| 单词 | 广大 |
| 释义 | 〔Wigglesworth〕English-born American cleric and poet whose works include the popular poemThe Day of Doom (1662). 威格尔斯沃思，迈克尔：(1631-1705) 英裔美国牧师和诗人，他的作品包括受广大人民喜欢的诗歌《世界末日》 （1662年） 〔latifundio〕A large landed estate in Spain or Latin America.大领土，广大耕地：在西班牙或拉丁美洲拥有的大片土地〔Hitler〕Austrian-born founder of the German Nazi Party and chancellor of the Third Reich (1933-1945). His fascist philosophy, embodied inMein Kampf (1925-1927), attracted widespread support, and after 1934 he ruled as an absolute dictator. Hitler's pursuit of aggressive nationalist policies resulted in the invasion of Poland (1939) and the subsequent outbreak of World War II. His regime was infamous for the extermination of millions of people, especially European Jews. He committed suicide when the collapse of the Third Reich was imminent (1945). 希特勒，阿道夫：(1889-1945) 奥地利裔德国纳粹党的创始人，曾任第三帝国(1933-1945年）的总理，他的法西斯哲学主要体现在《我的奋斗》 （1925-1927年）一书中，并得到广大的支持，1934后成为全权独裁者。他执行的侵略性民族主义国家政策，造成了对波兰的入侵和随后的第二次世界大战的爆发，他因对尤其是欧洲犹太人等数百万人口的灭绝政策而臭名昭彰，并于第三帝国即将崩溃时(1945年）自杀 〔wanigan〕Wanigan is apparently borrowed from Ojibwa waanikaan, "storage pit,” from the verbwaanikkee-, "to dig a hole in the ground.” Nineteenth-century citations in theOxford English Dictionary indicate that the word was then associated chiefly with the speech of Maine. It denoted a storage chest containing small supplies for a lumber camp,a boat outfitted to carry such supplies,or, as in Algonquian, the camp equipment and provisions.In Alaska, on the western edge of the vast territory inhabited by Algonquian-speaking tribes,the same word was borrowed into English to indicate a little temporary hut, usually built on a log raft to be towed to wherever men were working. According to Russell Tabbert of the University of Alaska,wanigan is still used in the northernmost regions of Alaska to mean "a small house, bunkhouse, or shed mounted on skids" to be dragged along behind a tractor train as a place for a work crew to eat and sleep. However, Tabbert notes that in southeast Alaska, where mobile homes are a common option for housing,wanigan now means an addition built onto a trailer house for extra living or storage space. Classified advertisements for trailer homes frequently mentionwanigans. Wanigan 很显然是从奥吉布瓦语 waanikdan 而来， “储物处”从动词waanikkee （意为“在地上挖洞”）而来。 牛津英语词典 里的19世纪的引文表明，该词当时主要与缅因语相连。 它指示供应木料营地用的贮物箱，载有供应品的小船，或如在阿尔贡金语中所指的宿营装备或供应品。在阿拉斯加讲阿尔贡金语部族居住的广大土地西端，该词被借入到英语中，表示一个通常是建在木筏上的临时性小屋，每当人们搬迁的时候就将其拽走。根据阿拉斯加大学的拉塞尔·泰伯特所言，wanigan 仍然用于阿拉斯加最北部地区，意为用牵引车牵引着的供一工作组食宿的“建于轮子上的小房子、工房或工棚”。 但是泰伯特指出，在阿拉斯加东南部常选择活动房作为住所，wanigan 现在的意思是供额外居住或贮存用的一个活动房屋的附加物。 关于活动房屋的分类广告经常提到wanigans 〔Saarland〕A region of southwest Germany in the Saar River valley on the border with France. Because of its extensive coal deposits, it was long contested between Germany and France, especially after World War I, when the League of Nations assigned the administration of the newly formedSaar Territory to France. After a 1935 plebiscite Saarland became a German province, but it was again placed under French control in 1945. The notion of an autonomous Saarland was rejected by the populace in 1955, and the region officially became a state of West Germany in 1957. 萨尔州：德国西南部一地区，位于与法国交界处萨尔河谷内。