| 单词 | 形势 |
| 释义 | 〔incubator〕A place or situation that permits or encourages the formation and development, as of new ideas:温床：允许或鼓励新的想法产生并发展的地方或形势：〔nodus〕A difficult situation or problem; a complication.结点，难点：困难的形势或问题；错综复杂〔resource〕Often resources Means that can be used to cope with a difficult situation: 常作 resources 手段，对策：能用来应付困难形势的手段：〔improve〕Gargling helps a sore throat. Toameliorate is to improve or better circumstances that demand change: 漱口剂对喉咙痛有效。 ameliorate 是指改进或改善需要变化的形势： 〔probability〕A probable situation, condition, or event.可能：可能出现的形势、状况或事件〔stocktaking〕A reappraisal of a situation, a person, or one's own position or prospects.重估：对于某种形势，某个人或某人自己的地位或前景的估计〔advice〕Opinion about what could or should be done about a situation or problem; counsel.建议：关于如何处理或应如何处理形势或问题的观点；劝告〔progressive〕A person who actively favors or strives for progress toward better conditions, as in society or government.进步人士：积极支持或争取朝好的形势进步的人，尤指在社会或政论领域方面〔callback〕The act or an instance of calling back from one location or situation to the previous one:召回：从某一地点或形势下返回到先前的动作或事件：〔where〕Whenwhere is used to refer to a point of origin, the prepositionfrom is required: Where did she come from? When it is used to refer to a point of destination,the prepositionto is generally superfluous: Where is she going? ( preferable toWhere is she going to? ). When it is used to refer to the place at which an event or a situation is located,the use ofat is widely regarded as regional or colloquial: Where is the station? (not Where is the station at? ). The idiomatic phrasewhere it's at, widely used in the 1960's to refer to "the current state of things,” is now largely pass?, except when used for stylistic effect: 当where 被用来指起源方面时， 介词from 就需要用上： 她从哪里来? 当它被用来指目的地时，介词to 就通常是多余的： 她要去哪里? ( 比起她要向哪里去? 更可取）。 当它被用来指事件所发生的场合或一种局面形势所处的地方时，使用at 则被广泛认作是地区性的或口语化的： 车站在哪里? （而不是 车站位于什么地方? )。 惯用语短语where it's at 在20世纪60年代广泛被用来指“事情的当前状态”，现已很大程度上过时了， 除非当我们用它来加强文体效果： 〔immitigable〕immitigable circumstances.不能缓和的形势〔hereinto〕Into this matter, circumstance, situation, or place.入此地，对此事：对这件事、这种环境、形势或进入此地〔reference〕Her speeches have special reference to the African situation.她的演讲对非洲形势有特定的意义〔stretch〕This situation really stretches my patience.形势真地使我忍无可忍〔mobile〕a mobile situation following the coup.政变后不稳定的形势〔level〕came to a level appraisal of the situation; keeps a level head in an emergency.合理地估计形势；在紧急情况，保持冷静的头脑〔frame〕A general state or condition:大致的状态或形势：〔thing〕A particular state of affairs; a situation:局面：事物的特殊状态；形势：〔act〕To insert oneself into an ongoing activity, project, or situation.加入，参与：中途加入到进行中的活动、项目或形势〔banish〕Exile specifies departure from one's own country, either involuntarily because of legal expulsion or voluntarily because of adverse circumstances: Exile 特指离开某人的祖国，或因遭到法律上的驱逐非自愿地离开或因形势不利而自愿地离开： 〔light〕saw the situation in a different light.从另一个角度观察形势〔situation〕The combination of circumstances at a given moment; a state of affairs.See Synonyms at state 形势，局面：在特定时刻各种情况的综合；事态 参见 state〔thing〕A turn of events; a circumstance:形势：事情的转折点；环境：〔impel〕We were impelled by circumstances to take a stand.我们因形势所迫而采取一个立场〔snarl〕A confused, complicated, or tangled situation; a predicament.错综的局面：混乱的、复杂的、交织在一起的形势；困境〔propose〕a situation posing many questions and problems;产生许多问题和难题的形势；〔dynamic〕An interactive system or process, especially one involving competing or conflicting forces:对抗性态势：一种相互作用的形势或过程，尤指有两股竞争性或对抗性力量的卷入：〔recall〕To summon back to awareness of or concern with the subject or situation at hand.