| 单词 | 广泛 |
| 释义 | 〔saving〕There is a widespread tendency to use the formsavings as a singular, as reflected in compounds such assavings account and savings bond ( note by contrast that one would not form compounds likeinvestments account, using an unambiguous plural). But the phrasea savings, though increasingly common, remains unacceptable to 57 percent of the Usage Panel;a saving is the only uncontroversial form. 有将savings 作为单数使用的普及的趋势， 如复合词savings account（储蓄帐户） 和 savings bond（储蓄债券） ( 注意到相比较之下，用并非模棱两可的复数形式是不能组成如investments account 的复合词的）。 但是短语a savings 虽然使用得日渐广泛， 但词语用法小组57%的成员仍不能接受；a saving 仍是不引起争论的唯一形式 〔rather〕This use ofhad was once widely criticized as a mistake, the result of a misanalysis of the contraction in sentences such asI'd rather stay. But it is in fact a survival of the subjunctive formhad that appears in constructions like had better and had best, as in 这种对had 的使用曾经招致广泛的批评， 人们认为这是由于对I'd rather stay 这句话简略形式的误解所致。 但实际上这是对例如在had better 或 had best 中 had 虚拟用法的延用，我们能说： 〔parent〕The Usage Panel is better disposed to accept the verbparent than in previous surveys, though a majority continues to find it unacceptable.In 1968 it was acceptable to only 19 percent of the Panel;in the most recent survey45 percent accepted it in the sentenceIn looking for foster homes, we give preference first to relatives and second to families with prior experience in parenting. · The use of the verbparent to mean "act as a parent to" is not entirely new:it occurs as early as 1884 in a metaphorical context.But its use in a literal sense with respect to children is a recent development and reflects a modern reconceptualization of family life.The word is not completely synonymous with the traditional expressionraise a child, though the precise nature of the differences may depend on the context.For some speakers,use of the word suggests a self-conscious shift from child to parent as the focus of the parental relationship,and it may be this implication that feeds critical reservations about the verb.But the usage also reflects a widespread practical realizationthat the activities required of a parent extend well beyond the direct interactionwith the child emphasized inchild raising. Thus theparenting classes for young parents offered by schools and state agencies encompass not only the activities traditionally associated with raising a childbut also topics such as personal self-sufficiency, household financial management, and methods of dealing with schools and health care agencies.See Usage Note at father 用法小组比以往更倾向于接受动词parent 了， 虽然还有大部分人觉得不可接受。1968年仅有19％的小组成员认同这种用法；在最近的调查中，有45％的人接受了它,如在：在寻找收养家庭时，我们首先选孩子的亲戚，其次是有过养育孩子经历的家庭 这样的句子中的用法。 Parent 的意为“做…的父（母）”动词用法， 并不完全是个新用法：早在1884年，在一个比喻性的文章中就出现过了。但就孩子这方面而言，它的本义是近期发展的结果并反映了现代家庭生活的观念。这个词并不与习语 raise a child 完全同义， 尽管不同之处确切的性质可能取决于说话背景。但对一些人来说，使用这个词暗含一个把家长的关系作为重点的自觉的从孩子到父母的转换，也许正是这个隐含的用意引起了关于这个动词批评性的保留。然而，这个用法也反映了广泛的现实认识，即要求父母的活动扩展到超出直接与孩子的相互作用，这个相互作用在 child raising 这个短语中有所强调。 因此，由学校和国家专门部门向年轻家长提供的 parenting 课， 不仅包括传统上与抚养孩子有关的事务，而且还包括诸如个人自给自足、家庭财政管理和同学校和保健部门打交道的方法等课题 参见 father〔wholesale〕Extensively; indiscriminately.