| 单词 | 开头 |
| 释义 | 〔aspirate〕To pronounce (a vowel or word) with the initial release of breath associated with Englishh, as in hurry. 以/h/音开始读出（某词或词中的某音节）：以英语中送气的音开头读出（某元音或词）h， 如 hurry 〔dateline〕A phrase at the beginning of a newspaper or magazine article that gives the date and place of its origin.日期栏：报纸或杂志文章开头的短评，注明发生的时间和地点〔preface〕Something introductory; a preliminary:序幕：开头的事物；开端：〔alliteration〕The repetition of the same consonant sounds or of different vowel sounds at the beginning of words or in stressed syllables, as in头韵：在一组词的开头或重读音节中对相同辅音或不同元音的重复。如：〔prelude〕The first or opening section of a suite.组曲先前或开头的部分〔but〕Traditional grammarians have worried over what form the pronoun ought to take whenbut is used to indicate an exception in sentences such as No one but I (or No one but me ) has read it. Some have argued thatbut is a conjunction in these sentences and therefore should be followed by the nominative formI. However, many of these grammarians have gone on to argue somewhat inconsistentlythat the accusative formme is appropriate when the but phrase occurs at the end of a sentence, as inNo one has read it but me. While this treatment of the construction has a considerable weight of precedent on its sideand cannot be regarded as incorrect,a strong case can be made on grammatical grounds for treating this use ofbut as a preposition. For one thing, ifbut were truly a conjunction here, we would expect the verb to agree in person and number with the noun or pronoun followingbut; we would then sayNo one but the students have read it. What is more, ifbut were a true conjunction here we would not expect that it could be moved to the end of a clause, as inNo one has read it but the students. Note that we cannot use the conjunctionand in a similar way, saying John left and everyone else in the class in place of John and everyone else in the class left. These observations suggest thatbut is best considered as a preposition here and followed by accusative forms such asme and them in all positions: No one but me has read it. No one has read it but me. These recommendations are supported by 73 percent of the Usage Panel when thebut phrase precedes the verb and by 93 percent when thebut phrase follows the verb. · But is redundant when used together with however, as in But the army, however, went on with its plans; one or the other word should be eliminated. ·But is generally not followed by a comma. Correct written style requiresKim wanted to go, but we stayed, not Kim wanted to go, but, we stayed. · But may be used to begin a sentence at all levels of style. See Usage Note at and ,cannot ,doubt ,however ,I 1传统的语法学家考虑当but 用于表示例外的意思时应该用什么形式的代词，比如 No one but I （或者 No one but me ) has read it 。 有人认为but 在这种句子中是个连词， 因此应该使用主格I。 然而许多语法学家接下来的讨论有些不一致，即当but 短语出现在句子末尾时用宾格 me 比较合适， 如No one has read it but me（除我以外没有人读过它）。 同时这种结构前置处理的重要性是值得考虑的，并且不会被认为是不正确的，一个有力的例子在语法范畴内，认为but 在这里作介词使用。 首先如果but 在此真是一个连词的话， 我们会期望同名词或代词在人称和数上保持一致的动词跟在but 后面； 我们会说No one but the students have read it（除学生以外没有人读过它）。 再者，如果but 在此真是连词的话，我们不希望它被放在句子末尾， 如在句子No one has read it but the students 中。 注意我们不以类似的方式来使用连词and ，说 John left and everyone else in the class 来代替 John and everyone else in the class left。 这些发现表明but 在此最好被当作介词， 在任何位置后面都应跟宾格形式如me 和 them ： No one but me has read it. No one has read it but me（除了我没人读过它）。 当but 短语放在动词之前时，有百分之七十三的用法专题使用小组成员支持这些提议； 而当but 短语放在动词之后时，得到百分之九十三的小组成员的支持。 But 在同 however 一起使用时是多余的，如 But the army, however, went on with its plans； 这两个词必须去掉其中一个。But 通常后面不加逗号。 正确的写法是Kim wanted to go, but we stayed, 而不是 Kim wanted to go, but, we stayed 。 