| 单词 | 常见 |
| 释义 | 〔mannequin〕A department store mannequin is often not a man and often not little,yetmannequin goes back to the Middle Dutch word mannekijn, the diminutive form ofman. Of course we must consider the fact thatman in Dutch, as in English, has often been used to mean "person.” As for the size of a mannequin,the Middle Dutch word could mean "dwarf" but in Modern Dutch developed the specialized sense of "an artist's jointed model.”This was the sense in which we adopted the word (first recorded in 1570),another term likeeasel and landscape that was taken over from the terminology of Dutch painters of the time. The word borrowed from Dutch now has the formmanikin. We later adopted the French version of the Dutch word as well,giving Englishmannequin. Mannequinis considered to be first recorded in a dictionary published from 1730 to 1736 or in 1902,depending on whether one regards early forms showing French influence as variants ofmanikin or as representations of a new word. In any event,mannequin is now the form most commonly encountered and the one commonly used for a department store dummy as well as a live model.一个百货店的时装模特一般不用男子并且也不会太小，但mannequin 一词来源于中世纪时的荷兰语 mannekijn， 是man 的小词形式。 当然，我们应该考虑到在荷兰语和英语中，man 被用来指“一个人”。 至于人体模型的大小，这个中世纪荷兰词语可以表示“侏儒”，但在现代荷兰语中发展出一个特定的意思是“艺术家的关节活动的人体模型”。我们取的就是这个意思（最早记载于1570年），其它如easel 和 landscape 也是从当时荷兰画家所用术语中搬过来的。 从荷兰语来的这个词今天的形式是manikin 。 我们后来又接受了这个荷兰词的法语变体，英语词是manneqin 。 Mannequin一般认为最早记载于一本字典中， 出版于1730-1736年间或1902年，主要看是把该词的较早的形式看作是用法语影响的manikin 一词的变体还是看作是一个新词。 不论如何，mannequin 一词现在已经是最为常见的形式了， 通常用来表示百货商店里的人体模型或真人模特〔should〕Herewould was acceptable on all levels to a large majority of the Usage Panel in an earlier survey and is more common in American usage thanshould. · Should have is sometimes incorrectly written should of by writers who have mistaken the source of the spoken contractionshould've. See Usage Note at if ,rather ,shall 在此处，在一次早期的调查中对大多数各阶层的使用者来说，would 是可以接受的， 且在美国用法中比should 更为常见。 有时书写者把should have 误拼成 should of ， 因为他们把口头缩略形式should've的来源给弄错了 参见 if,rather,shall〔pneumococcus〕A nonmotile, gram-positive bacterium(Streptococcus pneumoniae) that is the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia, associated with meningitis and other infectious diseases. 肺炎球菌：一种非游走的革兰氏阴性细菌（肺菌链球菌） ，是细菌性肺炎最常见的致病原因，并与脑膜炎和其它传染性疾病有关 〔boughten〕American regional dialects allow freer adjectival use of certain past participles of verbs than does Standard English.Time-honored examples areboughten (Chiefly Northern U.S.) and bought (Chiefly Southern U.S.) to mean "purchased rather than homemade": boughten sugar,a boughten dress,bought bread. The Northern formboughten (as in store boughten ) features the participial ending -en, added to bought, the participial form, probably by analogy with more common participial adjectives such asfrozen. Another development, analogous withhomemade, is evident in bought-made, cited inDARE from a Texas informant. 美国地方方言较标准英语更自由地允许将一些动词过去分词用作形容词。历史较久的例子是boughten （主要在北美）和 bought （主要在南美）， 意指“买来的而并非家里制的”： 买来的糖，买来的衣服，买来的面包。 北美形式boughten （如 商场里买的 ）特征是有过去分词词尾 -en 加在过去分词形式 bought 的后面， 这可能是参照了一些更常见的过去分词形容词如frozen。 