广泛地；大规模地〔Chibchan〕A member of a widely scattered Indian people of Colombia and Central America.奇布查人：哥伦比亚和中美洲的一支广泛分布的印第安人部落的成员〔Henry〕American physicist who performed extensive studies of electromagnetic phenomena.亨利，约瑟夫：(1791-1878) 美国物理学家，对电磁现象有广泛的研究〔sucrose〕A crystalline disaccharide carbohydrate, C12H 22O 11, found in many plants but extracted as ordinary sugar mainly from sugar cane and sugar beets, widely used as a sweetener or preservative and in the manufacture of plastics and cellulose. Also called saccharose 蔗糖：一种水溶性、二糖类碳水化合物，C12H 22O 11，天然存在于许多植物中，但主要从甘蔗和甜菜中提取作为普通糖，广泛地作用增甜剂或防腐剂，也用于塑料和纤维素的制作过程 也作 saccharose〔globulin〕Any of a class of proteins found extensively in blood plasma, milk, muscle, and plant seeds that are insoluble in pure water, soluble in dilute salt solution, and coagulable by heat.球蛋白：一类蛋白，广泛见于血浆、奶、肌肉和植物种子中，不溶于纯水，溶于稀盐溶液，受热凝聚〔party〕Party is unexceptionable when used to refer to a participant in a social arrangement, as inShe was not named as a party in the conspiracy. It is this sense that underlies the legal use of the term,as when one speaks of theparties to a contract. The legal use has in turn led to the presence of the word in many fixed expressions,such asinjured party and third party. Butparty is also widely used as a general substitute for person, as inWould all parties who left packages at the desk please reclaim their property. This usage has been established for many centuries,but in the Victorian era it came to be associated with the language of the semieducated(theOxford English Dictionary describes it as "shoppy"), and it has been the subject of many later criticisms.This use ofparty may have been reinforced by its modern adoption by telephone operators. In other contexts,when used in earnest,it may be perceived as a superfluous variant forperson. But the jocular use of the term is well established,particular in references such asa wise old party. Party 用作指一项社会活动的参与者是很常见的， 如她不是这一阴谋的参与者。 正是这一意义构成了这一词的法律用法，如人们说及 parties to a contract 。 这种法律用法反过来又使得这一词出现在许多固定的短语中，如injured party 和 third party。 但party 也被广泛地用于对 person 的泛称， 如在所有将包裹放在桌子上的人请来认领他们的东西。 这种用法已确立了许多个世纪，但在维多利亚时代，它开始与受过部分教育的人的语言联系起来（牛津英语词典 把它描述为“三句话不离本行的”）， 并且它已成为后来许多批判家批评的对象。Party 的这一用法由于话务员的经常采用而被强化了。 在其它的上下文中，当用于严肃的场合时，它可以被视作是person 不必要的变体。 但这一词诙谐的用法确立已久，尤其在提及如一个精明的老人 时 〔comeback〕Wide ties are making a comeback this year.今年恢复了广泛的联系〔lawyer〕 Lawyer is the general and most comprehensive termfor one authorized to give legal advice to clients and to plead cases in a court of law: Lawyer 是最普通和广泛的术语，用来指授权给委托人提供法律咨询并在法庭上为其辩护的人： 〔chinaberry〕A deciduous Asian tree(Melia azedarach), widely cultivated and naturalized in the southern United States and having bipinnately compound leaves, clusters of purplish flowers, and yellow, globose, poisonous fruits. Also called China tree 楝：产于亚洲的落叶乔木（楝树 楝属）, ，有二回羽养复叶、紫色花簇以及黄色球形、有毒的果实，在美国南部被广泛引种栽培 也作 China tree〔agin〕The spelling ofagin reflects both the raised vowel before a nasal consonant, typical of