be better rewritten as The view was quite different when we turned the corner or Turning the corner, we saw a different view. · A number of expressions originally derived from active participles are now well established as prepositions of a kind,and these may be used freely to introduce phrases that are not associated with the immediately adjacent noun phrase.Such expressions includeconcerning, considering, failing, granting, judging by, and speaking of. Thus one may writeSpeaking of politics, the elections have been postponed or Considering the hour, it is surprising that he arrived at all. “不连结分词”在口语中十分常见，只是常常被忽略；但它在书面中却会无意地导致语义模糊，如：他胳膊下夹着一本饲养员指南书去看他的马转过跑道的拐弯处。 即使这种结构不会产生语义不清，它也很可能迷惑读者，他们通常会假定分词或其它的修饰性短语会跟其紧接的名词性短语相联系。这样，最好把句子转弯后，景色大为不同 写成 我们一转弯就发现景色大为不同 或 转弯后我们看到景色大为不同。 · 一些最初由主动分词派生出来的表达方式现在已经作为某类介词而被固定下来，这些表达方式可以用来引入一些与紧接的名词短语没有联系的短语，这些表达方式包括concerning，considering，failing，granting，judging by 和 speaking of。 由此我们就可以这样写考虑到政治因素，将选举延期了 或 就时间来说，他在任何情况下到来都令人惊讶 〔stimulant〕"An age of political excitement is usually a stimulant to literature"(Will Durant)“政治动荡时期常常是文学的活跃期”(威尔·杜兰特)〔observe〕 Observe stresses respectful adherence,as to law or tradition,often in the form of compliance with prescribed rites: Observe 强调尊敬性的遵从，如对于法律或传统，常常以遵守规定的礼仪仪式为形式： 〔choice〕 Option often stresses a power or liberty to choose that has been granted, as by an authority: Option 常常侧重于已经被权威等所授予的一种选择能力或自由： 〔bugaboo〕An object of obsessive, usually exaggerated fear or anxiety:吓唬人的东西：用来吓人的东西，常常夸大了其令人害怕或恐惧的程度：〔satyriasis〕Excessive, often uncontrollable sexual desire in a man.色情狂：男性过度的，常常无法控制的性欲〔cool〕 Composed implies a serene, often sedate quality arising from self-discipline: Composed 带有产生于自我约束的一种安详宁静的，常常是镇定沉着的品质之意： 〔rhetoric〕The wordrhetoric was once primarily the name of an important branch of philosophy and an art deserving of serious study. In recent yearsthe word has come to be used chiefly in a pejorative senseto refer to inflated language and pomposity.Deprecation of the term may result from a modern linguistic puritanism,which holds that language used in legitimate persuasion should be plainand free of artifice—itself a tendentious rhetorical doctrine,though not often recognized as such.But many writers still prefer to bear in mind the traditional meanings of the word.Thus, according to the newer use of the term,the phraseempty rhetoric, as in The politicians talk about solutions, but they usually offer only empty rhetoric, might be construed as redundant. But in fact only 35 percent of the Usage Panel judged this example to be redundant.Presumably, it can be maintained that rhetoric can be other than empty.单词rhetoric 曾主要是哲学的一个重要分支的和一种值得严肃研究的艺术的名称。 近年来，这个词已开始主要用于贬义，指夸大的语言和虚夸。这个词的改变可能源于一种现代语言的刻板做法，认为用于正当劝说中的语言应是朴素，没有人工雕饰的——它自身便是一种宣传性的修辞教条，虽然未常常被如此认为。但许多作家仍愿意记住这个词的传统含义。这样，根据这个词较新的含义，在The politician talk about solutions, but they usually offer only empty rhetoric 中，短语 empty rhetoric 可能被分析为多余的。 但事实上，用法委员会成员中只有百分之三十五的人认为在这个例子中是多余的。大概该词除了空的以外还有其他的意思吧〔passive〕One that is submissive or inactive. Often used in the plural:被动者：驯服或不活跃的人。常常以复数形式出现： |
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