因其广为分布的煤矿资源，德国和法国对它进行了长期争夺，尤其是第一次世界大战后国际联盟规定了新形成的萨尔边界 的行政管理归法国后争夺加剧。1935年公民投票后萨尔州成为德国一个省，但1945年又受控于法国。1955年广大民众拒绝了萨尔州自治的提法，1957年该州正式成为西德的一个州 〔Burgundy〕A historical region and former province of eastern France. The area was first organized into a kingdom by the Burgundii in the 5th centurya.d. At the height of its later power in the 14th and 15th centuries, Burgundy controlled vast territories in present-day Netherlands, Belgium, and northeast France. It was incorporated into the French crown lands by Louis XI in 1477. 勃艮第：法国东部一个历史上的地区，从前是法国的一个省。公元 5世纪该地区首先由勃艮第建立王国。在14和15世纪，勃艮第势力达到顶峰的时期，它曾控制了现在的荷兰、比利时和法国东北部的广大区域。在1477年被路易十一并入法国皇家领地 〔basin〕A broad tract of land in which the rock strata are tilted toward a common center.盆地：岩层向共同的中心倾斜的广大陆地区域〔vegetable〕When the speaker in Andrew Marvell's "To his Coy Mistress" tells his mistressthat "Had we but world enough, and time . . . /My vegetable love should grow/Vaster than empires and more slow,” he "makes one think of pumpkins and eternity in one breath,”as one critic has playfully suggested.However,vegetable in this case is used figuratively in the sense, "having the property of life and growth, as does a plant.”This use is based on the ancient religious and philosophical notion of the tripartite soul as interpreted by the Scholastics:thevegetative soul common to plants, animals, and humans; thesensitive soul common to animals and humans; and therational soul, found only in humans. “ Vegetable love" in Marvell's poem is thus a love that grows, takes nourishment, and reproduces,although it grows slowly.Marvell's use illustrates the original sense ofvegetable, first recorded in the 15th century.In a work published in 1582 we find recorded for the first time the adjective use ofvegetable familiar to us, "having to do with plants.” In a work of the same date appears the first instance ofvegetable as a noun, meaning "a plant.” It is not until the 18th century that we find the noun and adjective used in the more restricted way associated with the injunction "Eat your vegetables.”当安德鲁·马韦尔的“致他的羞涩情人”一诗中的说话者告诉他的情人 “如果我们有足够的世界和时间…/我的植物一样的爱会生长得/比帝国更广大、更慢”时，他“使人想起了南瓜以及一息之间的永恒，”某个批评家开玩笑似地说。然而，在这个情况下vegetable 是被用于比喻意义上的， 意思是“象植物一样具有生命和生长的性质”。这一用法是基于由经院哲学家所释的三重灵魂的古代宗教和哲学观念之上的：vegetative 的灵魂为植物、动物和人类共有； sensitive 的灵魂为动物和人类共有； 而rational 的灵魂却只存在于人类中。 因此马韦尔诗中的“植物的爱”是一种生长的、吸取营养并繁殖的爱，但是它长得很慢。马韦尔的这一用法指示了vegetable 的原先的含义， 最早记录于15世纪。在一部出版于1582年的作品中，我们第一次找到了已为我们熟悉的vegetable 一词的形容词用法的记录，意思是“与植物有关的”。 在同一时期的另一部作品中，出现了vegetable 作为名词用的第一个例子，意思是“植物”。 直到18世纪，我们才发现该名词和形容词被用于与“吃你的蔬菜”这一命令相关的更受限制的方式中〔Ngami〕A lake of northern Botswana north of the Kalahari Desert. The marshy lake covered an extensive area during the Pleistocene epoch but was greatly reduced in size during the 1880's, when papyrus growth blocked the mouth of its main tributary.恩加密湖：博茨瓦纳北部的一个湖，位于卡拉哈里沙漠北部。这个沼泽湖在更新世时代覆盖了广大的面积但在19世纪80年代大为缩小，因为纸莎草的生长阻塞了它的主要支流的入口〔mountain〕Abbr. mt.,Mt.,mtn.,Mtn.A natural elevation of the earth's surface having considerable mass, generally steep sides, and a height greater than that of a hill.缩写 mt.,Mt.,mtn.,Mtn.山：自然形成的高出于地面的一块高地，占地广大，通常外侧陡峻且比丘陵要高〔Macon〕A city of central Georgia southeast of Atlanta. Settled in the early 1820's, it is a processing, industrial, and educational center in an extensive farm area. Population, 106,612.