Southern dialects, and a reduced final consonant cluster, typical of several regional varieties.Agin has a wide spectrum of senses in the regional speech of those who pronounce it this way. Indeed, these regional senses are tied to the pronunciation,for standard Englishagainst does not quite capture the full implication of the assertion "I'm agin him" — that is, "opposed to him and all that he stands for.”Another regional sense recalls the original literal Old English sense of "facing; next to" (see the first four senses ofagainst in the Oxford English Dictionary), where standard English would haveby: Their house is agin the mountain.Agin may be used figuratively with regard to time chiefly in South Midland dialects,meaning "by or before (a specified time)”: "I'll be there agin daylight" (North Carolina informant in DARE).词汇agin 的拼写既反映了典型的南部方言──鼻辅音前的元音的提高， 又反映了压缩的后辅音群──几种典型的地方变体的特征。Agin 在它被如此发音的地方方言有广泛的意思。 确实，这些地域意义是和读音联系在一起的，因为标准英语中against 没有完全表达 "I'm agin him" 所隐含的意义── 即“反对他及他所代表的一切。”另外一个地域意义使人想起古英语中最初的文学用语“面对；紧靠着”（参阅《牛津英语词典》中against 的前四个释义）， 而在标准英语中应该用by： 傍山而建的房屋。Agin 主要在中南部方言中可以比喻地用来表示时间，意思是“到或在…（特定时间）前”： “天亮前我可到达” （美国区域英语词典的北卡罗来纳提供资料者）〔clove〕An evergreen tree(Syzygium aromaticum) native to the Moluccas and widely cultivated in warm regions for its aromatic dried flower buds. 丁香树：一种常绿树木（丁香 蒲桃属） ，原产摩鹿加群岛，因其芳香的干花苞而被广泛种于温暖地带 〔flavonoid〕Any of a large group of plant substances that includes the anthocyanins.黄酮类化合物：包括花色素苷等广泛分布于植物中的一种物质〔large〕Of greater than average scope, breadth, or capacity; comprehensive.较大的，全面的：比平均范围、宽度或容量大的；广泛的〔correct〕Reform implies broad change that alters form or character for the better: Reform 意味着改善形状或特点的广泛变化： 〔lightwood〕There are a number of regional equivalents for small pieces of easily ignited wood used to start a fire,what Standard English callskindling. Lightwood, derived from the verbto light (a fire), probably originated in Virginia, according to Craig M. Carver inAmerican Regional Dialects, and is now used throughout the South Midland.Fat pine, fatwood, and rich pine all refer to the resinous pine native to the Gulf States. The resin makes even a small sliver of the wood easily kindled.有很多种对于用来引火的小片易燃木材的地方称呼，用标准的英语称为kindling。 Lightwood 是从动词点（火） 衍生来的， 根据克雷格·M·卡弗尔的美国各地方言 一书，它可能出自弗吉尼亚州， 但现在广泛用于中南部内陆。Fat pine， fatwood 和 rich pine 都是指墨西哥湾沿岸各洲土生的树脂松树。 由于有树脂，即使一小块木片也很容易点燃〔showcase〕Like other show business jargon,such as the verb use ofpremiere, this usage is properly exempt from criticism; we expect from P.T. Barnum a measure of exaggeration and grammatical license that we might not accept in other kinds of linguistic commerce.But since its inception in the 1940's, the verb has acquired a wider pattern of use.It is applied to the exposure of athletes and to the display of products: 象其它一些商业演出用语一样，如premiere 的这种动词用法一般不会招致批评； 我们希望能从P·T·巴纳姆那里得到一种夸张的尺寸以及一张我们无法在其它形式的语言交流中接受的语法许可证。但是从本世纪四十年代这个动词首次出现以来，它已经获得了更广泛的运用领域。它用来指运动员的亮相以及产品的展示： 〔snoek〕A large, small-scaled marine food fish(Thyristes atun) of the family Gempylidae, widely distributed in the Southern Hemisphere. 