| 单词 | 康斯坦丁 |
| 释义 | 〔Unitas〕American football player. As quarterback of the Baltimore Colts (1956-1972), he led the team to two National Football League titles and a Super Bowl championship.尤尼塔斯，约翰·康斯坦丁：美式足球运动员。作为巴尔的摩柯尔特队的四分卫（1956年-1972年），他率领该队两度获得全国足球联赛冠军称号，一次获得超级杯冠军〔Wednesday〕We say the names of the days of the week constantly,but for most of us they are nonsense syllables. The seven-day system we use is based on the ancient astrological notion that the seven celestial bodies (the sun, the moon, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, and Saturn) revolving around stationary Earth influence what happens on itand that each of these celestial bodies controls the first hour of the day named after it.This system was brought into Hellenistic Egypt from Mesopotamia,where astrology had been practiced for millenniums and where seven had always been a propitious number.Ina.d. 321 the Emperor Constantine the Great grafted this astrological system onto the Roman calendar, made the first day of this new week a day of rest and worship for all,and imposed the following sequence and names to the days of the week:Diēs Sōlis, "Sun's Day"; Diēs Lūnae, "Moon's Day"; Diēs Martis, "Mars's Day"; Diēs Mercuriī, "Mercury's Day"; Diēs Iovis, "Jove's Day" or "Jupiter's Day"; Diēs Veneris, "Venus's Day"; andDiēs Saturnī, "Saturn's Day.” This new Roman system was adopted with modifications throughout most of western Europe:in the Germanic languages, such as Old English, the names of four of the Roman gods were converted into those of the corresponding Germanic gods.Therefore in Old English we have the following names (with their Modern English developments):Sunnandæg, Sunday; Mōnandæg, Monday; Tīwesdæg, Tuesday (the god Tiu, like Mars, was a god of war); Wōdnesdæg, Wednesday (the god Woden, like Mercury, was quick and eloquent); Thunresdæg, Thursday ( the god Thunor in Old English or Thor in Old Norse, like Jupiter, was lord of the sky;Old NorseThōrsdagr influenced the English form); Frīgedæg, Friday (the goddess Frigg, like Venus, was the goddess of love); andSaeternesdæg, Saturday. 我们经常说一周各天的名字，但对我们中的大多数人来说，它们是毫无意义的音节。我们使用的七天制度是建立在古代星象学的观点上，即绕着静止不动的地球旋转的七个天体（太阳、月亮、火星、水星、木星、金星和土星），影响着地球上发生的事情，并且这些天体控制着以它们的名字命名的周日的第一个小时。这个体制从美索不达米亚引进到具有古希腊文明的埃及，在美索不达米亚，星象术已流行了上百万年，七一直是个吉利的数字。在公元 321年伟大的康斯坦丁国王把星相学系统用于罗马历， 把这种新星期的第一天作为休息与做礼拜的一天，并把以下的次序及名字加在其它的周日上：Dies solis ，“太阳日”； Dies Lunae “月亮日”； Dies Martis “金星日”； Dies Mercurii ，“水星日”； Dies Iovis， “朱维日”或“木星日”； Dies Veneris， “金星日”； 和Dies Saturni, “土星日”。 这种新罗马体制在西欧的大部地区有所改变后被采用：在日耳曼语言中，如古英语中，四位罗马神的名字被改为相应的日耳曼神的名字。所以在古英语中我们看到以下的名字（以及他们的现代英语形式）：Sunnanhd?g, 星期日； Monand?g, 星期一； Tiwesd?g， 星期二（蒂乌神，象玛尔斯一样，是战神）； Wodnesd?g, 星期三（沃登，象墨丘利一样，行动敏捷，善于词辩）； Thunresd?g， 星期四( 古英语中的撒纳及古挪威语的索，象朱庇特一样，是宇宙之主；古挪威语的Thorsdagr 影响了英语中的该词的形式）； Friged?g, 星期五（女神弗丽嘉，象维纳斯一样，是爱神）； 和Saeternesd?g, 星期六 〔labarum〕The banner adopted by Constantine I after his conversion to Christianity.罗马帝国后期军旗：康斯坦丁一世皈依基督教以后采用的军旗〔Simonov〕Soviet writer who produced emotional war poetry during World War II and wrote the novelDays and Nights (1943-1944). 西蒙诺夫，康斯坦丁·米哈伊洛维奇：(1915-1979) 苏联作家，在二次大战期间写了许多充满激情的战争诗篇，还写有小说《日日夜夜》 （1943-1944年） 〔Byzantium〕An ancient city of Thrace on the site of present-day Istanbul, Turkey. It was founded by the Greeks in the seventh centuryb.c. and taken by the Romans in a.d. 196. Constantine I ordered the rebuilding of the city in 330 and renamed it Constantinople. 