| 单词 | 形容 |
| 释义 | 〔ghastly〕As her illness worsened her skin took on a pallid, greenish, lurid appearance. More often the term describes what shocks because of its terrible and ghastly nature: 疾病使她的皮肤呈现出一种苍白的、绿色的、可怕的样子。 这个词更多用来形容因为本性的可怕和恐惧而令人震惊： 〔contrary〕"a lively child, who had been spoilt and indulged, and therefore was sometimes wayward" (Charlotte Brontë).One who isornery is marked by a mean-spirited, often defiant contrariety: “一个活泼的孩子，因为被娇宠溺爱而有时任性倔强” （夏洛蒂·勃朗特）。用Ornery 来形容人时具有心胸狭窄，又常常违抗不服的互相矛盾的特征： 〔funky〕When asked which words in the English language are the most difficult to define precisely,a lexicographer would surely mentionfunky. The meaning offunky seems well captured by Geneva Smitherman in Talkin and Testifyin: The Language of Black America, where she states that funky means “[related to] the blue notes or blue mood created in jazz, blues, and soul music generally, down-to-earth soulfully expressed sounds; by extension [related to] the real nitty-gritty or fundamental essence of life, soul to the max.”Be that as it may,funky is first recorded in 1784 in a reference to musty, old, moldy cheese. Funky then developed the sense "smelling strong or bad,” which could be used to describe body odor.Butfunky was applied to jazz, too—a usage explained in 1959 by one F. Newton inJazz Scene : "Critics are on the search for something a little more like the old, original, passion-laden blues: the trade-name which has been suggested for it is ‘funky’(literally: ‘smelly,’ i.e. symbolizing the return from the upper atmosphere to the physical, down-to-earth reality).” Funky comes from the earlier nounfunk, which meant "a strong smell or stink.” This noun can probably be traced back to the Latin wordfūmus, "smoke.” 当被问及英语中最难准确定义的是哪些词时，词典编纂者肯定会提到funky 这个词。 Funky 的含义似乎被热纳瓦·史密斯曼在 语言和证明： 美国黑人语言一节中解释得很清楚，她认为 funky 指“主要在爵士乐、布鲁斯歌曲、灵乐这些发自灵魂深处的音乐中创造出的音符式的忧郁； 由此延伸为与生命本质精髓有关的，表现美国黑人及其文化特点到极致的。”Funky 最早可能被记录于1784年，用于指发霉的、过期的奶酪。 后来，funky 引申到这层意思“闻起来强烈或有异味的，” 可以用来形容身体的气味。但funky 也用于指爵士乐方面， 这种用法于1959年在一位名叫F·牛顿的人的书爵士舞台 中有所解释： “批评家们正在找一种有些更象原始的、激情洋溢的老布鲁斯歌曲一样的东西：用来表现后的词就是‘有气息的’（字面意义：‘有气味的，’也就是说，从高高在上的格调降回到自然而率直的风格）。” Funky 一词来自较早出现的名词funk， 意为“一种刺鼻的气味或臭味”。 这个词可能可追溯到拉丁词fumus， “烟” 〔shin〕The lower foreleg in beef cattle. Used of cuts of meat.小腿肉：菜牛的前腿的下部 用来形容切好的肉〔personate〕Having two lips, with the throat closed by a prominent palate. Used of a corolla, such as that of the snapdragon.假面状的：有两片唇状物，其入口处被一突出的萼包裹着的。用于形容花冠，如金鱼草的花冠〔nonstandard〕The termnonstandard was introduced by linguists and lexicographers to describe usages and language varieties that had previously been labeled with terms such as vulgar and illiterate. Nonstandardis not simply a euphemism but reflects the empirical discoverythat the varieties used by low-prestige groups have rich and systematic grammatical structuresand that their stigmatization more often reflects a judgment about their speakersrather than any inherent deficiencies in logic or expressive power.Note, however, that the use of nonstandard forms is not necessarily restricted to the communities with which they