| 单词 | 年轻人 |
| 释义 | 〔very〕a disappointed young man) 垂头丧气的年轻人)， 〔unawares〕"Sorrow comes to all, and to the young it comes with bittered agony because it takes them unawares"(Abraham Lincoln)“悲伤降临到所有人身上，对于年轻人将伴随着剧烈的痛苦，因为悲伤出其不意地攫住了他们”(亚伯拉罕·林肯)〔junior〕Intended for or including youthful persons:年轻人的：为年轻人准备的，包括青少年的：〔gosling〕A naive or inexperienced young person.没有经验的年轻人或没见过世面的年轻人〔mutant〕gangs of disaffected mutant teenagers.一群对现实不满、形容怪异的年轻人〔Burgess〕American writer and illustrator whose works includeAre You a Bromide? (1907) and Look Eleven Years Younger (1937). He also wrote the famous quatrain beginning "Have you ever seen a purple cow?” 伯吉斯，（弗兰克）吉利特：(1866-1951) 美国作家和插图画家，作品有《你是一个平凡人吗?》 （1907年）和 《照看十一岁的年轻人》 （1937年）。他还写了以“你曾经见过一只紫色的奶牛吗?”开头的著名的四行诗 〔Socrates〕Greek philosopher who initiated a question-and-answer method of teaching as a means of achieving self-knowledge. His theories of virtue and justice have survived through the writings of Plato, his most important pupil. Socrates was tried for corrupting the minds of Athenian youth and subsequently put to death (399).苏格拉底：希腊哲学家，首创了问答工教学方法，作为获得认识自我的一种方法。他关于道德和正义的理论，通过柏拉图（他最著名的学生）的著作而得以流传下来。苏格拉底因被指控毒害雅典年轻人的头脑而受到审判，并因此被处死（公元前339年）〔drudge〕"Out here on the Chesapeake,they call it ‘drudging for arsters,’”says Charles Kuralt in his bookOn the Road with Charles Kuralt. The standard English verbdredge is pronounced with a centralized vowel by Chesapeake Bay oyster fishermen, yielding drudge. Drudge in turn has been picked up by city dwellers on the Delmarva Peninsula;a survey of some young people from Baltimore revealed thatthey did not even know that there was a standard English verbdredge. Kuralt gives the regional pronunciation a whimsical folk etymology with the standard meaning ofdrudge, "to do tedious, menial, or unpleasant work,” observing, "Whatever you do for a living, it's not as hard as ‘drudging for arsters.’”在切萨皮克湾那边，他们把它称之为“为捕虾做苦工，”查尔斯·库洛特在他的与查尔斯·库洛特同游 一书中谈及。 标准英语动词dredge ，在发音时其元音被切萨皮克湾捕虾渔民发成中元音，随后产生 drudge。 Drudge 又被德尔马瓦半岛一城市居民吸收；对来自巴尔的摩的一部分年轻人的调查表明，他们甚至不知道有一个标准英语动词dredge 。 对具有标准含义的drudge “做单调、卑贱或无趣工作”，库洛特给出了一个稀奇古怪的民俗语源， 他说道，“无论你以何谋生，再没有比捕虾做的工更苦的了”〔nap〕The famous verse 4 in Psalm 121,rendered in the King James Version as "Behold, he that keepeth Israel shall neither slumber nor sleep,”is rendered in a Middle English translation as "Loo, ha shal not nappen ne slepen that kepeth ireal.”The wordnappen is indeed the Middle English ancestor of our wordnap. Lest it be thought undignified to say that God could nap,it must be realized that our wordnap was at one time not associated only with the younger and older members of society nor simply with short periods of rest.The ancestors of our word,Old Englishhnappian and its descendant, Middle Englishnappen, could both refer to prolonged periods of sleep as well as short ones and also, as in the quotation from Psalm 121, to sleepiness.But these senses have been lost.Since the word has become less dignified,we would not findnap used in a translation of Psalm 121 any longer. 圣经诗篇121中著名的第四节，在钦定圣经译本中记为“看吧，他，守卫以色列的人既不能熟睡也不能打盹，”在中世纪英语中被译为"Loo , ha shal not nappen ne slepen that kepeth ireal"。单词nappen 在中世纪英语中就存在， 是单词nap 的前身。 