But 可以放在所有文体标准的句子开头 参见 and,cannot,doubt,however,I1〔that〕thanI take it that she has passed the test. Thatshould not be omitted, however, when the subordinate clause begins with an adverbial phrase or any element other than the subject: 好于I take it that she has passed the test。 然而，当从句以副词短语开头或其它不是主语的成份开头时，that不能省略： 〔epigraph〕A motto or quotation, as at the beginning of a literary composition, setting forth a theme.引语，格言：在一部文学作品开头的引言，警句，阐明主题〔if〕With all deference to the traditional rules governing the use of the subjunctive,it should be noted that a survey of the prose of reputable writers over the past 200 years would reveal a persistent tendency to use the indicativewas where the traditional rule would require the subjunctive were. A sentence beginningIf I was the only boy in the world, while not strictly correct, is wholly unremarkable. But the corresponding practice of using the subjunctive in place of the indicative may be labeled a hypercorrection. ·In spoken Englishthere is a growing tendency to usewould have in place of the subjunctive in contrary-to-fact clauses, as inif I would have been the President, but this usage is still widely considered incorrect.See Usage Note at doubt ,should ,wish 在与指导虚拟语气使用方法的传统规则相冲突的一系列不同用法中，我们应注意到一项对过去200年散文作家的调查显示，在传统语法要求使用虚拟式的were 的情况下，有一种持久的使用直陈式 was 的趋势。 一句用假如我是世界上唯一的男孩 开头的句子不会引起人们的注意。 而一定要把其中的直陈式换成虚拟式就显得矫正过了头。在英语口语中，在与事实相反的从句中，使用would have 一词的趋势有所增加， 例如如果我会是总统， 但这种用法仍然被大多数人认为是不正确的 参见 doubt,should,wish〔rosary〕A form of devotion to the Virgin Mary, chiefly consisting of three sets of five decades each of the Hail Mary, each decade preceded by the Lord's Prayer and ending with a doxology.玫瑰经：对圣母玛利亚表示虔诚的修练方式，主要由三套经组成，每套经由万福玛利亚的5篇祈祷文构成，每篇祈祷文以主祷文开头并以荣耀颂结束〔plus〕This observation has suggested to some thatplus should be regarded as a preposition in these uses, on the model of expressions such astogether with or in addition to. But the phrases introduced byplus do not behave like prepositional phrases in other respects. They cannot be moved to the beginning of the sentence, for example.We do not sayPlus the bad weather, the construction slowdown has made for a weak market (contrast the acceptable sentence beginning withTogether with the bad weather ). What is more,subjects containing two noun phrases connected byplus are usually singular even when the first noun phrase is plural: 对有些人来说上面这句话会暗示plus 在这类用法中应被视为一个介词， 如在together with 或 in addition to 这样的表达模式中。 但由plus 引导的短语在其它方面并不象介词性短语。 例如它们不能放到句首。我们并不说加之糟糕的天气，施工的减少会导致市场不景气 （试比较用Together with the bad weather 开头的可被接受的句子）。 此外，即使由plus 联结的两个名词性短语中第一个名词性短语为复数，主语通常仍为单数： 〔premise〕Why do we call a single buildingthe premises ? To answer this question,we must go back to the Middle Ages.But first, let it be noted thatpremises comes from the past participle praemissa, which is both a feminine singular and a neuter plural form of the Latin verbpraemittere, "to send in advance, utter by way of preface, place in front, prefix.” In Medieval Latin the feminine formpraemissa was used as a term in logic, for which we still use the termpremise descended from the Medieval Latin word (first recorded in a work composed before 1380).Medieval Latinpraemissa in the plural meant "things mentioned before" and was used in legal documents, almost always in the plural,a use that was followed in Old French and Middle English, both of which borrowed the word from Latin.A more specific legal sense in Middle English,"that property, collectively, which is specified in the beginning of a legal document and which is conveyed, as by grant,”was also always in the plural in Middle English and later Modern English.And so it remained when this sense was extended to mean "a house or building with its grounds or appurtenances,”a usage first recorded before 1730.为什么我们把单独的一幢建筑称为the premises ？ 为了回答这个问题，我们必须回到中世纪。