| 单词 | 平常 |
| 释义 | 〔bonze〕fán [ordinary] fán [平常的] 〔reconstitute〕To bring (a liquid in concentrated or powder form) to normal strength by adding water.使复原：通过加水使（某种浓缩的液体或以粉末形式出现的液体）恢复成平常的浓度〔extra〕Something more than is usual or necessary.额外物：超出平常的或必要的东西〔usual〕In conformity with regular practice or procedure:惯例的：与平常的习俗和程序相一致的：〔pant〕It would seem unlikely that the name of a 4th-century Roman Catholic saint should be the ultimate source of a word for a modern article of clothing commonly worn by both men and women.Pants, however, can be traced back to Pantaleon, the patron saint of Venice. He became so closely associated with the inhabitants of that citythat the Venetians became popularly known asPantaloni. Consequently, among the commedia dell'arte's stock characters the representative Venetian (a stereotypically wealthy but miserly merchant) was calledPantalone. His name in French,Pantalon, was borrowed into English (first recorded around 1590). During the middle of the 17th centurythe French came to identify him with one particular style of trousers,and this same style became known aspantaloons in English. Pantaloons was later applied to another style of trousers that came into fashion toward the end of the 18th century, tight-fitting garments that had begun to replace knee breeches.After thatpantaloons was used to refer to trousers in general. The last step in the development of the wordpants met with some resistance. This abbreviation ofpantaloon was considered vulgar and, as Oliver Wendell Holmes put it,"a word not made for gentlemen, but ‘gents.’”First found in the writings of Edgar Allan Poe in 1840,pants has replaced the "gentleman's word" in English and has lost all obvious connection to Saint Pantaleon.看起来一位公元4世纪的罗马天主教徒的名字似乎不可能是这个做为男人和女人平常都穿的布做的现代物品的根本词源。Pants 但可以追溯到奥塔莱昂，威尼斯的庇护神。 他变得与这座城市里的居民联系得这样紧密，以至于威尼斯人也通俗的被称为Pantaloni 。 结果，在即兴喜剧的角色中那个有代表性的威尼斯人（一个愚富而吝啬的商人）被称作Pantalone。 他的法语名字Panlalon 被借用到英语中（初次记录大约在1590年）。 在17世纪中期，法国人开始把它与一种特殊类型的裤子等同起来，同一种类型的裤子在英语中是pantaloons 。 Pantaloons 后来被用作另一种类型的裤子并在18世纪末日渐流行， 紧身衣服已经开始取代齐膝马裤。在那以后，pantaloons 被用来泛指裤子。 在pants 一词发展的最后遇到了一些阻力。 Pantaloon 的缩写被认为是粗俗的， 并且正如奥立弗·温德尔·霍姆斯所说，“并不是为绅士而造的词，而是为‘家伙们所造’”。最早在1840年发现于艾德加·爱伦·坡的作品中，pants 在英语中已经替代了那个“绅士的语言”， 而且显然已失去了和圣奥塔莱昂的一切联系〔regular〕Customary, usual, or normal:平常的，惯例的：习惯性的、通常的或正常的：〔preternatural〕Surpassing the normal or usual; extraordinary:异常的：超越平常的或正常的；异乎寻常的：〔early〕Occurring, developing, or appearing before the expected or usual time:提早的，早来的：比原定时间或平常习惯时间早些发生、出现或发展：〔mean〕from Old English gemǣne [common] * see mei- 1源自 古英语 gemǣne [普通的，平常的] * 参见 mei- 1〔extraordinary〕Beyond what is ordinary or usual:非凡的：超出一般或平常的：〔quotidian〕Everyday; commonplace:每天的；平常的：〔encyclopedia〕The wordencyclopedia, which to us usually means a large set of books, descends from a phrase that involved coming to grips with the contents of such books.The Greek phrase isenkuklios paideia, made up of enkuklios, "cyclical, periodic, ordinary,” and paideia, "education,” and meaning "general education, literally the arts and sciences that a person should study to be liberally educated.”Copyists of Latin manuscripts took this phrase to be the Greek wordenkuklopaedia, with the same meaning, and this spurious Greek word became the New Latin wordencyclopaedia, coming into English with the sense "general course of instruction,” first recorded in 1531.In New Latin the word was chosen as the title of a reference work covering all knowledge.The first such use in English is recorded in 1644.