召回：使意识或关心集中于手头上的事情或形势〔orientation〕Introductory instruction concerning a new situation:介绍：针对新形势的介绍性指导：〔where〕To a place or situation in which:到…地方或…的地步的形势：〔word〕In a word, the situation is serious.总而言之，形势很严峻〔unseemly〕Not suited to the circumstances; inappropriate.不相称的：不符合形势的；不合时宜的〔so〕So is frequently used in informal speech to string together the elements of a narrative. This practice should not be carried over into formal writing,where the absence of contextual information generally requires that connections be made more explicit. ·Critics have sometimes objected to the use ofso as an intensive meaning "to a great degree or extent,” as inWe were so relieved to learn that the deadline had been extended. This usage is most common in informal contexts,perhaps because unlike the neutralvery, it presumes that the listener or reader will be sympathetic with the speaker's evaluation of the situation. (Thus one would be more apt to sayIt was so unfair of them not to invite you than to sayIt was so fortunate that I didn't have to put up with your company. ) For just this reason,the construction may occasionally be used to good effect in more formal contexts to invite the reader to take the point of view of the speaker or subject: 在非正式的讲话中，so 经常被用来连接叙述的成分。 但是这种做法不能带入正式的写作当中，上下文信息的缺乏通常要求连接明确。批评家们有些时候对so 被用来表示强调的意思“很大程度”提出反对， 如在我们得知最后期限已被推迟的消息时感到了极大的放松 中。 这种用法在非正式的文章中最常用，也许是因为和中性的very 不同， 它假定听众或读者能对讲话者对形势的评价引起共鸣。（因此人们通常会说他们没有邀请你是多么不公平 ， 而不是说多幸运啊，我不必再成为你的朋友 )。 正因为这个原因，这个结构有时在正式的文章中也有很好的作用，使读者接受说话人或主题的观点： 〔state〕What is the current status of the arms-reduction negotiations? 削减武器的谈判最近形势如何？ 〔who〕The traditional rules that determine the use ofwho and whom are relatively simple: who is used for a grammatical subject, where a nominative pronoun such as I or he would be appropriate, andwhom is used elsewhere. Thus, we writeThe actor who played Hamlet was there, sincewho stands for the subject of played Hamlet; andWho do you think is the best candidate? where who stands for the subject of is the best candidate. But we writeTo whom did you give the letter? sincewhom is the object of the preposition to; andThe man whom the papers criticized did not show up, sincewhom is the object of the verb criticized. ? Considerable effort and attention are required to apply the rules correctly in complicated sentences.To produce correctly a sentence such asI met the man whom the government had tried to get France to extradite, we must anticipate when we writewhom that it will function as the object of the verb extradite, several clauses distant from it.It is thus not surprising that writers from Shakespeare onward should often have interchangedwho and whom. And though the distinction shows no signs of disappearing in formal style,strict adherence to the rules in informal discourse might be taken as evidence that the speaker or writer is paying undue attention to the form of what is said, possibly at the expense of its substance.In speech and informal writingwho tends to predominate over whom; a sentence such asWho did John say he was going to support? will be regarded as quite natural, if strictly incorrect. By contrast, the use ofwhom where who would be required, as inWhom shall I say is calling? may be thought to betray a certain linguistic insecurity. ? When the relative pronoun stands for the object of a preposition that ends a sentence,whom is technically the correct form: the strict grammarian will insist onWhom (not who ) did you give it to? But grammarians since Noah