are associated in the public mind.Many educated speakers freely use forms such ascan't hardly or ain't I to set a popular or informal tone. · Some dictionaries use the termsubstandard to describe forms, such asain't, associated with uneducated speech, while reservingnonstandard for forms such as irregardless, which are common in writingbut are still regarded by many as uneducated.Butsubstandard is itself susceptible of disparaging interpretation, and most linguists and lexicographers now use onlynonstandard, the practice followed in this Dictionary.词条nonstandard 被语言学家和词典编辑人引进用来描述以前已被词条，例如 vulgar 和 illiterate归类的用法和语言种类。 Nonstandand不只是委婉的说法， 而且反映了凭经验得到的发现：被具有权威的群体所用的语种有丰富而且系统的语法结构，而且这些误解被轻蔑描绘更经常地反映了对其说话者的判断，而不是对任何天生的逻辑和表达力的缺乏。然而，要注意，非标准语形式的运用并不必要限制于在公众心目中与其所联系的团体。许多受过教育的说话者自由地用这些形式如can't hardly 或者 ain't I 说流行或非正式的句子。 有些字典用substandard 来描述此类形式， 如ain't， 并与未受教育的言语相联系， 而同时保留nonstandard 用来形容 irregardless 这一类形式， 这些形式普遍用于写作中，但仍被许多人认为是未受教育的用法。但是substandard 本身很容易引起贬低含义的翻译， 大多数语言学家和词典编辑现在只用nonstandard， 在此词典后边有练习〔psychoactive〕Affecting the mind or mental processes. Used of a drug.作用于心灵的，影响精神的：作用于心灵或精神过程的。用于形容药品〔possible〕 Workable is used of something that can be put into effective operation: Workable 形容可有效实行的事物： 〔challenged〕People who object to the termsdisabled and handicapped as being too negative sometimes propose the substitution of challenged instead, as in referring to persons with physical disabilities as physically challenged. While this particular phrase is quite popular, it is sometimes taken to be condescending, and similar usages such as mentally challenged have failed to win equal acceptance. Indeed, the widespread parody of challenged in such expressions as electronically challenged for "inept at using computers" has effectively eliminated it as an all-purpose alternative to disabled or handicapped. 一些觉得使用disabled 和 handicapped 字眼过于负面的人，偶会以委婉的 challenged 代替，如用 physically challenged 指肢体有缺陷。这个特别词汇的使用相当普遍，因为有时会被视为较谦逊的用法，不过相似用法的接受度不一定相同， mentally challenged 这个用法便无法获得相同的认同。事实上，广为流传的 challenged 谐谑用法如以 electronically challenged（计算机残障） 来形容计算机白痴，已使得其全面替代 disabled 或 handicapped 沦为梦想 〔contrary〕Balky describes an animal or a mechanical device that stops short and does not proceed or continue in operation;the word is also applicable to analogous human behavior: Balky 形容突然停住不再前进的动物或者突然停下来不再继续运作的机械装置；这个词也可适用于与某些类似人的行为： 〔flexible〕These adjectives refer literally to what is capable of withstanding stress without injuryand figuratively to what can undergo change or modification.Something that isflexible can be bent, twisted, or turned ( 这些形容词的字面意思是指能经得住压力而不被损坏的，比喻义是指能经受住变化或改变的。Flexible 形容可以弯曲、拧或扭的东西（ 〔possible〕Assuming that the scheme is workable, how will you begin to implement it? Something that ispracticable is capable of being effected, done, or put into practice: 假设这个计划是可行的，你将怎样开始实现它呢? Practicable 形容能够被影响、完成或执行的事： 〔terrific〕-ficus [-fic] -ficus [表形容词的后缀] 〔excessive〕 Excessive describes a quantity, an amount, or a degree that is more than what is justifiable, tolerable, or desirable: Excessive 用来形容数量或程度超过了正当的、可忍受的或想要的限度： 〔normal〕regular attendance at school. What isnatural is proper to, consonant with, or in accord with one's inherent nature or character: 按时到校。 