| 单词 | 形式 |
| 释义 | 〔cobalt〕A hard, brittle metallic element, found associated with nickel, silver, lead, copper, and iron ores and resembling nickel and iron in appearance. It is used chiefly for magnetic alloys, high-temperature alloys, and in the form of its salts for blue glass and ceramic pigments. Atomic number 27; atomic weight 58.9332; melting point 1,495°C; boiling point 2,900°C; specific gravity 8.9; valence 2, 3. See table at element 钴：一种硬而脆的金属元素，与镍、银、铅、铜和铁矿石一起存在，外表像镍和铁。它主要用于磁合金、高温合金、以盐的形式用于蓝色玻璃和陶瓷颜料。原子序数27；原子量58.9332；熔点1,495°C；沸点2,900°C；比重8.9；原子价2，3 参见 element〔Lardner〕American humorist and writer whose satirical short stories were published in collections, includingYou Know Me, Al (1916) and How to Write Short Stories (with Samples) (1924). 拉德纳，林戈德·威尔默：(1885-1933) 美国幽默大师和作家，他的讽刺短篇小说以文集形式出版，包括《阿尔，你了解我》 （1916年）和 《怎样写短篇小说（范例）》 （1924年） 〔molding〕An embellishment in strip form, made of wood or other structural material, that is used to decorate or finish a surface, such as the wall of a room or building or the surface of a door or piece of furniture. Also called In this sense, also called mold 1装饰线条：线条形式的装饰，由木头或其它构造材料制成，用作装饰或完成一个表面，如房间或建筑的墙，一扇门或一件家具的表面 也作 在此意义上也可称作 mold1〔per〕Suffixed form*p—-sōd . parget , from Latin porrō , forward. 添加后缀的形式*p—-sōd . parget , 源自 拉丁语 porrō ,向前地. 〔evaporate〕To draw off in the form of vapor.使挥发：以蒸汽的形式排出〔remonstrate〕To reason or plead in protest; present an objection.See Synonyms at object 抗议；反对：以抗议形式推理或声明；提出反对 参见 object〔snatchy〕Occurring in snatches; intermittent:不连贯的：以片段的形式发生的；断断续续的：〔spiral〕To cause to take a spiral form or course.使…用螺旋形形式或路径〔materialize〕To take physical form or shape.形体化：采取物质的形式或成形〔Lurex〕A trademark used for a yarn made of plastic-coated aluminum filaments. This trademark often occurs in print in uppercase and lowercase as an attributive:"The Lurex sock became the signature leg fashion for glitter rockers" (Women's Wear Daily). It can also occur in figurative extensions: 卢勒克斯：一种由塑料膜铝丝制成的纤维纱的商标。这一商标常以大写或小写形式出现在书面材料中作为一个定语：“卢勒克斯袜成为显耀的摇滚乐男乐师腿部的时尚标志” （女子服饰日报）。这个词也常以其比喻引申义出现： 〔rhythm〕A specific kind of metrical pattern or flow:格律，韵律：特定的韵律形式或声流：〔worst〕Under the most negative circumstances, estimation, or interpretation:在最坏的形式下：在最恶劣的环境，在最保守的估计下，在最不利的解释下：〔catechism〕A book giving a brief summary of the basic principles of Christianity in question-and-answer form.教义问答手册：以问答形式简要说明基督教的基本教义的书〔asbestos〕Either of two incombustible, chemical-resistant, fibrous mineral forms of impure magnesium silicate, used for fireproofing, electrical insulation, building materials, brake linings, and chemical filters.石棉：两种不纯镁硅酸盐的不燃、抗化学变化、纤维素矿物质形式中的一种，用作防火，电绝缘，建筑材料，煞车隔板和化学过滤器〔Yankee〕Yankee is an excellent example of a widely known word whose origins cannot be determined. The best hypothesis is thatYankee comes from Dutch Janke, a nickname forJan, "John.” Evidence can be found in theOxford English Dictionary that the forms Yankey, Yanky, and Yankee were used as surnames or nicknames in the 17th century. The wordYankee is first found in one of our modern senses in 1758, the sense being "a New Englander.” The 17th-century nickname forJan was derisive, and the first instances of our word show the term being used derisively by the British for New Englanders.After the Battle of Lexington (1775) New Englanders dignified the name.The British were responsible for application of the term to all Americans (a use first recorded around 1784);and Southerners, for application of the term to Northerners (first recorded in 1817).Yankee 是一个广为人知但来源不明的单词的极好例证。 