Webster have argued that the excessive formality ofwhom in these cases is at odds with the relative informality associated with the practice of placing the preposition in final position and that the use of who in these cases should be regarded as entirely acceptable. ? The relative pronounwho may be used in restrictive relative clauses, in which case it is not preceded by a comma, or in nonrestrictive clauses, in which case a comma is required.Thus, we may say eitherThe scientist who discovers a cure for cancer will be immortalized, where the clausewho discovers a cure for cancer indicates which scientist will be immortalized, orThe mathematician over there, who solved the four-color theorem, is widely known, where the clausewho solved the four-color theorem adds information about a person already identified by the phrase the mathematician over there. ? Some grammarians have argued that onlywho and not that should be used to introduce a restrictive relative clause that identifies a person. This restriction has no basis either in logic or in the usage of the best writers;it is entirely acceptable to write eitherthe man that wanted to talk to you or the man who wanted to talk to you. ? The grammatical rules governing the use ofwho and whom apply equally to whoever and whomever. See Usage Note at else ,that ,whose 确定用法的传统规则who 和 whom 相对简单： who 语法上用作主语，同 I 或 he 等主格代词的位置相同， 而whom 用于别处。 这样，我们写The actor who played Hamlet was there （演哈姆雷特的演员在那边）， 因此who 代表的是 played Hamlet 的主语。 在句子Who do you think is the best candidate? （你认为谁是最好的候选人?）中 who 代表 is the best candidate 的主语。 但是我们说To whom did you give the letter? （你把信给谁了?）， 因为whom 是介词 to 的宾语； 在句子The man whom the papers criticized did not show up, （报纸上批评的那个人没有来）， 因为whom 是动词 criticized 的宾语 。在复杂的句子里，正确应用这些规则需要相当的努力和注意。正确地造出如I met the man whom the government had tried to get France to extradite （我遇到了政府曾努力让法国引渡的那个人）这样的句子， 在写whom 之前我们必须预知它将作动词 extradite 的宾语， 尽管两个词离得很远。这也就难怪自莎士比亚以来的作家经常把who 和 whom 交换使用了。 尽管在正式文体中两者区别仍然存在，但如果在非正式的交谈中严格地遵守这些规则会被认为说话者或作者可能不顾内容而过分注视说话的形式。在口语和非正式书面语中，who 趋向于代替 whom; 人们会认为象Who did John say he was going to support? （约翰说他将支持谁?）这样句子很自然，尽管严格来说它是不正确的。 相反，在应该用who 的地方用 whom 则显出一种语言上的不稳定， 如Whom shall I say is calling? （我说是谁在打电话?）。 当关系代词替代句尾的介词宾语时，whom 在理论上是正确的形势： 严格的语法坚持Whom （而不是 who ) did you give it to?（你把它给谁了？） 但从诺·韦伯斯特以来的语法学家认为whom 在这种情况下过分正式，而把介词放在句尾相对来说又不正式，这就有了矛盾，所以在这种情况下用 who 完全可以接受。 关系代词who 可以用在限定关系从句中，前面不要加逗号， 也可用在非限定关系从句中，则需要加逗号。所以我们既可以说The scientist who discovers a cure for cancer will be immortalized （发现治愈癌症的方法的科学家将会因此而不朽）， 在此处从句who discovers a cure for cancer 指这样的科学家将会不朽， 也可以说The mathematician over there, who solved the four-color theorem, is widely known （在那边的数学家非常出名，他解决了四色定理）， 从句who solved the four-color theorem 给已经由短语 the mathematician over there 确定了的人增加了一些有关他的信息。 有些语法学家认为只有who 而不是 that 可以连接表示人的限定性关系从句。 这种限制在逻辑上没有根据，在最优秀作家的用法中也未有根据；无论说the man that wanted to talk to you （想要跟你说话的那个人）或 the man who wanted to talk to you 都是完全可以接受的。 有关who 和 whom 的语法规则同样适用于 whoever 和 whomever 参见 else,that,whose〔mistaken〕a mistaken view of the situation.对形势的错误看法〔quicksand〕Often quicksands A place or situation into which entry can be swift and sudden but from which extrication can be difficult or impossible: 常作 quicksands 陷阱：一种可快速轻易进入的地方或形势，但从中脱身可能很困难或不可能的：〔principal〕A main participant in a situation.首要参与者：某一形势中的主要参加者〔superficies〕External appearance or aspect.外部形象或形势〔posture〕A stance or disposition with regard to something:形势，立场：有关某事的立场或处置： |
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