| 单词 | 引用 |
| 释义 | 〔excerpt〕To select or use (a passage or segment from a longer work).摘选，引用：挑选或应用（长篇作品的一段或一部分）〔quotha〕Used to express surprise or sarcasm, after quoting the word or phrase of another.的确：在引用了另一人所说的词或词组后，用来表示惊讶或嘲讽的感叹词〔autonym〕A name by which a people or social group refers to itself.本名，真名：民族或社团所引用的名字〔unattested〕a series of unattested quotations.一系列未经证实的引用〔cause〕The moderator invoked a rule causing the debate to be ended.仲裁人引用了一项规则使辩论终止〔paragraph〕A distinct division of written or printed matter that begins on a new, usually indented line, consists of one or more sentences, and typically deals with a single thought or topic or quotes one speaker's continuous words.段，段落：在书写或排印时新提一行开头的一个独立的部分，通常缩进一些，由一个或多个句子构成且常是解决某一单一问题或引用说话人接下去的话〔boughten〕American regional dialects allow freer adjectival use of certain past participles of verbs than does Standard English.Time-honored examples areboughten (Chiefly Northern U.S.) and bought (Chiefly Southern U.S.) to mean "purchased rather than homemade": boughten sugar,a boughten dress,bought bread. The Northern formboughten (as in store boughten ) features the participial ending -en, added to bought, the participial form, probably by analogy with more common participial adjectives such asfrozen. Another development, analogous withhomemade, is evident in bought-made, cited inDARE from a Texas informant. 美国地方方言较标准英语更自由地允许将一些动词过去分词用作形容词。历史较久的例子是boughten （主要在北美）和 bought （主要在南美）， 意指“买来的而并非家里制的”： 买来的糖，买来的衣服，买来的面包。 北美形式boughten （如 商场里买的 ）特征是有过去分词词尾 -en 加在过去分词形式 bought 的后面， 这可能是参照了一些更常见的过去分词形容词如frozen。 另一种发展，模拟homemade， 显见于 bought-made， 由美国区域英语词典 的得克萨斯资料提供人所引用 〔inexact〕an inexact quotation; an inexact description of what had taken place.草率的引用；对所发生之事不精确的描述〔saying〕She was fond of quoting the sayings of philosophers.她喜欢引用哲人的话。〔include〕This restriction is too strong.Include does not rule out the possibility of a complete listing. Thus the sentenceThe bibliography should include all the journal articles you have used does not entail that the bibliography must contain something other than journal articles, though it does leave that possibility open.When one wants to make clear that the listing is exhaustive, however,the use ofcomprise or consist of will avoid ambiguity. Thus the sentenceThe task force includes all of the Navy units on active duty in the region allows for the possibility that Marine and Army units are also taking part, where the same sentence withcomprise would entail that the task force contained only Navy forces. See Usage Note at comprise 这限制太严格了。Include 也可能指全部组成部分均已列出。 据此，尽管下面这句话参考文献应包括你所引用的所有的新闻文章 并不意味着必须含有除新闻文章以外的东西， 但是的确有这种可能性。所以，如果想要表明包括的内容是全部的，使用comprise 和 consist of 就可避免混淆。 如此下面这句话特遣部队包括所有在该地区活动执勤的海军部队 就带有海军陆战队和陆军部队也参加的可能性， 而同样的句子如果用comprise 就表示任务小组必须只由海军部队组成 参见 comprise〔quote〕To repeat or copy the words of (another), usually with acknowledgment of the source.引用，引述：重复或复录（他人）的话语，通常确定出处〔above〕"The problems cited above have led to a number of suggestions for reform"(Wharton Magazine)“前面所引用的问题引起许多关于改革的建议”(沃顿杂志)〔document〕To support (statements in a book, for example) with written references or citations; annotate.评述：为（书中叙述等）引用参考资料或引文等以支持；为…作注解，评注〔musing〕"an elegant tapestry of quotations, musings, aphorisms, and autobiographical reflections"(James Atlas)“一个如同绣帷般雅致，由引用、沉思、谚语与自传反射形成的内心想法”(詹姆斯·阿特拉斯)〔anesthesia〕The following passage, written on November 21, 1846, by Oliver Wendell Holmes,a physician-poet and the father of the Supreme Court justice of the same name,allows us to pinpoint the entry ofanesthesia and anesthetic into English: "Every body wants to have a hand in a great discovery. All I will do is to give you a hint or two as to names—or the name—to be applied to the state produced and the agent. The state should, I think, be called ‘Anaesthesia’ [from the Greek word anaisthēsia, "lack of sensation"]. This signifies insensibility . . . The adjective will be ‘Anaesthetic.’ Thus we might say the state of Anaesthesia, or the anaesthetic state.”This citation is taken from a letter to William Thomas Green Morton,who in October of that year had successfully demonstrated the use of ether at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston.Althoughanaesthesia is recorded in Nathan Bailey's Universal Etymological English Dictionary in 1721, it is clear that Holmes really was responsible for its entry into the language.TheOxford English Dictionary has several citations for anesthesia and anesthetic in 1847 and 1848, indicating that the words gained rapid acceptance.下面是奥立佛·万德·霍姆斯写于1846年11月21的一段话。作者是个诗人医生和与其同名的最高法庭法官的父亲。这段话能使我们断定anesthesia 和 anesthetic 进入英语的背景： “每个人都希望能够参与一次伟大的发现。我所要做的是告诉你一两个提示去命名，或能被应用于某种状态的名称。我认为这种状态应该被叫做Anaesthesia ［从希腊词anaisthesia “感觉缺失”发展而来］。 这个词表示无感觉…其形容词应该是‘Anaesthetic’。这样我们可以说感觉缺失的状态或感觉缺失”。这段话是从寄给威廉·托马斯·格林·莫顿的一封信上摘录下的，莫顿同年十月在波士顿的马萨诸塞总医院曾成功使用了醚。尽管南森·巴利于1721年把anaethesia 选入了 通用英语词源词典 ， 但是很显然是霍姆斯首先把这个词引入英语。牛津英语词典 上有几处引用了1847年和1848年有 anesthesia 和 anesthetic 的句子， 说明这两个词很快就被人们所接受〔authority〕A quotation or citation from such a source:引证：从权威意见中的引用语：〔quote〕As a transitive verbquote is appropriately used to describe the use of an exact wording drawn from another source. When the original source is paraphrased or alluded to,the more general termcite is usually preferable. · The nounquote is well established as a truncation of quotation, though many critics regard it as unduly journalistic or breezy.As such, it is best avoided in formal literary discussions.The use of the noun was acceptable to only 38 percent of the Usage Panel in the sentenceHe began the chapter with a quote from the Bible. But the usage is less objectionable in informal contexts or in reference to less august sources;the word was acceptable to 53 percent of the Panel in the sentenceHe lightened up his talk by throwing in quotes from Marx Brothers movies. · The nounquote is sometimes used as a synonym for "dictum, saying,” as inHis career is just one more validation of Andy Warhol's quote that "in the future, everybody will be famous for fifteen minutes.” This example was unacceptable to 76 percent of the Usage Panel.作为一个及物动词，用quote 一词来指从另一出处中抄取完全一样的用语是很恰当的。 当原文出处被意译或是间接提及时，一个意义更广泛的词cite 更可取。 quote 这名词形式是由 quatation 削减而来，也已被普遍接受， 虽然许多批评家认为这个词染有不恰当的记者文风或不太正式。因此，在正式的文学讨论中最好避免使用。在用法专题使用小组的调查中，只有38%的人认为这个名词在这章的开始他引用了《圣经》中的一段 文字 这个句子中的用法是可行的。 但在不正式的语境下或提及的出处不很严肃时，对于这种用法的反对意见要少一些。在他插入了一段引自马克斯兄弟电影中的 话 来活跃谈话气氛 这个句子中， 53%的小组成员认为这个词可以接受。 Quote 这个名词有时也可用作“格言、名言”的同义词， 如在他的一生再一次证实了安迪·霍尔的 格言 “将来，每个人都将享有十五分钟的知名度” 这个句子中， 用法专题使用小组中76%的成员认为这个例句无法接受〔citation〕The act of citing.引用，引述：引用的行为〔quote〕Used by a speaker to indicate the beginning of a quotation.前引号：讲话者用来表示引用的开始〔allusion〕An instance of indirect reference:典故；引用：间接提及的例子：〔same〕saw the selfsame quotation in two newspapers;在两张报纸上看见完全一样的引用；〔citation〕A quoting of an authoritative source for substantiation.引用：为支持观点引用权威来源〔coffee〕Would one be as ready to drinkchaoua, kauhi, or coffa as coffee ? Most of these exotic early forms of our word reflect the factthat coffee, though a normal accompaniment to the life of many English speakers, was originally an exotic substance.Coffee came to Europe from the Middle East, where its name wasqahveh, an Ottoman Turkish pronunciation of Arabicqahwah, the Turks having borrowed the word and the drink from the Arabs.The first three forms cited above show the influence of the Middle Eastern words for coffee.Our formcoffee results from combining caffè, the Italian version of the Middle Eastern word, and the vowel of the Middle Eastern word, represented by o. Coffee is first recorded in English in 1601 with the spelling coffe. 人们愿意喝chaoua, kauhi 或 coffa ，就如 coffee 一样吗？ 我们言语的这些早期外来形式大多反映这一事实：咖啡虽然常伴随着许多说英语的人的生活，但它是来源于国外的东西。咖啡从中东传到欧洲，在中东它的名称是qahveh ， 阿拉伯的奥斯曼土耳其人发音为qahwah 。 土耳其人自阿拉伯借用该单词和饮料。上面引用的前三个形式表明中东话对咖啡这个单词的影响。我们的形式coffee ，得自结合中东单词的意大利的 caffe 和中东单词中用 o字母表示的元音字母。 Coffee在英国于1601年首次被记载，拼作 coffe. 〔allusive〕Containing or characterized by indirect references:暗指的；引用典故的：包含或以间接引用为特征的：〔cite〕To quote as an authority or example.引用：把…作为权威或例子引用〔vouch〕To refer to (an authority, for example) in support or corroboration; cite.