另一种发展，模拟homemade， 显见于 bought-made， 由美国区域英语词典 的得克萨斯资料提供人所引用 〔Xmas〕Xmas has been used for hundreds of years in religious writing, where theX is understood to represent a Greek chi, the first letter of Χριστος, "Christ";in this use it is parallel to other forms likeXtian, "Christian.” But the letterX, or especially x, is nowadays more frequently interpreted as a mathematical variable than as a Greek letter, as indicated by the common pronunciation of the formXmas as (ĕksʹməs). Thus, while the word is etymologically innocent of the charge that it omits Christ from Christmas,it is now generally understood only as an informal shortening.In an earlier survey 88 percent of the Usage Panel rejected the use ofXmas in writing. Xmas 在宗教作品中已用了几百年， X 用来表示希腊字母chi， 是Χριστος的第一个字母，意为“耶稣”；在这种用法中，它与其他形式相似,如Xtian, “教会的”。 但是字母X， 尤其是 x， 现在更常见的是当作数学变量，而不是希腊字母， 因为该符号Xmas 发音已普遍为(ĕksʹməs)。 因此,当这个单词从词源学上把Christ从Christmas中省掉是合乎规则的，现在该词已被广泛看作一个非正式的缩写形式。在早期的调查问卷中，有百分之八十八的用法使用小组成员拒绝在作品中用Xmas 〔propagule〕Any of various usually vegetative portions of a plant, such as a bud or other offshoot, that aid in dispersal of the species and from which a new individual may develop.繁殖体：植物的常见无性繁殖部分，比如芽接或其它分支，它帮助物种的传播，新的个体可以从它发育起来〔tit〕Tit is an old Germanic word for "small" and is used in various northern European languagesto refer to small objects, animals, or people,especially girls—for example,titta is a Norwegian dialect word for "little girl.” The word is most common in American English in combinationsthat denote various small birds,such as thetitmouse or tomtit. Atitman in the 19th century could mean a small or stunted person,as Henry David Thoreau indicates when he calls his generation "a race of tit-men.”Tit and titman are still used in New England, mostly by farmers to refer to the runt of a litter of pigs.Tit 是古日耳曼语“小”的意思， 在各种北部欧洲语言中，这个词都用来指小的物体，动物或人，尤其是女孩儿——比如，titta 是挪威方言“小姑娘”的意思。 在美国英语中这个词以复合词的形式最为常见，表示各种小鸟类，比如titmouse 或者 tomtit 。 在19世纪，titman 指小个子的人或发育不良的人，正如亨利·戴维·梭罗把他那一代人称为“一个发育不良的人组成的种族”时所指的那样。Tit 和 titman 在新英格兰地区仍在使用， 主要被农民用它来叫一窝猪中最小的一个〔chlamydia〕Any of several common, often asymptomatic, sexually transmitted diseases caused by the microorganismChlamydia trachomatis, including nonspecific urethritis in men. 衣原体疾病：一种由沙眼衣原体 微生物引起的一种常见的无症状性传染病，包括男子的非特异性尿道炎 〔kohl〕A cosmetic preparation, such as powdered antimony sulfide, used especially in Middle Eastern countries to darken the rims of the eyelids.眼圈粉：一种化妆品，如硫化锑粉，用来涂黑眼睑，在中东地区尤为常见〔starch〕A naturally abundant nutrient carbohydrate, (C6H 10O 5) n, found chiefly in the seeds, fruits, tubers, roots, and stem pith of plants, notably in corn, potatoes, wheat, and rice, and varying widely in appearance according to source but commonly prepared as a white, amorphous, tasteless powder. 淀粉：一种自然常见的营养碳水化合物(C6H 10O 5) n，主要见于种子果实、块茎、根及植物的茎髓中，在谷类土豆、小麦和大米中尤为丰富。据来源不同而呈现不同外观，不过一般都能制成白色、无形、无味的粉末 〔masterful〕According to a widely repeated dictum,masterful should be reserved for the sense "imperious, domineering,” as ina masterful tone of voice, whereasmasterly should be the choice when the intended sense is "having the skill of a master,” as ina masterly performance of the sonata. The distinction is a nicety that some writers will want to continue to observe.But the use ofmasterful in the latter sense has long been common in reputable writing and cannot be regarded as incorrect.根据广为强调的权威意见，masterful 应限于“支配的、专横的”的含义。 例如，一种专横傲慢的语调， 而如果想指“具备精通者的技艺”，则应该选用masterly 。 例如，一场奏鸣曲的精湛演出 。 一些作家会继续遵守这个细微区别。但在后一种含义上使用masterful 在一些享有声望的作品中也一直常见， 因此不能被看作是不准确的〔titanosaur〕Any of various plant-eating, amphibious sauropod dinosaurs of the genusTitanosaurus, common during the Cretaceous Period especially in South America. 