拜占庭城：在今土耳其伊斯坦布尔城址上的一座色雷斯古城。公元前 7世纪时由希腊人所建。 公元 196年被罗马人强占。康斯坦丁一世于330年命令重建该城，并重新将之命名为康斯坦丁堡 〔Roerich〕Russian-born artist and archaeologist known especially for the sets he designed for Diaghilev's ballets.罗伊里奇，尼古拉斯·康斯坦丁：(1874-1947) 俄裔艺术家和考古学家，尤以为迪亚吉列夫的芭蕾舞团设计的舞台布景而出名〔Stanislavsky〕Russian actor and director. A founder of the Moscow Art Theater, he produced many of Chekhov's plays and developed an innovative method of acting that emphasizes the psychological motivation of the actor.斯坦尼斯拉夫斯基，康斯坦丁：(1863-1938) 俄国演员和导演创办了莫斯科艺术剧院，他编制了许多契诃夫的戏剧并且发展了一种强调演员心理动因的有创意的演戏方法〔Nicaea〕An ancient city of Bithynia in northwest Asia Minor. Dating from the fourth centuryb.c. , it flourished during Roman times. The Nicene Creed was adopted at an ecumenical council convened here by Constantine I in a.d. 325. 尼西亚：比提尼亚一个古代的城市，位于小亚细亚半岛的西北部。从公元前 4世纪开始在罗马时期繁盛一时。尼西亚的教义在康斯坦丁一世于 公元 325年召集的世界范围的大会上被采纳 〔Timoshenko〕Russian army officer who directed the defense of Moscow during World War II and repulsed the German advance on that city (1941).铁木辛哥，塞姆扬·康斯坦丁诺维奇：(1895-1970) 苏联陆军军官，在二次世界大战期间指挥了英斯科保卫战，并击退了德军对该城的攻击(1941年）〔Rome〕The capital and largest city of Italy, in the west-central part of the country on the Tiber River. Traditionally founded by Romulus and Remus, it was ruled first by Etruscans, who were overthrown c. 500b.c. The Roman Republic gradually extended its territory and expanded its influence, giving way to the Roman Empire during the reign of Augustus (27 b.c. - a.d. 14). As capital of the empire, Rome was considered the center of the known world, but the city declined when Constantine transferred his capital to Byzantium (323). Alaric I conquered the city in 410, leading to a lengthy period of devastation by barbarian tribes. In the Middle Ages the city revived as the spiritual and temporal power of the papacy increased. During the 1800's Rome was held at various times by the French until it became the capital of Italy in 1871. Vatican City remains an independent enclave within the confines of Rome. Population, 2,830,569. 罗马：意大利的首都及最大城市，在该国中西部，濒临台伯河。传统上认为罗马由罗穆卢斯和瑞摩斯创建，伊特鲁里亚人最先统治罗马，并于公元前 500年被推翻。罗马共和国逐渐扩展领土和扩大势力，在奥古斯都( 公元前 27年- 公元 14年）统治时期成为罗马帝国。罗马作为帝国的首都，被认为是世界的中心，当康斯坦丁把国都迁往拜占庭后(323年），罗马衰落了。阿拉里克一世于410年征服了罗马从而使野蛮部落给罗马带来长期毁灭性的灾难。中世纪时，随着教皇宗教和世俗权力的上升，罗马又恢复了生机。19世纪期间，罗马不时受到法国人的统治，直至1871成为意大利的首都。梵蒂冈仍为罗马境内独立的外国领地。人口2,830,569 〔Rafinesque〕French-American naturalist whose thoughts on the origin of plant species presaged Darwin's theory of evolution.拉菲内斯克，康斯坦丁·萨谬尔：(1783-1840) 法裔美国自然学家，他对物种起源的想法预示了达尔文进化论（的出现）〔Brancusi〕Romanian-born sculptor who settled in Paris in 1904. He broke sharply with the realist tradition, making abstract sculptures, chiefly in metal and stone, of great geometric simplicity.布兰诺西，康斯坦丁：(1876-1957) 罗马尼亚裔雕刻家，于1904年定居于巴黎。他鲜明地打破现实主义传统，主要用金属和石头为材料创作了极简单明快的几何造型的抽象雕塑〔Priscian〕Latin grammarian at Constantinople whose textInstitutiones Grammaticae was used throughout medieval Europe. 普里西安：康斯坦丁堡的拉丁语语法学家，其著作《语法基础》 在中世纪的整个欧洲普遍使用 〔Krupskaya〕Russian revolutionary and wife of Vladimir Lenin. She held numerous political posts before and after the October Revolution (1917) and wroteMemories of Lenin (1930). 克鲁普斯卡娅，纳德扎达·康斯坦丁诺维纳：(1869-1939) 俄国革命者和瓦尔德米尔·列宁的妻子。十月革命（1917年）前后担任过许多政治工作，撰写了《忆列宁》 一书（1930年） 〔palatine〕A soldier of a major division of the Roman army formed in the time of Constantine I.罗马军队主要部门的一个士兵，形成于康斯坦丁一世时期 |
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