梅肯：美国乔治亚州中部城市，位于亚特兰大的东南部。落成于19世纪20年代初，在周围广大农业区中是一个加工、工业和教育中心。人口106,612〔undecided〕"Will this joint interview make up minds among the vast throng of undecideds?”(William Safire)“这次联合会见是否能让广大犹疑不定的选民作出决定呢?”(威廉·萨菲尔)〔wilderness〕Something characterized by bewildering vastness, perilousness, or unchecked profusion:令人困惑的东西：以令人迷惑的广大、危险四伏或没有扼制的浪费为特点的东西：〔macroclimate〕The climate of a large geographic area.大气候：广大地理区域内的气候〔llano〕A large, grassy, almost treeless plain, especially one in Latin America.大平原：尤指南美洲广大、多草、几乎无树的平原〔rangeland〕An expanse of land suitable for livestock to wander and graze on.放牧地，牧场：一片适宜于牲畜游荡和进食的广大土地〔Diderot〕French philosopher and writer whose supreme accomplishment was his work on theEncyclopédie (1751-1772), which epitomized the spirit of Enlightenment thought. He also wrote novels, plays, critical essays, and brilliant letters to a wide circle of friends and colleagues. 迪德洛特，丹尼斯：(1713-1784) 法国哲学家和作家，他的最大成就是著作《百科全书》 （1751-1772年）。此书概括了18世纪启蒙运动的精神。他还写了小说、剧本、评论论文集以及给广大范围的朋友和同事的才华横溢的书信 〔spacious〕Generous or large in area or extent; roomy.宽敞的：在区域或范围上广大或宽阔的；广博的〔vasty〕Vast.广大的；广阔的〔comprise〕"The word ‘politics’ . . . comprises, in itself, a difficult study of no inconsiderable magnitude"(Charles Dickens)See Synonyms at include “‘政治学’这个词本身就包含了复杂广大的学问”(查尔斯·狄更斯) 参见 include〔amplitude〕Greatness of size; magnitude.广大，广阔：尺寸宽大；数量大〔extensive〕Large in extent, range, or amount.广大的，广阔的：广度的，大范围的，大量的〔spectrum〕A broad sequence or range of related qualities, ideas, or activities:系列，范围，幅度：相关质量、概念或活动的广大范围：〔imperial〕Ruling over extensive territories or over colonies or dependencies:宗主国的：统治广大领土或殖民地、自治地的：〔vast〕Very great in area or extent; immense.广阔的：在区域或宽度上很大的；广大的〔Chipewyan〕A Native American people made up of numerous autonomous bands inhabiting a large area of northern Canada north of the Churchill River. Formerly nomadic caribou hunters, the Chipewyan became settled fur traders during the 18th century.奇佩维安部落：一支由许多独立自治的团体组成美洲土著部落，居住在加拿大北部丘吉尔河以北的广大地域上，奇佩维安人原为捕猎北美驯鹿的游牧猎人，18世纪时定居下来并成为贩卖毛皮的人〔epipelagic〕Of or relating to the part of the oceanic zone into which enough sunlight enters for photosynthesis to take place.光合作用带的：与能够获得足够阳光以发生光合作用的广大区域有关的〔left〕The people and groups who advocate liberal, often radical measures to effect change in the established order, especially in politics, usually to achieve the equality, freedom, and well-being of the common citizens of a state. Also called left wing 左派人士，激进分子：拥护自由、经常采取激进的措施来影响现存秩序的变革的人或群体，尤指政治领域，经常是为了争取一个国家内广大国民的平等、自由及安康 也作 left wing〔immensity〕The quality or state of being immense.巨大，广大：巨大的状态或性质〔hopefully〕And though this use ofhopefully may have been a vogue word when it first gained currency 30 years ago, it has long since lost any taint of jargon or pretentiousness for the general reader.The well-attested acceptance of the usage reflects an implicit popular recognition of its usefulness;there is no precise substitute.Someone who saysHopefully, the treaty will be ratified makes a hopeful prediction about the fate of the treaty,whereas someone who saysI hope (or We hope or It is hoped ) the treaty will be ratified expresses a bald statement about what is desired. Only the latter could be continued with a clause such asbut it isn't likely. · It might have been expected, then, that the initial flurry of objections tohopefully would have subsided once the usage became well established. Instead, increased currency of the usage appears only to have made the critics more adamant.In the 1969 Usage Panel survey the usage was acceptable to 44 percent of the Panel;in the most recent survey it was acceptable to only 27 percent.