雷龙：一种泰坦龙 ，食草的水陆两栖蜥脚类恐龙，在白垩纪的南美尤为常见 〔fear〕 Fear is the most general term: Fear 是最常见的词 ： 〔allergy〕An abnormally high sensitivity to certain substances, such as pollens, foods, or microorganisms. Common indications of allergy may include sneezing, itching, and skin rashes.过敏性反应：对某些物质的不正常的极度敏感，如花粉、食品或微生物。常见过敏症状包括喷嚏、痒痛和皮疹〔biome〕A major regional or global biotic community, such as a grassland or desert, characterized chiefly by the dominant forms of plant life and the prevailing climate.生物群落区：大区域或全球性生物群居地，如草地或沙漠，主要以占优势植物和最常见的气候为特征〔burn〕 Burn, the most general, applies to the effects of exposure to a source of heator to something that can produce a similar effect: Brun 最常见的用法是用来形容接触一个热源，或其它能产生相似效果的东西作用之后的结果： 〔schistosomiasis〕Any of various generally tropical diseases caused by infestation with schistosomes, widespread in rural areas of Africa, Asia, and Latin America through use of contaminated water, and characterized by infection and gradual destruction of the tissues of the kidneys, liver, and other organs. Also called bilharziasis ,snail fever 血吸虫病：由血吸虫传染引起的各种常见热带病，在非洲、亚洲和拉丁美洲的乡村地区传播广泛，该病通过污染水的使用传播，其特征为肾、肝脏和其它器官组织的感染和逐渐损坏 也作 bilharziasis,snail fever〔arsenic〕Symbol As A highly poisonous metallic element having three allotropic forms, yellow, black, and gray, of which the brittle, crystalline gray is the most common. Arsenic and its compounds are used in insecticides, weed killers, solid-state doping agents, and various alloys. Atomic number 33; atomic weight 74.922; valence 3, 5. Gray arsenic melts at 817°C (at 28 atm pressure), sublimes at 613°C, and has a specific gravity of 5.73. See table at element 符号 As 砷：一种有剧毒的金属元素，有黄、黑、灰三种同素异形体，其中质脆，结晶体的灰色形体最为常见。砷及其化合物用于杀虫剂，除草剂，固体添加剂和各种合金。原子序数33；原子量74.922；化合价3，5。灰色砷熔点为817°C（在28气压时），613°C升华，比重5.73 参见 element〔antimony〕A metallic element having four allotropic forms, the most common of which is a hard, extremely brittle, lustrous, silver-white, crystalline material. It is used in a wide variety of alloys, especially with lead in battery plates, and in the manufacture of flame-proofing compounds, paint, semiconductor devices, and ceramic products. Atomic number 51; atomic weight 121.75; melting point 630.5°C; boiling point 1,380°C; specific gravity 6.691; valence 3, 5. See table at element 锑：一种金属元素，有四个同素异形体，最常见的是一种硬而脆的银白色发光晶体物质。锑普遍用于各种合金，特别是和铅一起用于电池极板，制造防火合成物、油漆、半导体装置和陶瓷制品。原子序数为51；原子量为121.75；熔点为630.5°C；沸点1,380°C；比重为6.691；化合价为3,5 参见 element〔greenfinch〕A common Eurasian finch(Carduelis chloris) having green and yellow plumage. 金翅鸟：一种亚欧地区常见的雀科鸣鸟（金翅属金翅） ，有黄绿色的羽毛 〔brandling〕A common reddish-brown earthworm(Eisenia foetida) often used as fish bait. 红纹蚯蚓：一种常见的（红纹小蚯蚓） 红褐色小蚯蚓，常用作鱼饵 〔difference〕 Difference is the most general: Difference 是最常见： 〔mill〕Tomill, in Western U.S. English, means "to halt a cattle stampede by turning the lead animals.”In theOxford English Dictionary we find this 19th-century example of the verb: "At last the cattle ran with less energy, and it was presently easy to ‘mill’ them into a circle and to turn them where it seemed most desirable" (Munsey's Magazine).This usage ofmill comes from the resemblance of the cattle's circular motion to the action of millstones. A related intransitive sense of the verb is better known in Standard English: A crowd milled around in the street. Originally this sense ofmill also meant "circular motion"; now it means "to move around in churning confusion"with no pattern in particular.Mill 这个词在美国西部所说的英语中， 意为“通过让领头牲畜绕圈子跑来制止牛群的惊跑”。