| 单词 | 康德 |
| 释义 | 〔category〕Kant's modes of subjective understanding, such as singularity, universality, or particularity, that organize perceptions into knowledge.康德方式：康德的主观理解的方式，如个体性、普遍性或特殊性，它们将感觉组织为知识〔Comte〕French philosopher known as the founder of positivism. He also established sociology as a systematic study.康德，（伊西多尔）奥古斯特（玛丽·弗朗索瓦）：(1798-1857) 法国哲学家，以实证主义创始人闻名。他还使社会学成为系统的科学〔praline〕after César de Choiseul, Comte du Plessis- Praslin (1598-1675), French army officer 源自塞萨尔·德绪瓦塞尔，康德·杜布莱西 普哈斯兰伯爵 （1598-1675年）命名，法国军官 〔transcendent〕In Kant's theory of knowledge, being beyond the limits of experience and hence unknowable.先验的：在康德的理论中指知识的，因超越经验的范围而无法知晓的〔transcendentalism〕A philosophy associated with Kant, holding that one must transcend empiricism or what is experienced in order to ascertain the a priori principles of all knowledge.先验论：与康德有关的一种哲学，认为人必须超越经验主义或体验到的东西以探知所有知识的先验原则〔Kaliningrad〕A city of extreme western European U.S.S.R. on the Baltic Sea near the Polish border. It was founded in 1255 by the Teutonic Knights and joined the Hanseatic League in 1340. As Königsberg it was an important Prussian city and the birthplace of Immanuel Kant (1724). Transferred to the U.S.S.R. in 1945, the city was renamed Kaliningrad in 1946. Population, 385,000.加里宁格勒，哥尼格斯堡：苏联欧洲部分最西端一城市，濒临波罗的海，毗邻波兰边境。该市由条顿骑士团于1255年建立，1340年加入汉萨同盟。该市旧称哥尼格斯堡，为当时重要的普鲁士城市之一，也是以马内利·康德的出生地（1724年）。1945年该市划归苏联管理，1946年更名为加里宁格勒。人口385,000〔Comtism〕The philosophy of Auguste Comte; positivism.康德哲学，实证哲学：奥古斯特·康德的哲学；实证主义〔Kant〕German idealist philosopher who argued that reason is the means by which the phenomena of experience are translated into understanding. His classic works includeCritique of Pure Reason (1781) and Critique of Practical Reason (1788), in which he put forward his system of ethics based on the categorical imperative. 康德，伊曼纽尔：(1724-1804) 德国唯心主义哲学家，主张经验现象通过理性转变成知性。其经典著作包括《纯粹理性批判》 （1781年）和 《实践理性批判》 （1788年）。在这些著作中他提出了基于绝对命令的伦理学体系 〔iconoclast〕An iconoclast can be unpleasant company,but at least the modern iconoclast only attacks such things as ideas and institutions.The original iconoclasts destroyed countless works of art.Eikonoklastēs, the ancestor of our word, was first formed in Medieval Greek from the elements eikōn, "image, likeness,” and -klastēs, "breaker,” fromklan, "to break.” The images referred to by the word are religious images,which were the subject of controversy among Christians of the Byzantine Empire in the 8th and 9th centuries, when iconoclasm was at its height.Those who opposed images did not, of course, simply destroy them, although many were demolished;they also attempted to have the images barred from display and veneration.During the Protestant Reformationimages in churches were again felt to be idolatrous and were once more banned and destroyed.It is around this time thaticonoclast, the descendant of the Greek word, is first recorded in English (1641), with reference to the Greek iconoclasts.In the 19th centuryiconoclast took on the secular sense that it has today, as in "Kant was the great iconoclast" (James Martineau).亵渎偶像者可能令人生厌，但至少现代的偶像毁坏者只是攻击思想和制度这类东西。最初的偶像破坏者却毁掉了无数的艺术作品。Eikonoklastes 最早见于中世纪希腊语，是我们现代词的前身，由 eikon 意为“图象，相象”和 -klastes 意为“毁坏者”组成， 它又来源于klan “打碎”的意思。 此词所说的肖像是指宗教的肖像，8至9世纪当毁坏偶像主义在拜占庭帝国盛行时，宗教偶像成为基督教徒中争执的焦点。反对宗教肖像的人尽管销毁了不少画像，但这并不是他们唯一的形式，他们也试图禁止偶像展览和偶像崇拜。在新教改革时期，教堂里的宗教画像再次被认为是盲目崇拜而遭到禁止和毁灭。正是在这一时期iconoclast 一词开始作为希腊语的衍生词在英语中出现， 第一次记录于1641年。到19世纪，iconoclast 一词开始有了现代的含意， 比如在“康德是一位伟大的传统叛逆者”（詹姆士·马提诺）〔compos〕"The well-being of the country, even the survival of the world, depends on the president's being compos"(Morton Kondracke)“这个国家的繁荣，甚至连世界的生存，都取决于这个总统的神志是否正常”(莫顿·康德拉克) |
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