单词encyclopedia 对我们而言通常是指一大套书， 来源于一个涉及掌握这类书内容的短语。希腊片语enkuklios paideia 是由下列两个词组成的 enkuklios “循环的，周期性，平常的”以及 paideia “教育”， 含义是“普通教育，从字面上说就是一个想接受通才教育的人所应该学习的艺术和科学知识”。拉丁文手稿的抄录者将此片语当成了带有相同词义的希腊词enkuklopaedia ， 而该谬传的希腊词又构成为新拉丁语词encyclopaedia ， 带着其“指导教育的普遍课程”之语意又进入英语，最先记载于1531年。在新拉丁语中该词被选中作为一本覆盖各科知识的参考著作的书名。在英国首次这样的用法记载于1644年〔topic〕from Greek Topika [commonplaces] [from neuter pl. of] topikos [of a place] 源自 希腊语 Topika [平凡的，平常的] 源自topikos的中性复数 [某一地方的] 〔excessive〕These adjectives mean exceeding a normal, usual, reasonable, or proper limit.这些形容词意思是超过了正常的、平常的、合理的或正当的限制。〔above〕The use ofabove as an adjective or noun in referring to a preceding text is most common in business and legal writing. In general writing its use as an adjective (the above figures ) was accepted by a majority of the Usage Panel in an earlier survey, but its use as a noun (read the above ) was accepted by only a minority. 这种above 用作形容词或名词指代上文的用法在商业和法律文件中是最常见的。 在平常的书面语中，用作形容词（上面的数据 ）是被大部分用法小组的人员所肯定， 但用作名词（读上文 ）却只被极少数人所接受 〔frump〕A girl or woman regarded as dull, plain, or unfashionable.邋遢女人：暗淡、平常、不时髦的女孩或女人〔unique〕Over the course of the centuryunique has become the paradigmatic example of the class of terms that do not allow comparison or modification by an adverb of degree such as very, somewhat, or quite. Thus, most grammarians believe that it is incorrect to say that something isvery unique or more unique than something else, though phrases such asnearly unique and almost unique are acceptable. In the most recent survey the sentenceHer designs are quite unique in today's fashion scene was unacceptable to 80 percent of the Usage Panel. · Critical objections to the comparison and degree modification of absolute terms date to the 18th centuryand have been applied to a wide group of adjectives includingequal, fatal, omnipotent, parallel, perfect, and unanimous. According to the standard argument, such words denote properties that a thing either does or does not have but cannot have to a qualifiable degree.Thus ifunique is properly used to mean "without equal or equivalent,” something either is unique or it isn't, and phrases such asvery unique and more unique can only betray a weakening of the sense to mean something like "unusual" or "distinctive.” It is true that comparison and modification ofunique are often associated with the style favored by copywriters, as in the advertisement announcing thatOmaha's most unique restaurant is now even more unique or in the claim that a new automobile is So unique, it's patented. But modification ofunique is also found in the work of reputable writers, where it may lack any connotations of hyperbole.A painting is described asthe most unique of Beckman's self-portraits, and a travel writer states thatChicago is no less unique an American city than New York or San Francisco. The relative acceptability of these usages reflects the semantic subtlety ofunique itself. If we were to useunique only according to the strictest criteria of logic, after all, we might freely apply the term to anything in the worldsince nothing is wholly equivalent to anything else.Clearly, then, when we say that a restaurant