在牛津英语词典 中， 我们可以找到该动词19世纪用法的例子： “最后牛群终于跑得快没劲儿了，这时候可以容易地驱赶头牛，把其它牛绕进圈子里，然后把它们赶到最合适的地方去” （芒西杂志）。Mill 的这种用法来自牛群绕圈跑与磨石运作的相似之处。 该词作不及物动词时所具有的与此相关的意义在标准英语中更为常见： 一群人在大街上兜圈子。 Mill 的这一含义本来亦指“旋转运动”； 现在它指“在旋涡般的混乱中到处移动”，不再有其它特指〔potassium〕A soft, silver-white, highly or explosively reactive metallic element that occurs in nature only in compounds. It is obtained by electrolysis of its common hydroxide and found in, or converted to, a wide variety of salts used especially in fertilizers and soaps. Atomic number 19; atomic weight 39.102; melting point 63.65°C; boiling point 774°C; specific gravity 0.862; valence 1. See table at element 钾：只以化合物形式存在的柔软的，银白色的，极为活泼的金属元素。这种元素通过将其常见的氢氧化物进行电解而得到，存在于或转化成各种各样的盐，这些盐尤用于制造化肥及肥皂。原子序数为19；原子量39.102；熔点63.65°C；沸点774°C；比重为0.862；原子价为1 参见 element〔ofay〕The commonly seen etymology ofofay —Pig Latin for foe —is perhaps of less interest than the more likely story of this word's origins. The word, which is first recorded in the first quarter of the 20th century,must have been in use much longer if it is, as some scholars think, borrowed from an African source.Although this source has not been pinned down,the suggested possibilities are in themselves interesting.One would trace it to the Ibibio wordafia, "white or light-colored.” Another would have it come from Yorubaofe, a word that was said in order to protect oneself from danger. The term was then transferred to white people,regarded as a danger to Black people throughout the wretched days of slavery and beyond.ofay 一词的最常见的词形变化是 foe ，一种儿童黑话说法——可能更有趣的是关于这个词来源的故事： 在20世纪前二十五年里有次记载，如果按一些学者们所想，如果它是从非洲借过来的，它被使用的时间应更长一些。虽然这个说法还没有定下来，但它蕴含的可能性本身就很有趣。人们可能将它追溯到一个伊比比奥词afia ，意思是“白色或浅色”。 另还有人将它追溯到约鲁巴语ofe ，这个词是为了保持自己，避开危险的意思。 此后这个术语被移用于白人，这些白人在奴隶制及以前的悲惨日子里，被认为是对黑人们的危险〔phasmid〕Any of various insects of the order Phasmida, including the leaf insects and walking sticks, especially common in tropical areas and resembling foliage in color and form.竹节虫科昆虫：任一种竹节虫目昆虫，包括叶虫和竹节虫，在热带地区尤为常见，颜色和外形都很象叶子〔scoot〕Scoot comes from a Scandinavian verb related to the verb shoot and, borrowed into Scots dialect, originally meant "to squirt with water.” Two derived senses, both intransitive verbs, have become even more common:"to slide suddenly across a surface" and "to move quickly": The mouse scooted across the floor. In the American Midlands, there is a phrasal verbscoot over, meaning, in its transitive sense, "to push (someone or something) to the side to make room.”Scoot 源于斯堪的纳维亚语的一个与动词 Shoot 有关的动词，被借入到苏格兰方言中，最初意为“用水喷”。 它的二个都为不及物动词的引申意甚至变得更为常见： “突然滑过表面”和“快速移动”： 老鼠突然窜过地板。 在美国中部地区，有一动词词组scoot over ， 它作及物动词时意为“把（人或物）挪开以让路”〔occupy〕ob- [intensive pref.] * see ob- ob- [常见前缀] * 参见 ob-〔culex〕Any of various mosquitoes of the genusCulex, which includes the common house mosquito (C. pipiens). 库蚊：任一种库蚊属 蚊子，其中包括常见的家蚊 （库蚊属 尖音库蚊） 〔Beddoes〕British poet whose often macabre works includeThe Bride's Tragedy (1822) and Death's Jest-Book (1850), published posthumously. 