引证：引用（如一个权威）来证实或支持；引证〔sulfonate〕To introduce into (an organic compound) one or more sulfonic acid groups.磺化：引用一个或多个磺酸基到（一个有机化合物中）〔cayuse〕The nouncayuse comes from the name of the Cayuse people in the Pacific Northwest. Cayuse is used chiefly in the territory of the word's origin—the states of Washington, Oregon, and Idaho—although its use has also spread into other Western states. A verb meaning "to buck,” derived from the noun,is cited by Ramon F. Adams inOld-Time Cowhand (1961): "What cowboys in other sections calledbuckin', the Texan called pitchin', and a term used in South Texas, though seldom heard in other sections, wascayusein'. ” 名词cayuse 源自太平洋西北部卡尤塞人的名字。 Cayuse 一词主要在该词的起源地区——华盛顿州、俄勒冈州和衣阿华州使用——尽管它也被其它一些西部州使用。 从名词引申的动词意为“碰撞”，被拉门·F·亚当斯在过去时代的牛仔 （1961年）中引用： “牛仔们在其它地区称为buckin'， 得克萨斯人称 pitchin'， 而在南得克萨斯经常使用， 在其他地区很少听到的一个词是cayusein' ” 〔text〕A passage from the Scriptures or another authoritative source chosen for the subject of a discourse or cited for support in argument.引文：为论文主题或支持论点从《圣经》或其它权威著作引用的段落〔quote〕To cite or refer to for illustration or proof.引证，举例：为了阐述或证明而引用或参考…〔allude〕Allude and allusion are often used where the more general terms refer and reference would be preferable. Allude and allusion apply to indirect references in which the source is not specifically identified: "Well, we'll always have Paris,” he told the travel agent, in an allusion to Casablanca. Refer and reference, unless qualified, usually imply specific mention of a source: I will refer to Hamlet for my conclusion: As Polonius says, "Though this be madness, yet there is method in't.” See Usage Note at refer Allude 和 allusion 在使用时经常可以被更普遍的词 refer 和 reference 所代替。 Allude 和 allusion 用在来源没有特别指明的间接引用语中： “对，我们将永远拥有巴黎，”他对旅行社服务员说。这句话引自卡萨布兰卡。 Refer 和 reference 通常指明确提到出处，除非有所限制： 我将引用 哈姆雷特 里的话作为我的结论： 正如波洛涅斯所说，“尽管这是发疯，但其中颇有理性。” 参见 refer〔extract〕To remove for separate consideration or publication; excerpt.摘录，引用：为单独论述或出版而摘抄；摘录〔roorback〕After Baron von Roorback , imaginary author of Roorback's Tour Through the Western and Southern States , from which a passage was purportedly quoted in an attempt to disparage presidential candidate James K. Polk in 1844 源自巴龙·沃恩 Roorback ， 穿越西部和南部各州的旅行 一书的假想作者，该书中有意引用了一篇文章，企图诋毁1844年度的总统候选人詹姆斯·K·波克 〔avouch〕Middle English avouchen [to cite as a warrant] 中古英语 avouchen [作为担保引用] 〔confirm〕 Corroborate refers to strengthening or supporting something, such as a statement, by means of the evidence of another: Corroborate 指用另一个证据来加强或支持某事，例如通过引用别人的话来做证据： 〔authority〕biblical authorities for a moral argument.在道德辩论中引用圣经〔quote〕To give a quotation, as from a book.引用：（如从一本书中）举出一段引文〔indirect〕Reporting the exact or approximate words of another with such changes as are necessary to bring the original statement into grammatical conformity with the sentence in which it is included:非直接引用的：为了上下文语法的正确，在引用别人的原话时对原话的词语作必要的更改：〔thusly〕Thusly was introduced in the 19th century as an alternative for thus in sentences such asHold it thus or He put it thus. The increasingly literary character of such uses ofthus may have facilitated coinage of the new adverbthusly, particularly by poorly educated speakers who were straining for a stylish effect.Early citations for the word indicate clear association with rustic or illiterate speech,and though the word has subsequently gained some currency in educated usage,it is still widely regarded as incorrect.In an earlier surveythe use of the word was judged unacceptable by a large majority of the Usage Panel.In formal writingthus can still be used as in the examples above; in other styles,expressions such asthis way and like this are more natural. Thusly 在19世纪时被作为 thus 的替代语使用， 如用在 Hold it thus 或 He put it thus 等句中。 thus 这些用法日益具有书面语的特点， 这可能促成了一个新的副词thusly 的产生， 这对那些受教育程度不高但又尽量追求文采的人尤其有用。这个词的早期引用清楚地表明了它与乡村或文盲语言的联系，尽管后来它在受教育的人中得以一定传播，但仍被普便认为是一种不正确的用法。早期进行的一次调查中，用法委员会小组绝大多数都认为这个词的使用是不能接受的。在正式的文字中，thus 这个词仍然能用于上面所举的例子； 在其它风格的作品中，this way 和 like this 等表达方式更为普遍 〔evoke〕To call to mind by naming, citing, or suggesting:使人想起，使人产生：通过名字、引用或暗示使想起…： |
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