or painting is unique,we mean that it is worthy of inclusion in a class by itself according to certain implicit but generally accepted criteria.Thus a legitimately unique painting might be one that realizes an unparalleled aesthetic vision,but not one that is rendered only in pigments whose names begin with the lettero; and a legitimately unique restaurant might be one that serves 18th-century French cuisine according to the original recipes,not one that has been installed in a converted sardine cannery.Given this understanding, it is not inherently impossible to think of uniqueness as a matter of degree,in the sense that one painting or restaurant may be more or less worthy of inclusion in a class by itself than some other. ·What is troubling about the copywriters' use ofunique is not that the word has become a synonym for unusual. Rather, it is the copywriters who are using the word in conformity with strict logic.Uniqueness is claimed for a restaurant in virtue of some trivial properties of its decor or menu,or for a resort hotel that simply happens to have a singularly picturesque view of the bay.Though it may be true that such properties render these thingslogically unique, they do not constitute legitimate grounds for putting the things into a class by themselves according to the criteria ordinarily invoked when things are sorted into classes.In fact, the abuse ofunique can be cloying even when no modification or comparison is involved; when we read an advertisement for a line of sportswear that featuresa unique selection of colors, we may suspect that the distinctive properties of the color selection are not so remarkable as the advertiser would have us believe. But it is not surprising that these uses ofunique should lend themselves to promiscuous modification and comparison; for once it is granted that uniqueness can be claimed for any product or service that is somehow distinctive from all its competitors,it is inevitable that an increase in uniqueness will be seen in every minor innovation.See Usage Note at equal ,infinite ,parallel ,perfect 在本世纪整个过程中unique 已成为不能由程度副词，例 very、somewhat 或 quite， 比较或修饰的一类术语的例证。 因此，多数语法学家认为说某事是very unique 或 more unique than 是不正确的， 虽然短语例如nearly unique 和 almost unique 是可接受的。 在最近的调查中，句子Her designs are quite unique in today's fashion scene （她的设计在现今流行样式的场面中是很独特的） 对用法专题使用小组的百分之八十成员是不可接受的。 对纯粹术语的比较和程度修饰的主要异议可追述到18世纪，并已广泛用到许多形容词中，包括equal, fatal, omnipotent, parallel, perfect 和 unanimous。 根据标准论据，这些单词表示一事有或没有但不能有可修饰的程度的性质。于是如果unique 适当地用于表示“没有相等或相当的”，则某事是唯一的或不是唯一的， 而短语像very unique 和 more unique 仅能表露出说明某事像“不寻常的”或“独特的”的意义的减弱。 的确，unique 的比较和修饰常与撰稿人喜欢的文体相联系， 如在广告中称Omaha's most unique restaurant is now even more unique（奥马哈城的最独特的餐馆现在甚至是更加独特） 或声称新汽车是 So unique, it's patented（如此独特，它取得了专利权）。 但是unique 的修饰也在著名作家的作品中发现， 那里可能缺乏夸张法的任何涵义。描述一张油画为the most unique of Beckman's self-portraits（最独特的贝克曼的自画像）， 一位旅游作家叙述Chicago is no less unique an American city than New York or San Francisco（芝加哥比纽约或旧金山是不逊独特的美国城市）。 这些用法的相对可接受性反映unique 自身语义的巧妙。 如果我们仅按照逻辑的严格标准使用unique ， 则我们终于会自由地把此术语使用于世界上的任何事，因为没有完全等同于另一事的事。于是，显然当我们说餐馆或油画是独特的时，我们意味着根据某种隐含的但可普遍接受的判据它是值得包含在一个等级内的。于是合理独特的油画可能是实现空前未有的审美型的，而不是仅给予名字以字母O开始的颜料； 合理独特的餐馆可能根据原来的食谱提供18世纪法国菜肴的餐馆，而不是配备转换的沙丁鱼罐头食品的餐馆。按这样了解，将独特性视为程度问题不是本来就不可能的，在这个意义上一张油画或一个餐馆或多或少可能是极好的有价值的内涵物而不是其他。关于撰稿人使用unique 的困惑不是此单词已成为 unusual 的同义词。 