最好的假设是Yankee 来自于荷兰语 Janke, 是Jan “约翰”的浑名。 从《牛津英语字典》 可以找到证据证明 Yankey,Yanky 和 Yankee 这些形式在17世纪曾被用作姓氏或浑名。 Yankee 一词的第一个现代意义出现于1758年，即“新英格兰人”。 17世纪Jan 的浑名含有嘲弄意味， 该词的第一例用法也说明英国人用它来嘲弄新英格兰人。在莱克星顿战役(1775年）后，新英格兰人赋于了它尊严与荣誉。英国人用该词来指称所有美国人（首次出现于1784年）；美国南方人则用它指称北方人（首次出现于1817年）〔beignet〕New Orleans, Louisiana, has been a rich contributor of French loan words and local expressions to American English.One variety of speech in this city is so distinctive that it has a name:yat. Many of the words, such asbeignet, café au lait, faubourg, lagniappe, and krewe, reflect the New World French cuisine and culture characterizing this city and much of southern Louisiana. Other words reflect distinctive physical characteristics of the city:banquette, a raised sidewalk, and camelback and shotgun, distinctive architectural styles found among New Orleans houses. 路易斯安娜州的新奥尔良对法语词汇和当地表达方式溶入美式英语起了很大贡献。这个城市里的语言是如此独特以致人们叫它yat。 许多词如beignet，cafè au lait，faubourg，lagniappe 和 krewe 反映了该城和南路易丝安娜州大部地区的新大陆上法式的烹饪和文化特色。 其它词反映了该城独特的外貌和特征：banquette 高起的人行道， camelback 和 shotgun 新奥尔良房屋的独特建筑形式 〔unshaped〕Imperfectly shaped or formed.形状或形式不完美的〔pantomime〕An ancient Roman theatrical performance in which one actor played all the parts by means of gesture and movement, accompanied by a narrative chorus.古罗马哑剧表演：一种古罗马剧场表演形式，一个演员通过手势和姿势，并伴以讲述的合唱来演出全部的情节〔Hockney〕British painter, printmaker, photographer, and stage designer who emerged as a leader of the pop art movement of the 1960s. His often autobiographical paintings are characterized by flat, simple forms and an open sense of space and light.霍克尼，戴维：英国画家、版画家、摄影师及舞台设计师，于1960年代脱颖而出成为流行艺术活动的领导者，他那常为自传体的画作以单一、简单的形式及空间及光线的开放感为特征〔university〕The universe in the worduniversity is not the universe as we know it, thoughuniversity is derived from the ancestor of our word universe. This ancestor, Latinūniversus, was made up of ūnus, "one,” and versus, "in a specified direction.” Universus thus literally meant "in one specified direction" but actually meant "the whole of, entire,” and "regarded as a whole, regarded as a group.”Universum, the neuter singular of ūniversus, used as a noun, meant "the universe,”as did the derivativeūniversitās, which also meant "a corporate body of persons, community.” During the Middle Ages, when Latin continued to be used in areas such as government, religion, and education,the wordūniversitās was applied to the new corporate bodies of teachers and students, as at Salerno, Paris, and Oxford, that were the ancestors of our universities of today.Our worduniversity, going back to the Latin word, is first recorded around 1300, with reference to this corporate body.University 一词中的"universe"并不是我们所知道的宇宙这个词， 虽然university 是由我们的 universe 这个词的前身派生而来的。 这一前身，即拉丁文中的universus 是由表示“一”的 unus 和表示“沿着某一特定的方向”的 versus 构成的。 Universus 字面上的意思因此就是“沿着一个特定的方向”， 但它实际的意思却是“整个、全部”和“被视为一个整体的，被视为一个群体的”。