(By contrast, 60 percent accepted the analogous use ofmercifully in the sentence Mercifully, the game ended before the opponents could add another touchdown to the lopsided score. ) Yet the Panel has not shown any signs of becoming generally more conservative:in the very same survey panelists were disposed to accept once-vilified usagessuch as the employment ofcontact and host as verbs. · It seems that this use ofhopefully has been made a litmus test, which distinguishes writers who take an active interest in questions of grammar or usage from the great mass of people who keep their own linguistic counsel.No one can be blamed who useshopefully in blithe ignorance of the critics' disdain for it, since the rule could not be derived from any general concern for clarity or precision.But writers who are aware of the critical controversy face a more delicate decision.Some will simply flout the rule,seeing no reason that they should be deprived of a useful construction.Others may choose to avoid the usage,whether they are motivated by discretion or civility. ·Like other sentence adverbs such asbluntly and happily, hopefully may occasionally be ambiguous. In the sentenceHopefully, the company has launched a new venture, the word hopefully might be construed as describing the point of view of either the speaker or the subject. Such ambiguities can be resolved either by repositioning the adverb (as inThe company has launched the new venture hopefully ) or by choosing a paraphrase ( One may hope that the company has launched the new venture ). 尽管hopefully 的这一用法在30年前首次通用的时候曾是个时兴词， 但对于广大读者来说它早已失去了俚语或矫饰的色彩。屡经证实的对这一用法的接受反映了对其实用性的普遍默认；而且并不存在其他精确的代用词。有人如果说但愿条约能被批准 ， 便是对条约的命运作了充满希望的预测，反之如果有人说我希望 （或 我们希望 或 希望 ) 条约将会被批准 则表达了对其期望之物的大胆声明。 只有后者可以接从句象但这不大可能 。 也许我们本可以期待当这一用法已变得根深蒂固之后， 对hopefully 的一片反对声可稍事平息。 然而，这一用法的流行似乎反而使批评家们更为坚定。在1969年用法调查使用小组的调查中44%的成员接受这一用法；在最近一次的调查中却只有27%的成员接受。（相比之下，60%的人接受mercifully 在句子 幸好，在对手能够给这一边倒的比分再加上一分之前，比赛就结束了 中的类似用法） 但是并没有任何迹象表明调查小组成员正在普遍变得更保守：在同一次调查中小组成员们倾向于接受被一度废除的某些用法，如把contact 和 host 用作动词看来。 似乎hopefully 的用法已经成了一块试金石， 它把对语法和用法怀有浓厚兴趣的作家和保留着他们自己的语言学顾问的广大民众区分开来。那些全然忽视批评家们的蔑视使用hopefully 的人不该受到指责， 因为规则并不来源于任何对清晰和精确的关注。但是意识到了批评界争议的作者们面对着一个更为微妙的决定。有些人干脆违反规则，他们认为没有理由要失去这么一个实用的结构。另外一些人则选择避免这一用法，无论其动机是出于谨慎还是出于礼貌。象许多其它句中副词如bluntly 和 happily一样，hopefully 经常出现歧义。 在下句 Hopefully, the company has launched a new venture 中， hopefully 一词可以解释为记述说话者的观点或者句中主语的观点。 这种歧义可以通过调换副词位置（如公司已经满怀希望地到办了一个新企业 )或选择另一种说法( 有人希望这个公司已经创办了一个新企业 )来消除 〔disperse〕To strew or distribute widely:传播：使广大地散布或散发：〔empire〕A political unit having an extensive territory or comprising a number of territories or nations and ruled by a single supreme authority.帝国：一个政治单位，具有广大的领土或由许多领土或民族所组成并且由单一的最高权力所统治 |
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