杖鱼：蛇鲭科中的一种体大鳞小的海生食用鱼（丈鱼） ，广泛分布于南半球 〔choice〕 Choice implies broadly the freedom to choose from a set, as of persons or things: Choice 广泛地指从一组人或物中进行选择的自由： 〔approve〕These verbs mean to express a favorable opinion or to signify satisfaction or acceptance.Though approve, the most widely applicable, often means simply to consider right or good (knew my parents wouldn't approve of what I had done), it can also denote official consent: 这些动词意指表达一种赞扬的意见或表明满意或接受。虽然 approve 应用最为广泛，常意味着简单地认为正确或好的（知道我父母不会赞成我所做的）， 它也可指明官方的同意： 〔enormity〕the world really become aware of the enormity of Pol Pot's oppression. Fifty-nine percent of the Usage Panel rejects the use ofenormity in the more general sense in the sentenceAt that point the engineers sat down to design an entirely new viaduct, apparently undaunted by the enormity of their task. This distinction betweenenormity and enormousness has not always existed historically, but nowadays many observe it.Writers who ignore it in phrases such asthe enormity of the President's election victory or the enormity of her inheritance may find their words an unintended source of amusement.整个世界也才注意到波尔布特高压政策的穷凶极恶。 用法使用小组的59％成员都反对在如下句子里将enormity 该词用于更广泛的意义， 如在句子当坐下来开始设计一座全新的高架桥时，很明显地工程师们对他们所面临的艰巨工作无所畏惧 中。 这种enomity 和 enormousness 间的差异并不总是在历史上存在， 但现在很多人都观察到了这一点。那些在例如总统竞选的巨大胜利 或 她的巨额遗产 这些短语中忽略了该差异的作者们， 很可能会发现他们的词语无意中变成逗乐趣事的来源〔plead〕In strict legal usage,one is said toplead guilty or plead not guilty but not to plead innocent. In nonlegal contexts, however,plead innocent is well established. 在严格的法律用语中，可以说一个人 plead guilty 或 plead not guilty， 但不能用 plead innocent。 然而在非法律文章中 plead innocent 却得到广泛确认 〔senile〕In earlier writings one finds phrases such as "asenile maturity of judgment" and "green and vigorous senility, ” demonstrating that these two words have not always been burdened with their current negative connotations. Senile and senility are examples of pejoration, the process by which a word's meaning changes for the worse over time.Even thoughsenile (first recorded in 1661) and senility (first recorded in 1778) initially had neutral senses such as "pertaining to old age,” it is probable that the weakness (in particular the mental weakness) that sometimes accompanies old age eventually caused negative senses to predominate.Certainly some pejorative associations were present in Latinsenīlis, "relating to an old man, aged,” the ultimate source of both words, and in related Latin words such assenēscere, which could mean "to deteriorate with age.” But it seems that pejorative associations have taken over these words in English through general usage,perhaps because average life expectancy has risen steadily over the years.在较早的文学作品中人们可以找到形如“判断力Senile（老练） 成熟”和“精力旺盛的有魄力的 Senility（老态龙钟） ”的短语，表明这两个词一直没有表示他们流行的消极的含义。 Senile 和 senility 是词义转贬的范例， 即一个词的意思随时间变化变得越来越坏。尽管senile （首次记载于1661年）和 senility （首次记载于1778年）最初具有中性的意义，例如“关于老年的”， 可能是伴随老年出现的衰弱（特别是智力衰弱）最终导致了反面的意思居支配地位。当然有一些词义转贬的联系表现在拉丁文中的senilis （“关于老人的，老年的”），是这两个词的最早的词源， 和与之相关的拉丁词如senecer ，意为“随年纪恶化”。 