Universum ，是 universus 的中性单数形式， 用作名词时指“宇宙”，同样派生词universitas 也指“一群个人的联合体，社团”。 在中世纪，拉丁文继续在诸如政府、宗教和教育等领域得到使用，universitas 这个词被用来指由教师和学生所构成的新联合体，比如在萨勒诺、巴黎和牛津出现的这种联合体， 而这类联合体即是我们今天的大学的最初形式。我们今天的university 这个词可以上溯到拉丁词， 它首次被记录下来是在大约1300年，当时就是用来指这种联合体〔hardedge〕A form of abstract painting characterized by clearly defined geometric shapes and often bright colors.硬边抽象画：一种以明显线条的几何图形及常用明快色彩为特征的抽象画形式〔winter〕Winter, spring, summer, fall.It is not too difficult to see how the season namesspring and fall came into being, but without some background information it is impossible to tell what the origins of the wordswinter and summer are. Summer goes back to the Indo-European root .sem-, meaning "summer.” From a suffixed form of this root came the prehistoric Common Germanic word.sumaraz, the ancestor of Old Englishsumor and its descendant, Modern English summer. This is the only Indo-European root referring to a season that has survived in an English name for a season.Of the other three,.wesr-, "spring,” has produced words such as vernal; ghyem-, "winter,” has given us words such as hibernate; andesen-, "harvest, fall,” has yielded earn ( from the prehistoric Common Germanic word.aznōn, "to do harvest work, serve"). Winter does, however, go back to the Indo-European root wed-, "water, wet.” From the formwe-n-d- of this root with the nasal infix -n- was derived the Germanic word .wintruz, with the underlying meaning "wet season" and the literal meaning "winter.”The Germanic word is the source of Old Englishwinter, the ancestor of Modern English winter. 冬，春，夏，秋。说出季节名spring 和 fall 的来历不是很难， 但如果没有一些背景知识，不可能知道winter 和 summer 的词源。 Summer 可追溯到印欧语中的词根 sem- ，意思是“夏天”。 给这个词根加后缀后又转化为史前的普通日尔曼词sumaraz， 这是古英语中sumor 的前身，由此又发展来现代英语中的 summer。 这是印欧语中表季节的词根在英语中作为季节名保留下来的唯一一个。另外三个wesr- “春”产生了象 vernal这类的词； ghyem-“冬”又给了我们单词 hibernate； esen- “收获，秋天”衍生出 earn ( 从史前的普通日尔曼词aznon “做收获的工作，服务”而来）。 然而winter 得追溯到印欧词根 wed- “水，湿的”。 由这个词根的we-n-d 形式和鼻音中缀 -n- 衍生出日尔曼语词 wintruz， 其隐含的意思是“湿润的季节”和字面意义“冬天”。这个日尔曼词是古英语中winter 的前身，也是现代英语 winter 的前身 〔per〕Suffixed form*prō-wo- . Frau , ( Fräulein ), from Old High German frouwa , lady, from Germanic *frōwō- , lady, lengthened-grade feminine of *frawan- , lord. 添加后缀的形式*prō-wo- . Frau , ( Fräulein ), 源自 古高地德语 frouwa , 女士, 源自 日耳曼语 *frōwō- , 女士，贵妇, *frawan- 的变长级阴性词, 领主，地主. 〔ceremony〕A formal act without intrinsic purpose; an empty form:客套：没有实质意图的正式举动；虚的形式：〔pek〕Assimilated form (inItalic and Celtic ) *k wek w- . （在意大利语 和 凯尔特语 中）的同化形式 *k wek w- . 〔case〕A pattern of inflection of nouns, pronouns, and adjectives to express different syntactic functions in a sentence.词形变化形式：名词、代词和形容词在一个句子中表示不同的句法功能的词形屈折变化的形式〔conform〕To correspond in form or character; be similar.一致：在形式或特征上相符；相似〔induct〕To place ceremoniously or formally in an office or a position; install:使正式就任：以仪式或正规的形式就任某个官职或职位；上任：〔wed〕a style that weds form and function.