Natural 形容固有、含有或符合某人内在特性或特点的事物： 〔silk〕To develop silk. Used of corn.抽穗丝。用于形容玉米〔proud〕Spirited. Used of an animal:生气蓬勃的：精力充沛的。用于形容动物：〔relevant〕The successful copywriter is a master of apposite and evocative verbal images. Somethingapropos is both to the point and opportune: 成功的广告文字撰稿人是贴切且能引起共鸣的大师。 Apropos 形容既是贴切又适宜的事务： 〔shorthaired〕Having a coat of short hair. Used of animals.短毛的：有一层短毛的用来形容动物〔shore〕Often used to modify another noun:通常用于形容另一个各词：〔transient〕 Fugitive especially describes what is elusive or quickly fades: Fugitive 专门用来形容躲避的或很快消失的事物： 〔shotten〕Having recently spawned and thus being less desirable as food. Used of fish, especially herring.因为刚产过卵而食用价值低的，用于形容鱼类尤其是鲱鱼〔heavy〕a ponderous compliment. Somethingcumbersome is difficult to move, handle, or deal with because it is heavy, bulky, or clumsy: 肉麻的吹捧。 Cumbersome 形容因其沉重、巨大或粗笨而难以移动、对付或处理的事物： 〔contemporary〕 Contemporary is used more often of persons,contemporaneous of events and facts: Contemporary 更多地用来形容人，而contemporaneous 则形容事件或事实： 〔lagniappe〕Lagniappe derives from New World Spanish la ñapa, "the gift,” and perhaps ultimately from Quechua yapay, "to give more.” The word came into the rich Creole dialect mixture of New Orleans and there acquired a French spelling. It is still used chiefly in southern Louisiana to denote a little bonus that a friendly shopkeeper might add to a purchase. By extension, it may mean "an extra or unexpected gift or benefit.” Lagniappe 源于新大陆西班牙语中的 la~napa （“礼物”），而且也许最终来自盖丘亚语中的 yapay （“给得更多”）。这个词进入了新奥尔良富有的克里奥耳人的对话用语并因此具有了法语的拼法。直至今日它还是主要用于路易斯安那州的南部，用来形容那些友好的店主们可能会在你所购物之外给予额外的东西。根据它的延伸意，该词可以指“额外的或意料不到的礼物或收益。” 〔noisome〕-som [adj. suff.] * see -some 1-som [形容后缀] * 参见 -some1〔relevant〕These adjectives all describe what relates to and has a direct bearing on the matter at hand.Somethingrelevant is connected with a subject or issue: 这些形容词都用来描述和手头的事务有关联或有直接关系的东西。Relevant 形容与一个主题或问题有关的某事： 〔stampede〕The Spanish wordestampida, meaning "explosion, bang, crash, uproar,” seems very fitting to describe a rush of animals, such as buffaloes, horses, or cattle,and was so used first in American Spanish.From this use came our wordstampede (actually from the Spanishestampido, a masculine noun corresponding to the feminine estampida, first recorded in 1828). Thusstampede, now a general English word, is an Americanism, that is, a word or expression that originated in the United States.Later the United States was to see stampedes of miners who rushed westward to find gold.Not surprisingly, an early instance of this word to describe a stampede of human beings is found in theSan Francisco Herald in 1851. 西班牙语estampida 的意思是“爆炸，巨响，击碎，吼叫”， 似乎很适合形容兽群如野牛、马群或牛的惊跑，并且首先被使用于美国西班牙语中。由此就出现了我们的stampede （事实上源于与西班牙语estampida 相对应的 estampido ，于1828年首次被记录下来）。 因此，stampede ，一个目前很普遍的英语词，是一种美国英语， 也就是说来源于美国的一个单词或词组。后来，美国目睹了成千上万向西淘金的人群。