但首先必须注意的是premises 是从过去式 praemissa 而来的， 这是意思为“预先发送,以前言的方式说出，放在前边，前缀”的拉丁动词praemittere 的阴性单数形式及中性复数形式。 在中世纪拉丁语中，praemissa 作为阴性形式被用作逻辑状语， 因此我们仍然使用这个来源于中世纪拉丁语的术语premise （第一次记载于1380年前编纂的作品中）。中世纪拉丁语praemissa 的复数形式意为“前面提到的事物”， 用于法律文件并总是以复数形式出现，古法语和中古英语中都从拉丁语中借用了这个词及其用法。中古英语中有一种更特殊的法律方面的意义，“法律文件开头指明并根据转让的财产，如通过赠送”,在中世纪英语和后来的现代英语中也是以复数形式使用。因此当它的意思被扩展为“连同其土地及设施一所房子或一幢建筑”时仍保留这一用法，该用法最初记载于1730年前。〔greet〕To salute or welcome in a friendly and respectful way with speech or writing, as upon meeting or in opening a letter.问候，称呼，招呼：在见面或信的开头以语言或文字方式友好并尊敬地致敬或欢迎〔hokku〕hok [opening, first] hok [开头，第一] 〔craniotomy〕Surgical incision into the skull.通过手术切开头颅骨〔spring〕A source, an origin, or a beginning.源泉，起源，开头〔proposition〕from Latin prōpositiō prōpositiōn- [setting out in words] 源自 拉丁语 prōpositiō prōpositiōn- [用语言开头] 〔commence〕Late Latin initiāre [to begin] from Latin initium [beginning] * see ei- 后期拉丁语 initiāre [开始] 源自 拉丁语 initium [开头] * 参见 ei- 〔preliminary〕Prior to or preparing for the main matter, action, or business; introductory or prefatory.开头的，初步的：先于主要事件、行动或业务的或为其作准备的；预备性的或前面的〔Burgess〕American writer and illustrator whose works includeAre You a Bromide? (1907) and Look Eleven Years Younger (1937). He also wrote the famous quatrain beginning "Have you ever seen a purple cow?” 伯吉斯，（弗兰克）吉利特：(1866-1951) 美国作家和插图画家，作品有《你是一个平凡人吗?》 （1907年）和 《照看十一岁的年轻人》 （1937年）。他还写了以“你曾经见过一只紫色的奶牛吗?”开头的著名的四行诗 〔ingoing〕Initial; opening:刚开始的；开头的：〔anaphora〕The deliberate repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of several successive verses, clauses, or paragraphs; for example,首语重复：同一单词和短语重复出现在连续数句、数段或数行诗的开头；如：〔rondeau〕A lyrical poem of French origin having 13 or sometimes 10 lines with two rhymes throughout and with the opening phrase repeated twice as a refrain.回旋诗：源于法国的一种开头的短语重复两次作为重迭句的13行或有时10行的整篇两韵抒情诗〔although〕As conjunctions,although and though are generally interchangeable: Although (or though ) she smiled, she was angry. Although is usually placed at the beginning of its clause (as in the preceding example), whereasthough may occur elsewhere and is the more common term when used to link words or phrases, as inwiser though poorer, or in constructions such as Fond though (not although ) I am of opera, I'd rather not sit through the Ring cycle this weekend. 作为连词although 和 though 通常可以互换使用： Although （或 though ） 尽管她微笑着，她却在生气。 Although常放在从句的开头（如前面例句）， 而though 可以出现在其它位置，当用来连接词语或短语时更为常用， 如尽管穷一些却更有头脑 或在下面这种结构中 尽管 （不用 although ） 我很喜欢歌剧，我也不愿这个周末一直坐等到 打铃 散场。 〔acrostic〕An acrostic gives the reader two for one,and the etymology of the word emphasizes one of these two.Our word goes back to the Greek wordakrostikhis, "acrostic,” which is a combination of Greekakron, "head,” and stikhos, "row, line of verse.” Literallyakrostikhis means "the line at the head,” emphasizing the fact that an acrostic has in addition to horizontal rows a vertical row formed of the letters at the "head" or start of each line.In ancient manuscripts, in which a line of verse did not necessarily correspond to a line of text,an acrostic would have looked particularly striking, with each of its lines standing by itself and beginning with a capital letter.Our word for this type of composition is first found in English in the 16th century.离合诗一词实际上有两种含义，在此这个词的语源只强调其中的一种。此词可追溯到希腊词akrostikhis “藏头诗”， 是希腊字akron “头，”和 stikhos “诗行”的合并。 akrostikhis 本来指“在开头的诗行”， 强调一首离合诗除了水平方向的行数外，还有由每一行的“头”或起首词组成的垂直方向的诗行。在古代的作品中，一诗行并不一定要和文章中的一行相对应。一首离合诗，当其每一行单列出来，且以一大写字母开头， 那就非常引人注目了。在英语中首次用藏头诗一词表示这种作品是在16世纪〔subpoena〕from Medieval Latin sub poenā [under a penalty (from the opening words of the writ)] 源自 中世纪拉丁语 sub poenā [受惩罚的（得名于传票之开头的几个字）] 〔dirge〕from Medieval Latin dīrige Domine [direct, O Lord (the opening words of the antiphon)] [imperative of] dīrigere [to direct] * see direct 源自 中世纪拉丁语 dīrige Domine [指引吧，我的主（启应轮流吟唱的颂歌的开头语）] dīrigere的祈使语气动词 [指引] * 参见 direct〔consideration〕The essay begins with a brief consideration of the history of the problem.