把形式与作用紧密结合的风格〔haywire〕It may seem oddthat the wordhaywire should have come to describe something or someone that is not functioning properly. Haywire originally was in fact simply a compound of the words hay and wire, denoting wire used to bale things such as hay or straw.The term is first recorded as a noun in a debate that occurred in the Canadian House of Commons (1917);hence it is a Canadianism, or since it soon thereafter appeared in a United States publication, a North Americanism.We find an earlier (1905) attributive use,however, in the phrasehay wire outfit, a term used contemptuously for poorly equipped loggers. What lies behind this term is the practice of making repairs with haywire.Haywire is found in other contexts with the general sense "makeshift, inefficient,” from which comes the extended senses "not functioning properly" and "crazy.”看起来或许很奇怪，haywire 一词竟可以用来形容某物或某人不能正常运转。 事实上，haywire 是由 hay 和 wire 两个词组成的一个简单复合词， 指用来捆绑诸如干草或麦秆的铁丝，这个词在1917年加拿大众议院的一次辩论中第一次以一个名词的形式被记录下来，因此这是一个加拿大俗语或者说是北美俗词，因此这词很快就出现在美国出版物中。我们可以找到一个更早的（1905年）形容性用法，词组hay wire outfit, 是对装备不足的伐木工人的鄙称。 这个词的内涵是指准备用铁丝捆干草的工作。在其它语境中，haywire 被用来表示“临时的，效率低的”这种笼统的意思， 由此扩展出“不能正常工作的”以及“疯狂的”这些意义〔verse〕A particular type of metrical composition, such as blank verse or free verse.诗体：韵文的一种特殊形式，例如无韵角诗歌或者自由诗〔lemon〕Although we know neither where the lemon was first grownnor when it first came to Europe,we do know from its name alone that it came to us from the Middle East,because we can trace its etymological path.One of the earliest if not the earliest occurrences of our word is found in a Middle English customs document of 1420-1421.The Middle English word, which was of the formlimon, goes back to Old Frenchlimon, showing that yet another delicacy passed into England through France.The Old French word probably came from Italianlimone, another step on the route that leads back to the Arabic wordlaymūn or līmūn, which comes from the Persian wordlīmūn. 虽然我们既不知道柠檬是在哪儿被最早种植的，也不知道它是什么时候传到欧洲的，但是我们却能单从它的名字确切地判断出它是从中东地区传到我们的，因为我们可以追溯出它的语源的发展道路。如果不是最早出现的话，最早的发现记录于1420年至1421年之间的一份中古英语海关文件中。这个中古英语单词的形式是limon ， 可以追溯到古代法语中的limon 一词， 它表明又一种美味佳肴由法国传入了英国。这个古代法语单词很可能来源于意大利单词limone ， 这就更朝前一步地回到了阿拉伯语中的laymun 或 limun ， 这一单词来源于波斯语limun 〔dihydrotachysterol〕A rapidly acting form of vitamin D, C28H 45OH, prescribed in the treatment of hypocalcemia. 双氢速甾酮，二氢速固酮：维生素D促进作用形式，C28H 45OH，用于治疗低钙血症 〔triolet〕A poem or stanza of eight lines with a rhyme schemeabaaabab, in which the fourth and seventh lines are the same as the first, and the eighth line is the same as the second. 八行两韵诗：八行的诗或小节，其韵脚形式为abaaabab ，其第一、四、七行相同，第二、八行相同 〔bibliotherapy〕A form of supportive psychotherapy in which carefully selected reading materials are used to assist a subject in solving personal problems or for other therapeutic purposes.阅读疗法：一种心理疗法的辅助形式，为帮助受治疗者解决个人问题或出于其他的治疗目的而谨慎地为其选择阅读材料〔vogue〕The history of the wordvogue takes us back from the abstract world of fashion to the concrete actions of moving in a vehicle and rowing a boat, demonstrating how sense can change dramatically over time even though it flows, as it were, in the same channel.The history ofvogue begins with the Indo-European root .wegh-, meaning "to go, transport in a vehicle.” Among many other forms derived from this root was the Germanic stem.wēga-, "water in motion.” From this stem came the Old Low German verbwogōn, meaning "to sway, rock.” This verb passed into Old French asvoguer, which meant "to sail, row.” The Old French word yielded the nounvogue, which probably literally meant "a rowing,” and so "a course,” and figuratively "reputation" and then "reputation of fashionable things" or "prevailing fashion,” which involve courses, so to speak.The French passed the noun on to us,it being first recorded in English in 1571.vogue 一词的历史把我们从抽象世界的时尚带回到在车辆里移动和划船的具体行为， 显示出尽管意义象以前一样在同一个轨道上变化，但它能越过时间发生引人瞩目的变化。