相反地，正是撰稿人使用此单词与严密的逻辑相一致。对餐馆声称独特性是由于它的布置或菜单的某些不重要的性质，或者对于人们常去的旅馆仅因为有海湾的独一无二地别致的景象。虽然这样的性质使得这些事logically 独特的可能是真实的， 但是当事情进行了分类，根据平常实行的判据把这些事情自身放到一类，他们不组成正常的基础。事实上unique 的滥用会使人发腻，即使在没有涉及修饰或比较的时候； 当我们读运动服装的unique selection of colors（颜色的独特选择） 的一行广告时， 我们会怀疑颜色选择的独特性质并非广告商希望我们所认为的那么明显。但不必惊讶于unique 的这些用法应当适用于杂乱的修饰和比较； 就这一次可以承认，独特性能用来指任何产品或服务，它们与所有的竞争者相比较有某种程度的特色，在每一小的创新中可以看到独特性的增加是必然会发生的 参见 equal,infinite,parallel,perfect〔early〕Before the expected or usual time:提早地，早来地：比原定时间或平常时间早地：〔everyday〕Commonplace; ordinary:平常的：平常的；普通的：〔think〕To give little consideration to; regard as routine or usual:不屑一顾：几乎不考虑；视为常规或平常：〔yourselves〕Just relax and be yourselves.See Usage Note at myself 放松一点，找你们平常的表示就好了 参见 myself〔commonplace〕Something that is ordinary or common.平常的或普通的事〔hiragana〕hira [ordinary, plain] hira [平常的，普通的] 〔unship〕To remove (a piece of gear) from its proper place; detach:拆卸：将（一个船具）从它平常所在的位置上取下；卸下：〔strange〕The kitchen was redolent with the peculiar aromatic odor of cloves. Something that isodd fails to accord with what is ordinary, usual, or expected, while somethingqueer deviates markedly from the norm; both terms can suggest strangeness or peculiarity: 厨房充满了特殊的丁香气味。 Odd 形容与普通、平常的或预料不一致的某物。 Queer 形容与标准或正常有很大差别的事物。 但两个词都能表示奇异或特殊： 〔proud〕"Nor [let] grandeur hear with a disdainful smile,/The short and simple annals of the poor" (Thomas Gray).“既不要 高贵者带着蔑视的笑容听，/穷人短暂平常的一生” （托玛斯·格雷）。〔abjure〕"For nearly 21 years after his resignation as Prime Minister in 1963, he abjured all titles, preferring to remain just plain ‘Mr.’”(Time)"1963年辞掉总理后，近21年来他放弃了所有称号，只保留了一个平常的称呼‘先生’”(时代)〔practically〕Practically is used unexceptionally in its primary sense of "in a way that is practical.” Its use in the sense "for all practical purposes" is perfectly acceptable.Thus, a person whose liabilities exceed his or her assets may be said to bepractically bankrupt, even though that person has not been legally declared insolvent. By a slight extension of this meaning, however,practically is often used to mean "all but" or "nearly": Practically 最平常、根本的含义就是“通过实用的方式。” 其作为“从实际出发地”这一意思的用法也是完全可接受的。因此，如果某人的债务超出了他或她的财产价值的话，即使还没有在法律上宣告他或她破产，就可以说是实际上已破产了 。 然而将这一意思稍作延伸，practically 就经常用来表示“几乎”或“差不多”的意思： 〔glop〕cafeterias serving nondescript glop.供应平常的糊状食品的自助餐厅〔dress〕To wear informal clothes, befitting an occasion or location:穿平常的衣服：穿非正式服装以适应场合或地点：〔everyday〕The ordinary or routine day or occasion:日常之事：普通的或平常的日子、场合的：〔undistinguished〕Marked by no peculiar quality; not distinguished; ordinary:未经区别的；未经识别的：没有特殊标记的；不能区别的；平常的：〔usual〕 Usual describes what accords with normal, common, or ordinary practice or procedure: Usual 是修饰那些与平常的、普通的或一般习惯或程序相一致的人、事或物： 〔prevail〕To be most common or frequent; be predominant:重要，占绝大多数：最普遍或平常；占绝大多数：〔daily〕Everyday:每天的，平常的：〔usual〕Commonly encountered, experienced, or observed:通常的，平常的：经常碰到的、经历的或奉行的：〔extracurricular〕Being outside the usual duties of a job or profession:业余的：在平常工作或职业的义务之外的：〔ordinarily〕In the commonplace or usual manner:平平常常地：以平常的或惯常的方式地：〔transcendental〕Beyond common thought or experience; mystical or supernatural.玄奥的：超过平常的思想或经验的；神秘的或超自然的〔method〕"The common business of the nation . . . is carried on in a constant routine by the clerks of the different offices" (Tobias Smollett).“国家的平常事务…由不同部门的职员按一成不变的常规来处理” （托比阿斯·斯摩莱特）。 |
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