| 单词 | 延续到 |
| 释义 | 〔Hebrides〕An island group of western and northwest Scotland in the Atlantic Ocean, divided into theInner Hebrides, closer to the Scottish mainland, and the Outer Hebrides, to the northwest. The original Celtic inhabitants were conquered by Scandinavians, particularly Norwegians, who ruled the islands until 1266. Native Scottish chieftains controlled the Hebrides until the 16th century, when the islands passed to the kingdom of Scotland. 赫布里底群岛：苏格兰西部和西部太西洋中的一个岛群，分为靠近苏格兰大陆的内赫布里底群岛 和西北部的 外赫布里底群岛 。土著居民凯尔特人被斯堪的纳维亚人征服，尤其是挪威人，他们对该岛的统治一直延续到1266年。当地苏格兰族长对该岛的控制一直持续到16世纪，然后该岛并入了苏格兰的领土版图 〔redd〕The termsredd and redd up came to the American Midlands from the many Scottish immigrants who settled there. Meaning "to clear an area or to make it tidy,” redd is still used in Scotland and Northern Ireland;in the United States it is especially common in Pennsylvania as the phrasal verbredd up. The term, which goes back to Old Norserydhja, can be traced from the 15th century to the present, particularly in dialects of Scotland and the North of England.词语redd 和 redd up 通过许多苏格兰移民传到了他们的定居地-北美中部地区。 意为“清理出一块区域或使干净”， redd 仍用于苏格兰和北爱尔兰；在美国动词词组redd up 尤其在宾夕法尼亚州常见。 这个词可以追溯到北欧语rydhja， 其发展从15世纪一直延续到现在， 尤其在苏格兰和英格兰北部的方言中使用〔Carolingian〕Of or relating to the Frankish dynasty that was founded by Pepin the Short in 751 and that lasted until 987 in France and 911 in Germany.加洛林王朝的：751年矮子丕平创立的法兰克王朝的，与矮子丕平创立的法兰克王朝有关的。该王朝在法国一直延续到987年，在德国延续到911年〔Kalmar〕A city of southeast Sweden onKalmar Sound, an arm of the Baltic Sea between the Swedish mainland and Öland. An important trade center since the eighth century, the city was the site of the Union of Kalmar (1397), which joined Sweden, Denmark, and Norway into a single monarchy that lasted until 1523. Population, 30,300. 卡尔马：瑞典东南部一城市，位于瑞典大陆和厄兰岛之间波罗的海的卡尔马湾 。从8世纪开始，该市就成为一重要的贸易中心。该市为卡尔马联盟（1397年）的所在地。卡尔马联盟把瑞典，丹麦和挪威联合成一个君主国，一直延续到1523年。人口30,300 〔crayfish〕The crayfish, also known as the crawfish, owes its name to a misunderstanding.The actual source of the word may be the Old High German wordkrebiz, "edible crustacean,” or a word related to it.From this Germanic source came Old Frenchcrevice, which when taken into English becamecrevise (first recorded in a document written in 1311-1312). In Old French and Middle English these words designated the crayfish.People began to pronounce and spell the last part of this word as if it werefish, the firstfish spelling (actually fysshes ) being recorded in 1555. Because of a variation in Anglo-Norman pronunciation,two forms of the word have come down to Modern English:crayfish and crawfish. 螯虾又名crawfish，正是出于误解才有现在这个名字。该词的真正来源可能是古高地德语中krebiz 一词， 意为“可食用的甲壳类动物”，或与之相关的一词。从这个日耳曼语词源中出现了古法语crevice 一词， 该词被借用入英语中变成了crevise （初次记录在1311-1312年间所写的一个文件中）。 在古法语和中世纪英语中这一词被称为crayfish。人们开始用fish 来发音和拼写这个词的后半部分， 而第一个fish 拼写法（实际上是 fysshes )被记录于1555年。 