vogue 的历史起源于印欧词根 wegh-， 意思是“走，在车辆里运行”。 从此词根发展出许多别的词形，如日尔曼词干wega- ，“运动的水。” 古低地德语动词wogon 从此词干而来，意思是“摆动，震动。” 这个动词以voguer 的形式传入，意为“航行，划。” 古法语词又产生出名词vogue， 字面上的意义可能是“一次划船，”并转为“一个过程，”并且其喻义为“名声”，而后为“流行东西的名声”或“流行的时尚，”可以说它包含着一些过程。法语把这个名词传给我们，于1571年最早被录入英语〔schedule〕calculate and schedule each tax deduction on the proper form.用合适的形式对每一笔减税进行计算和列表〔shivaree〕Shivaree is the most common American regional form of charivari, a French word meaning "a noisy mock serenade for newlyweds"and probably deriving in turn from a Late Latin word meaning "headache.”The term, most likely borrowed from French traders and settlers along the Mississippi River,was well established in the United States by 1805;an account dating from that year describes a shivaree in New Orleans: "The house is mobbed by thousands of the people of the town, vociferating and shouting with loud acclaim . . . many[are] in disguises and masks; and all have some kind of discordant and noisy music, such as old kettles, and shovels, and tongs. . . . All civil authority and rule seems laid aside" (John F. Watson).The wordshivaree is especially common along and west of the Mississippi River, giving it an unusual north-south dialect boundary (most dialect boundaries run east-west in the United States).Alva L. Davis and Raven I. McDavid, Jr., callshivaree "one of the most widely distributed folk terms borrowed by American English from any European language.” Some regional equivalents arebelling, used in Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Ohio; horning, from upstate New York, Rhode Island, and western New England; andserenade, a term used chiefly in the South Atlantic states. Shivaree 是 charivari 这个词在美国的最普通的地方形式， charivari是个法语词，意思是“一种为新婚夫妇演奏的喧闹的嘲弄式小夜曲”，这个词本身可能是从一个意思为“头痛”的后期拉丁文演变而来。这个词极有可能是从密西西比河沿岸的法国商人和拓居者那儿借用而来，到了1805年这个词已经在美国深深地扎根了；一份可以追溯到这一年的记录描写了新奥良的演奏这种小夜曲的情况： “房子里挤满了成千从镇上来的人，喧嚷着，叫喊着，大声欢呼…许多人 化了装，带了面具，所有的人都搞出某种不和协、喧闹的音响，比如用旧水壶，铲子，钳子…一切世俗的权威和规则好象已经被放到了一边” （约翰F·华生） 。shivaree 这个词在密西西比河沿岸和该河以西尤为常见， 这样密西西比河就成了一个不寻常的方言区的南北分界线（而在美国大多数方言区的分界线都是东西向的）。阿尔瓦·L·戴维斯和小拉文·I·麦克戴维把shivaree 这个词称为“美国英语从欧洲语言中借来的民间用语中流传最广的一个”。 其它地方方言中相当于这个词的词有belling 在宾夕法尼亚州、弗吉尼亚西部和俄亥俄州流传； 纽约州上半部份，罗德岛州，新英格兰西部的horning ， 而大西洋沿岸南部各州主要用serenade 这个词 〔barter〕a barter economy.以物易物的经济形式〔Maine〕Abbr. ME,Me.A state of the northeast United States. It was admitted as the 23rd state in 1820. First explored by Europeans in 1602, the region was annexed by Massachusetts in 1652. Maine's northern boundary with New Brunswick was settled by a treaty with Great Britain in 1842. Augusta is the capital and Portland the largest city. Population, 1,233,223.缩写 ME,Me.缅因州：美国东北部的一个州，于1820年被收归为第二十三个州。最早在1602年被欧洲人开发，此地区在1652年被马萨诸塞州合并。缅因北部和加拿大新布伦瑞克省的边界于1842年和英国以条约的形式确定下来。奥古斯塔为其首府，波特兰是其最大城市。人口1,233,223 |
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