贝多斯，托马斯·洛维耳：(1803-1849) 英国诗人，其常见的恐怖作品有《新娘的悲剧》 （1822年）和他死后出版的 《死亡的笑话》 （1850年） 〔hard〕 Hard is the most general term: Hard 是最常见的： 〔kabbalah〕There are no less than two dozen variant spellings ofkabbalah, the most common of which include kabbalah, kabala, kabalah, qabalah, qabala, cabala, cabbala, kaballah, kabbala, kaballah, and qabbalah. This sort of confusion is frequently seen with Hebrew and Arabic words borrowed into English because there exist several different systems of transliterating the Hebrew and Arabic alphabets into Roman letters. Often a more exact or scholarly transliteration, such as Qur'an, will coexist alongside a spelling that has been heavily Anglicized ( Koran ). The fact that the Hebrew and Arabic alphabets do not as a rule indicate short vowels or the doubling of consonants compounds the difficulties. Spellings of kabbalah with one or two b 's are equally "correct,” insofar as the single b accurately reproduces the spelling of the Hebrew, while the double b represents the fact that it was once pronounced with a double b. kabbalah 有超过十二种以上不同的拼法，最常见的包括 kabbalah, kabala, kabalah, qabalah, qabala, cabala, cabbala, kaballah, kabbala, kaballah 及 qabbalah 。此类混淆情形最常见于自希伯来及阿拉伯文字转借给英语时，这是由于在希伯来及阿拉伯字母音译为罗马字母时有数种不同系统存在所致。通常较精确或是学究上的音译，例如 Qur'an ，会与已经偏重于英语化的拼法（ Koran ）共同存在。事实上，希伯来及阿拉伯字母并没有一种明确指出短元音及双子音为何的原则增加其困难度， kabbalah 有一到两个 b 的拼法都一样“正确”，到目前为止单 b 精确地重现希伯来文的拼法，而双 b 则表示它曾经以双 b 发音的事实 〔toward〕Some critics have tried to discern a semantic distinction betweentoward and towards, but the difference is entirely dialectal.Toward is more common in American English; towards is the predominant form in British English. 有些批评家试图明确分辨出toward 与 towards 之间的语义差别， 但这种差异完全是方言性的。Toward 在美式英语中更常见， 而在英国英语中towards 是主要形式 〔porgy〕Any of various deep-bodied marine food fishes of the family Sparidae, especially a common speciesPagrus pagrus of Mediterranean and Atlantic waters. 真鲷：鲷科各种深色海洋食用鱼之一种，尤指较常见的赤鲷 ，其生活于地中海和大西洋中 〔garnet〕Any of several common, widespread aluminum or calcium silicate minerals occurring in two internally isomorphic series, (Mg, Mn, Fe)3Al 2Si 3O 12 and Ca 3(Cr, Al, Fe) 2Si 3O 12, generally crystallized, often embedded in igneous and metamorphic rocks, and colored red, brown, black, green, yellow, or white and used both as gemstones and as abrasives. 石榴石：一种常见的、分布广泛的铝或硅酸钙矿，产生于两种内部同构的化合物，(Mg, Mn, Fe)3Al 2Si 3O 12 and Ca 3(Cr, Al, Fe) 2Si 3O 12，一般呈晶体状，嵌于火成岩和变质岩中，呈红、棕、黑、绿、黄色或白色，可用作珠宝和研磨剂 〔aspergillus〕Any of various fungi of the genusAspergillus, which includes many common molds. 黑麴菌属真菌：一种黑麴菌属 真菌，包括很多常见的霉菌 〔budgerigar〕A parakeet(Melopsittacus undulatus) native to Australia and having green, yellow, or blue plumage. It is a popular cage bird bred in a variety of colors not found in wild populations. Also called shell parakeet 虎皮鹦鹉：一种长尾鹦鹉（虎皮鹦鹉） 属原产于澳大利亚，有绿色，黄色或蓝色的羽衣。是一种良常见的颜色样的笼养鸟，未见有野生 也作 shell parakeet〔granite〕A common, coarse-grained, light-colored, hard igneous rock consisting chiefly of quartz, orthoclase or microcline, and mica, used in monuments and for building.花岗岩：一种常见的、晶粒粗糙的浅亮色坚硬的火成岩，主要由石英、正长石或微斜长石及云母组成，用于纪念碑和建筑物〔shigellosis〕Dysentery caused by any of various species of shigellae, occurring most frequently in areas where poor sanitation and malnutrition are prevalent and commonly affecting children and infants.志贺氏杆菌痢疾：由多种志贺氏杆菌中的任何一种引起的痢疾，这种病在那些卫生条件差，普遍营养不良的地方最为常见，一般感染的都是儿童和婴儿〔gymnasium〕[gĭm-näʹzē‹m'] An academic high school in some central European countries, especially Germany, that prepares students for the university.[gĭm-näʹzē‹m'] 高级中学：在中欧国家，特别是在德国，常见的学术性中学，用来培养学生升入大学 |
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