避免人们不尊敬地认为上帝也能打盹，我们必须认识到单词nap 某些时候不只是与社会中的年轻人和老年人相关， 当然它也不仅指短暂的休息。这个单词的前身，古英语中hnappian 及后来它的衍生词， 中世纪英语中的nappen 都能表示延长时间的睡眠及短暂的睡眠， 如同圣经诗篇121中的引语，表示小睡。但这些意思都已经失传了。因为这个单词逐渐变得不再神圣，我们已无法再找到nap 用于圣经诗篇121的翻译中的意思了 〔debt〕a young family always in debt.总是负债的年轻人的家庭〔critter〕Critter, a pronunciation spelling of creature, actually reflects a pronunciation that would have been very familiar to Shakespeare:16th- and 17th-century English had not yet begun to pronounce the-ture suffix with its modern (ch) sound. This archaic pronunciation still exists in regional Americancritter and in Irishcreature, pronounced (krāʹtŭr) and used in the same senses as the American regionalism. The most common meaning ofcritter is "a living creature,” whether wild or domestic; it also can mean "a child" when used as a term of sympathetic endearment,or it can mean "an unfortunate person.”In old-fashioned regional speech,critter and beast denoted a large domestic animal. The more restricted senses "a cow,” "a horse,” or "a mule" are still characteristic of the speech in specific regions of the United States.The use ofcritter among younger speakers almost always carries with it a jocular or informal connotation. Critter 是 creature 这一词的发音拼法， 实际上反映了一种莎士比亚极其通晓的发音法：16和17世纪的英语中还没有开始用现代英语中的(ch)音来发-ture 这一后缀的音。 这一古发音法仍存在于地区性美语critter 中， 而且在爱尔兰语中creature (kra'tur)的发音和用法与地区性美语相同。 critter 这一词的最通用的意思是“生物”，无论是野生的还是家养的； 作为昵称时，它可以作“小孩”解释；它还可以指“一个不幸运的人”。在老式的地区性语言中，critter 和 beast 意指大型的家畜。 它的更狭窄的含义“牛”、“马”或“驴”则仍然是美国某些特定地区的方言中的特有含义。年轻人对于critter 的用法则几乎总认为是带有恢谐或非正式的含义 〔footboy〕A youth employed as a servant or page.男仆：被雇为佣人或随从的年轻人〔adolescent〕A young person who has undergone puberty but who has not reached full maturity; a teenager.青少年：已经历青春发育期但未完全成熟的年轻人；十几岁的青少年〔puzzle〕"The old know what they want; the young are sad and bewildered" (Logan Pearsall Smith).Toconfound is to bewilder and astonish so that one becomes immobilized or loses one's equanimity: “老人们知到他们要什么；而年轻人则悲伤而困惑” （洛根·皮尔萨尔·史密斯）。Confound 是指某人迷惑和惊讶以至呆住或失去了镇静： 〔laddie〕A boy or young man; a lad.男孩或年轻人；少年〔lifestyle〕As such, the word has won the occasionally grudging acceptance of the Usage Panel.Fifty-three percent of the Panelists accepts the word in the sentenceBohemian attitudes toward conventional society have been outstripped and outdated by the lifestyles of millions of young people, and fully 70 percent accepts the word in the sentenceSalaries in the Bay Area may be higher, but it may cost employees as much as 30 percent more to maintain their lifestyles, where the economic context makes more apparent the need for a word that denotes categories based on consumption practices.基于这些，这个词获得了用法委员会偶尔略显勉强的承认。53%的专家小组成员接受这个词在句子千百万年轻人的生活方式超越了对于传统社会的放荡不羁的态度，并使之过时 中的用法， 70%的专家小组成员接受其在句子旧金山湾地区的薪水可能高一些，但员工们需要多于30%的薪水来维持其生活 中的使用。 在这里，简练的语境明显地需要一个基于消费习惯的表示分类的词〔distressed〕the distressed parents of wayward youths.为任性的年轻人而苦恼的双亲〔corrupt〕a youth debauched by drugs and drink;沉迷于吸毒和酗酒的年轻人；〔Krishna〕The eighth and principal avatar of Vishnu, often depicted as a handsome young man playing a flute.