1851年在旧金山的先驱 中出现了形容大批人群蜂拥而至的这个字就不足为怪了 〔haggard〕 Haggard implies thinness, tiredness,and often the expression of one seemingly distraught or harried: Haggard 形容瘦弱和疲惫的样子，通常形容人心烦意乱或受折磨的表情： 〔belligerent〕"His style has been described variously as abrasive and contentious, overbearing and pompous" (Victor Merina). “他的风格有时被描述为令人讨厌和好争论的，有时又被形容为傲慢和自负的” （维克多·梅里纳）。〔handicapped〕Althoughhandicapped is widely used in both law and everyday speech to refer to people having physical or mental disabilities, those described by the word tend to prefer the expressionsdisabled or people with disabilities. To say that people arehandicapped may imply that they cannot function on a par with others, while to say that they have adisability allows more readily for the possibility that they can so function, in spite of having to do some things in different ways.It is also felt that some stigma may attach to the wordhandicapped on account of its origin in the phrase hand in cap, actually derived from a game of chancebut sometimes mistakenly believed to involve the image of a beggar.The wordhandicapped is best reserved to describe a disabled person who is unable to function owing to some property of the environment. Thus people with a physical disability requiring a wheelchair may or may not behandicapped, depending on whether wheelchair ramps are made available to them. 尽管在法律上和在日常用语里handicapped 这个词被广泛使用以言指那些有生理缺陷的，智力低下的人， 那些被这个词描绘的人们更喜欢disabled 或 people with disabilities 这两种说法。 说人们是handicapped 可能暗示他们不可能象别的人那样水平的工作， 而当说他们只是disability 时，为他们能够如此工作提供了更大的可能性和余地， 尽管他们是用不同的方式去做同样的事情。一些附着于handicapped 这个词的一些特点是因为这个词来源于 hand in cap 这个短语， 它实际上起源于比赛中的机会，但有时被人误会加入了乞丐的形象。单词handicapped 这个词用来形容那些由于某些客观环境问题而无法工作的人是最好的了， 因此生理有缺陷的而需要轮椅的人，是否是handicapped 要看为他们准备的轮椅的坡道是否可以使用 〔village〕Often used to modify another noun:经常用来形容另一个名词：〔elderly〕These adjectives are compared as they mean far along in years or life.One who iselderly is between middle age and old age: 这些形容词都表示年纪迟暮的或生活经历多的，但是各有不同。用elderly 来形容一个人是指他处于中年和老年之间： 〔precipitate〕The adjectiveprecipitate and the adverb precipitately were once applied to physical steepness but are now used primarily of rash, headlong actions: 形容词precipitate 和副词 precipitately 曾被用于形容物体的陡急， 但现在主要用于指轻率鲁莽的行为： 〔elderly〕The Western world has yet to respect the aged members of its society as the Japanese do. One who isvenerable commands respect by virtue of dignity and age: 西方世界的人们要象日本人那样尊重社会的老年成员。 Venerable 形容因高龄和德行而让人敬仰的人： 〔perceptible〕"The advantages Mr. Falkland possessed . . . are palpable" (William Godwin).What isappreciable is capable of being estimated or measured: “福克兰德先生所具有的优势…是显而易见的” （威廉·戈德温）。Appreciable 形容可被推测或估算的事物： 〔hateful〕a detestable occupation. Somethingodious is the object of disgust, aversion, or intense displeasure: 可恶的职业。 Odious 形容引起厌恶、反对或不愉快的物体： 〔orthotropous〕Growing straight, so that the micropyle is at the end opposite the stalk. Used of an ovule.直生的：直立生长以至珠孔在茎的另一端的。用于形容胚珠〔fog〕To be dimmed or obscured. Used of a photographic image.照片（模糊）：被搞暗或搞模糊了。用于形容相片上的图象〔innate〕These adjectives mean existing in a person or thing from birth or origin.以上这些形容表示某人或某物从其出生或出现时就具有的。 |
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