但是看起来在英语中通过广泛的使用词义转贬的联系已经取代了这些词，可能是由于平均估计寿命随时代发展稳步上升〔citrus〕Any of various evergreen, usually spiny shrubs or trees of the genusCitrus, such as the grapefruit, lemon, or orange, native to southern and southeast Asia, having leathery, aromatic, unifoliolate compound leaves and widely cultivated for their juicy, edible fruits that have a leathery, aromatic rind. 柑橘属果树：一种柑橘属 的常绿、通常带刺的灌木，例如葡萄柚、柠檬或柑桔，原产于南亚和东南亚，有坚韧、芳香、具有一小叶的复叶，因其结硬皮、芳香、多汁的可食用果实而得到广泛栽植 〔prioritize〕It can be argued thatprioritize serves a useful function in providing a single word to mean "arrange according to priority,” but like many other recent formations with-ize, it is widely regarded as corporate or bureaucratic jargon.In an earlier survey,prioritize was unacceptable to the great majority of the Usage Panel. See Usage Note at -ize 人们当然可以争论prioritize 在提供一个单字以表示“按优先次序排列”上的有用功能， 但是象许多其他新近形成的以-ize 结尾的词一样， 它被广泛地认为是公司或官僚主义的行话。在较早的一次调查中发现，用法专题使用小组中绝大多数认为prioritize 不可接受 参见 -ize〔quote〕As a transitive verbquote is appropriately used to describe the use of an exact wording drawn from another source. When the original source is paraphrased or alluded to,the more general termcite is usually preferable. · The nounquote is well established as a truncation of quotation, though many critics regard it as unduly journalistic or breezy.As such, it is best avoided in formal literary discussions.The use of the noun was acceptable to only 38 percent of the Usage Panel in the sentenceHe began the chapter with a quote from the Bible. But the usage is less objectionable in informal contexts or in reference to less august sources;the word was acceptable to 53 percent of the Panel in the sentenceHe lightened up his talk by throwing in quotes from Marx Brothers movies. · The nounquote is sometimes used as a synonym for "dictum, saying,” as inHis career is just one more validation of Andy Warhol's quote that "in the future, everybody will be famous for fifteen minutes.” This example was unacceptable to 76 percent of the Usage Panel.作为一个及物动词，用quote 一词来指从另一出处中抄取完全一样的用语是很恰当的。 当原文出处被意译或是间接提及时，一个意义更广泛的词cite 更可取。 quote 这名词形式是由 quatation 削减而来，也已被普遍接受， 虽然许多批评家认为这个词染有不恰当的记者文风或不太正式。因此，在正式的文学讨论中最好避免使用。在用法专题使用小组的调查中，只有38%的人认为这个名词在这章的开始他引用了《圣经》中的一段 文字 这个句子中的用法是可行的。 但在不正式的语境下或提及的出处不很严肃时，对于这种用法的反对意见要少一些。在他插入了一段引自马克斯兄弟电影中的 话 来活跃谈话气氛 这个句子中， 53%的小组成员认为这个词可以接受。 Quote 这个名词有时也可用作“格言、名言”的同义词， 如在他的一生再一次证实了安迪·霍尔的 格言 “将来，每个人都将享有十五分钟的知名度” 这个句子中， 用法专题使用小组中76%的成员认为这个例句无法接受〔gender〕Traditionally,gender has been used primarily to refer to the grammatical categories of "masculine,” "feminine,” and "neuter"; but in recent years the word has become well established in its use to refer to sex-based categories,as in phrases such asgender gap and the politics of gender. This usage is supported by the practice of many anthropologists,who reservesex for reference to biological categories, while usinggender to refer to social or cultural categories. According to this rule,one would sayThe effectiveness of the medication appears to depend on the sex (not gender ) of the patient, butIn peasant societies, gender (not sex ) roles are likely to be more clearly defined. This distinction is useful in principle,but it is by no means widely observed,and considerable variation in usage occurs at all levels.