由于英国法语发音的差异，这个词的两种变体，即crayfish 和 crawfish 就共同延续到了现代英语中 〔Rurik〕Scandinavian warrior and the founder of the dynasty that ruled Russia until 1598.留里克：斯堪的纳维亚勇士，创建了统治俄国的留里克王朝，其统治一直延续到1598年〔deer〕In various Middle English textsone finds a fish, an ant, or a fox called ader, the Middle English ancestor of our worddeer. In its Old English formdēor, our word referred to any animal, including members of the deer family,and continued to do so in Middle English,although it took on the specific sense "a deer.”By the end of the Middle English period, around 1500,the general sense had all but disappeared. Deer is a commonly cited example of a semantic process called specialization,by which the range of meaning of a word is narrowed or restricted.When Shakespeare uses the expression "mice and rats, and such small deer" for Edgar's diet inKing Lear, probably written in 1605, we are not sure whetherdeer has the general or the specific sense. 在各种各样的中世纪英语文章中，人们可以发现鱼、蚂蚁或狐狸被称为der ， 这是单词deer 在中世纪英语中的雏形。 该词的古英语形式为deor， 指任何一种动物， 包括鹿科动物的成员，该用法一直延续到中世纪英语中。尽管当时该词接纳了“鹿”这一特定的意思，但到中世纪英语时期结束时，大约是1500年，该词的普通意思全部消失了。 Deer 常被引用作为语意变迁过程中的特殊化的例子，通过特殊化的过程，单词的语意范围缩小了，或受到了限制。当莎士比亚在大约1605年写李尔王 的时候，用"mice and rats，and such small deer"来表示爱德加的饮食时， 我们无法确定deer 是指普通意思还是指其特定的意思 〔Highlands〕A mountainous region of central and northern Scotland extending northwest and including the Grampian Mountains. Famous for its rugged beauty, the area maintained a highly distinctive culture, based on the Scottish Gaelic language and the clan system, until well into the 19th century.苏格兰高地：苏格兰中北部的多山地区，向西北延伸，包括格兰平山脉。因其崎岖之美而闻名遐迩，该地区保持了一种独特的文化，这种文化以苏格兰盖尔语和宗族制度为基础，一直延续到19世纪〔krewe〕In order to organize and stage the enormous Mardi Gras carnival every year,many New Orleans families have belonged for generations tokrewes, groups that create elaborate costumes and floats for the many Mardi Gras parades in the two weeks leading up to "Fat Tuesday.”Not only do the krewes participate in the parades,but, as leaders of New Orleans society,they also hold balls and other elaborate events during the carnival season,which lasts from Christmas up to Mardi Gras itself.The krewes are responsible for electing Rex,the annual king of the carnival,whose parade is the climax of Mardi Gras.While masked paraders had long been a part of Mardi Gras,the first carnival group organized as such was the Mystick Krewe of Comus in 1857.Krewe is only a fanciful spelling of crew in its standard meaning, but the word, thanks to its association with Mardi Gras and New Orleans high society,has taken on some of the mystique of the carnival.为了组织和筹划每年盛大的大斋日前夜狂欢节，许多新奥尔良家庭世世代代都属于krewes 这种团体。 这些团体要在“油腻的星期二”来临前的两周，制作华丽服装和彩车供狂欢节游行使用。克鲁的成员们不仅参加游行，作为新奥尔良的上层人物，他们还要在狂欢节节期举行舞会和其它盛大的活动，这从圣诞节一直延续到大斋首日的前一天。克鲁成员还要选出一个Rex，即每年狂欢节的国王，他的游行是整个大斋首日前夜的高潮。化妆游行长期以来一直是大斋首日前夜狂欢节的一部份，而第一个这种狂欢节团体在1857年才建立，名叫“科摩斯神秘的群体”。Krewe 这个词是对普通意义的 crew 这个词一个花哨的拼法， 但是这个词由于与大斋首日前夜狂欢节和新奥尔良的上流社会联系在一起，便带上那个狂欢节的一些神秘气氛 |
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