克利须那，黑天：毗湿奴的第八个和主要的化身，经常被描绘成一个吹笛的英俊年轻人〔uhlan〕from Turkish oǧlan [youth] 源自 土耳其语 oǧlan [年轻人] 〔yersiniosis〕An intestinal disease with symptoms resembling those of appendicitis, occurring chiefly in children and young adults and caused by a species of yersinia(Yersinia enterocolitica) that infects human beings and animals. 耶尔森氏鼠疫杆菌肠道病：一种症状类似于阑尾炎的肠内疾病，多发于孩子或年轻人身上，是由能感染人类和动物的一种耶尔森氏菌（小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌） 引起 〔showcase〕"I feel great because Project Excellence is going to honor, to showcase, these youngsters who have risen above ridicule, hung in against myriad handicaps, and shown that they can be the best" (Carl T. Rowan).“我感到很高兴，因为杰出人才计划将给予这些年轻人荣誉，使他们一展风采。他们冷对嘲讽，不畏巨大的困难，并证明他们可以成为最佳的” （卡尔·T·劳恩）。〔burden〕sitting still, a trial to the very young;长期地坐着，令这个年轻人很伤脑筋；〔impressionable〕impressionable young people.易受影响的年轻人〔unformed〕"a headstrong, unformed young man"(Rod Nordland)“一位任性的不成熟的年轻人”(罗德·诺尔兰)〔turn〕"In the spring a young man's fancy lightly turns to thoughts of love"(Tennyson)“在春天，年轻人的想象力很容易转移到关于爱情的遐想上去了”(坦尼森)〔housemother〕A woman employed as supervisor or housekeeper of a residence hall for young people.女舍监：受雇管理和看守年轻人的住所的女性〔stripling〕An adolescent youth.青年：一个年轻人〔adaptive〕created adaptive clothing for children and young adults with special needs.为有特殊要求的儿童或年轻人创造适应的布匹〔hoodlum〕A tough, often aggressive or violent young man.小阿飞：强壮，好斗或暴力的年轻人〔counterculture〕A culture, especially of young people, with values or lifestyles in opposition to those of the established culture.反正统文化：（尤指年轻人的）一种具有与正统文化相对立的价值观和生活方式的文化〔accidental〕"The court tries to understand ‘whether the young man's misconduct was adventitious or the result of some serious flaw in his character’” (Harry F. Rosenthal). “法庭想弄明白这个年轻人的错误行为是偶然犯下的还是他性格中固有的缺陷造成的” （哈利·F·洛桑塔尔）〔go〕Go has long been used to describe the production of nonlinguistic noises, as inThe train went "toot.” The cow goes "moo.” In recent years, however,younger speakers have extended this use ofgo to the report of speech, as inThen he goes, "You think you're real smart, don't you.” For speakers young enough to get away with it,this usage serves a useful purpose in informal spoken narrative as an explicit indicator of a direct quotation, particularly when the speaker wishes to mimic the accent or intonation of the original spoken source.Largely restricted to the "narrative present" used in vivid description,it is highly inappropriate in formal speech or writing.Go 很久以来用来描述非语言学上的发声， 如在火车发出“突突”声， 牛“哞哞”地叫。 然而，近些年来，年轻的演讲者把go 的这一用法运用到演讲报告中去了， 如在接着他说道，“你认为你 的确 聪明，是吗？” 。 由于年轻人太年轻了而被人们忽视了这一误用，这一用法在非正式口语中作为直接引语的明显的指示词起到十分有益的作用，尤其在说话者想模仿原口语材料的重音或语调时，这一作用更明显。主要用于生动形象的“描述”里，限于陈述句现在时中，在正式的演讲或书面语中十分不适用〔lad〕A young man; a youth.年轻人；小伙子〔distraction〕loved the puppy to distraction.爱狂妄自大的年轻人爱得发狂〔pup〕a mere pup who had to be put in her place.不得不放在她的位置上的年轻人〔confirmation〕A ceremony in Judaism that marks the completion of a young person's religious training.犹太教仪式：犹太教一种表明年轻人已受过完整宗教训练的仪式〔Meshach〕In the Old Testament, a young man who with Abednego and Shadrach emerged unharmed from the fiery furnace of Babylon.米煞：圣经《旧约》中的一个年轻人，他与亚伯尼哥和沙得拉从巴比伦的烈火熊熊的炉中走出而未受伤〔yob〕A rowdy, destructive youth; a hooligan or ruffian.粗鲁的年轻人，小流氓：粗暴的、搞破坏的年轻人；流氓或无赖〔youngster〕A young person; a child or youth.年轻人；孩子或青年 |
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