传统地，gender 已被主要用来指“阳性”、“阴性”和“中性”的语法类别， 自近年来，这个单词已被人们普遍接受为指基于性别区分的类别，例如在词组性别差异 和 性别政治 中， 这种用法被许多人类学家所支持，他们把sex 局限为生物类别， 而用gender 来指社会和文化方面的类别。 根据这种规则，我们应该说医疗的有效性似乎取决于 （而不是 gender ） 病人的性别， 但是在农业国家中，性别的 （不是 sex ） 角色易于有更清楚的定义。 这种区分在原则上是有用的，但无法被人们广泛注意，而且大量变体出现于在不同水平的用法中〔theory〕Systematically organized knowledge applicable in a relatively wide variety of circumstances, especially a system of assumptions, accepted principles, and rules of procedure devised to analyze, predict, or otherwise explain the nature or behavior of a specified set of phenomena.理论：可用于相对广泛的情况下的系统组织的知识，尤其指一系列假设，已被接受的定理以及用于分析、预测或解释自然或专门现象行为的程序规则〔local〕Not broad or general; not widespread:局部的：不广泛，不是一般化的；不是大范围传播的：〔selenium〕A nonmetallic element, red in powder form, black in vitreous form, and metallic gray in crystalline form, resembling sulfur and obtained primarily as a byproduct of electrolytic copper refining. It is widely used in rectifiers, as a semiconductor, and in xerography. Its photovoltaic and photoconductive actions make it useful in photocells, photographic exposure meters, and solar cells. Atomic number 34; atomic weight 78.96; melting point (of gray selenium) 217°C; boiling point (gray) 684.9°C; specific gravity (gray) 4.79; (vitreous) 4.28; valence 2, 4, or 6. See table at element 硒：一种非金属元素，粉末状时呈红色，玻璃状时呈黑色，结晶状时呈金属般的灰色，与硫类似，通常作为副产品在电解法冶炼铜时获得。广泛地用于整流器（如半导体）和静电复印术中。其光电压的和光电导的效应使它可在光电池、照相曝光表和太阳能电池中发挥作用。原子序数34；原子量78.96；（灰色硒的）熔点217°C；沸点（灰色硒的）684.9°C；（灰色硒的）比重4.79；（玻璃状的硒）比重4.28；化合价2,4或6 参见 element〔dominant〕 Preeminent especially suggests generally recognized supremacy: Preeminent 尤指广泛认可的优势： 〔constituency〕The magazine changed its format to appeal to a broader constituency.这本杂志为了迎合更广泛读者的口味而改变版式〔spearmint〕An aromatic Eurasian plant(Mentha spicata) having clusters of small purplish flowers and yielding an oil used widely as a flavoring. 留兰香：一种产于欧亚大陆的一种芳香植物（留兰香） ，开串状淡紫色小花，广泛用于能增添香味的油 〔panic〕A sudden widespread alarm concerning finances, often resulting in a rush to sell property:经济恐慌：有关金融方面的突然的广泛的恐慌，常常导致倾销财产：〔carrageenan〕Any of a group of closely related colloids derived from Irish moss and several other red algae, widely used as a thickening, stabilizing, emulsifying, or suspending agent in industrial, pharmaceutical, and food products.角叉菜，爱兰苔：从角叉菜和几种其他红藻类中制成的紧密关联的胶体，作为浓化剂、稳定剂、乳化剂或悬浮剂而广泛用于工业品、药品和食品生产中〔rubric〕A short commentary or explanation covering a broad subject.注释，说明：涉及很广泛题目的较短的评论或解释〔comprehensive〕Marked by or showing extensive understanding:易理解的：标志着或显示出广泛理解力的：〔nummulite〕A large, coin-shaped, fossil foraminifer of the genusNummulites, widely distributed in limestone formations from the Eocene Epoch to the Miocene Epoch of the Cenozoic. 货币虫：货币虫 体形大而呈硬币状，化石有孔的虫，从始新世到新生代的中新世广泛分布在石灰岩地层中 |
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英汉汉英双解词典收录301015条英汉双解翻译词条，可根据汉字查询相应的英文词汇，基本涵盖了全部常用汉字的英文读音、翻译及用法，是英语学习及翻译工作的有利工具。