文章开头是对这个问题的历史所作的简要描述〔introduce〕To open or begin; preface:使开始：打开或开始；作为…的开头：〔entry〕An entry word, as in a dictionary; a headword.词目：在字典中一个词条开头的词；词目〔igg〕Igg, a shortened form of ignore, seems to have come into American speech from jive, the special jargon of Black jazz musicians in the 1930's. Its use has spread from the musicians' exclusive jargon into the Black communities of Northern U.S. cities. The reduction of a word to its initial syllable is a common source of slang or informal words, especially among groups of speakers who for reasons of exclusivity like to remain avant garde in their speech. Often such words come into general use, as in mike for microphone. Igg 一词作为 ignore 一词的简略语，可能是从20世纪30年代黑人爵士乐乐师的专业术语中进入美国语言的。该词从乐师独有的术语传入美国北部城市的黑人聚居区。将一个字缩短到它开头的几个字母是俚语和非正式用语的一个主要来源，有些语言圈的人为保持其独特性而尽量在语言上保持特殊，他们就常用这种方法。这种词语在生活中 经常使用，就象用 mike 代表 microphone 这个词 〔midstream〕The part of a course that is neither at the beginning nor at the end:中途，半途：既不在开头也不在结尾的一个过程中的一部分：〔rubric〕A title or heading of a statute or chapter in a code of law.标题：法规中某一条法令或某一章的标题或开头〔only〕Though strict grammarians insist that the rule for placement ofonly should always be followed, there are occasions when placement ofonly earlier in the sentence seems much more natural. In the following exampleonly is placed according to the rule: 虽然严格的语法学家主张应该遵循only 位置的用法规则， 但有时only 放在的句子开头，看起来十分自然。 下面例子中only 的位置是按规则安排的： 〔one〕When constructions headed byone appear as the subject of a sentence or relative clause, there may be a question as to whether the verb should be singular or plural.Such a construction is exemplified in the sentenceOne of every ten rotors was found defective. Although the pluralwere is sometimes used in such sentences, an earlier survey found that the singular was preferred by a large majority of the Usage Panel. ·Another problem is raised by constructions such asone of those people who or its variants. In the sentenceThe defeat turned out to be one of the most costly blows that were ever inflicted on our forces, most grammarians would hold that the pluralwere is correct, in as much as the subject of the verb is the plural nounblows. However, constructions of this sort are often used with a singular verb even by the best writers.Note also that when the phrase containingone is introduced by the definite article, the verb in the relative clause must be singular: 当以one 开头的结构作为一个句子或关系从句的主语出现时， 就出现动词用单数还是复数的问题，如用在句子每十个转子中有一个为次品 中的这种结构。 虽然复数were 有时用在这种句子中， 但在一次早期的调查发现用法专题使用小组的大部分成员更倾向于用单数。另一个问题是由象one of those people who 这样的结构及其变化引起的。 在句子The defeat turned out to be one of the most costly blows that were ever inflicted on our forces, 中, 大多数语法学家主张用复数were 是正确的， 以及主要是由于动词的主语是复数名词blow 所致。 然而，这种结构常与单数动词连用，甚至被很有声望的作家采用。也要注意当包含one 的短语被定冠词限制时， 相关的从句中的动词一定要用单数： 〔paragraph〕A distinct division of written or printed matter that begins on a new, usually indented line, consists of one or more sentences, and typically deals with a single thought or topic or quotes one speaker's continuous words.段，段落：在书写或排印时新提一行开头的一个独立的部分，通常缩进一些，由一个或多个句子构成且常是解决某一单一问题或引用说话人接下去的话〔skosh〕"This is a well-plotted, economical thriller. Although the beginning is a skosh slow,[the author] picks up the pace" (T. Jefferson Parker)“这是一部情节设计很好并很经济的惊险电影。尽管开头有一点慢，［作者］ 加快了速度” (T.杰弗逊·帕克)〔prelude〕To introduce with or as if with a prelude.开头：用或似乎用序曲来引入〔entry〕A headword along with its related text.词条：开头的词连同其后的解释〔also〕Also is sometimes held to be inappropriate when used to begin a sentence, as in Also 有时被认为不适于放在句子开头，如： |
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