| 单词 | 很少 |
| 释义 | 〔simple〕Having little or no ornamentation; not embellished or adorned:朴素的：装饰很少或没有装饰的；没有装饰过或打扮过的：〔admonish〕"Some of the most heated criticism . . . has come from the Justice Department, which rarely rebukes other agencies in public" (Howard Kurtz). “许多最激烈的批评…来自于平时很少公开谴责其他部门的司法部” （霍华德·库尔兹）。 〔concubine〕In certain societies, such as imperial China, a woman contracted to a man as a secondary wife, often having few legal rights and low social status.妾，小老婆，如夫人：在某些社会中，例如中国的封建社会，充当男人第二个妻子的女人，她们一般很少有法定权利和社会地位〔sinecure〕A position or an office that requires little or no work but provides a salary.闲差：只需做很少工作或不工作但能拿工资的职位或官职〔bond〕"What bonded[the two men] —who spoke rarely and have little personal rapport—was patience and a conviction that uncontrolled inflation endangers . . . society" (Robert J. Samuelson)“［那两人］ ——他们很少交谈，个性也不合——而将这两个结合在一起的原因是耐心和共同的信念，即无法控制的通货膨胀威胁着…社会” (罗伯特J.塞缪尔森)〔pike〕"a policy . . . allowing for little flexibility if an important new singer comes down the pike"(Christian Science Monitor)“一种…给显露头角的重要歌手很少灵活性的政策”(基督教科学箴言报)〔like〕Caviar is a delicacy, but few children fancy it.鱼子酱是一种精美的食品，但只有很少孩子喜欢它。〔remainder〕 Remnant denotes a small piece or quantity remaining after the major part has been used: Remnant 暗指主要部分被用掉之后遗留下来的小片或很少的数量： 〔shred〕A small amount; a particle:很少的量；极小量：〔Bradley〕American policeman and politician who became the first Black mayor of Los Angeles in 1973. He was narrowly defeated when he ran for governor of California in 1982.布拉德利，托马斯：(生于 1917) 美国警察和政治家，于1973年成为洛杉矶市的首任黑人市长。于1982年竞选加利福尼亚州州长时以相差很少的选票失利〔basenji〕A dog of a breed originally from Africa, having a short, smooth, reddish-brown coat and characterized by the absence of a bark.猴面犬，巴辛吉狗：一种非洲种狗，有一层栗棕色，短而光滑的毛皮，特点是很少吠叫〔unread〕Having read little; lacking in knowledge acquired by reading.读书少的：只看过很少的书的；缺乏书本知识的〔be〕Traditional grammar requires the nominative form of the pronoun in the predicate of the verbbe : It is I (not me ); That must be they (not them ), and so forth. Even literate speakers of Modern English have found the rule difficult to conform to,but the stigmatization ofIt is me is by now so deeply lodged among the canons of correctness that there is little likelihood that the construction will ever be entirely acceptable in formal writing.Adherence to the traditional rule in informal speech, however, has come to sound increasingly pedantic,and begins to sound absurd when the verb is contracted, as inIt's we. · The traditional rule creates particular problems when the pronoun followingbe also functions as the object of a verb or preposition in a relative clause, as in It is not them/they that we have in mind when we talk about "crime in the streets" nowadays, where the plural pronoun serves as both the predicate ofis and the object of have. In this example, 57 percent of the Usage Panel preferred the nominative formthey, 33 percent preferred the accusativethem, and 10 percent accepted both versions.But H.W. Fowler, like other authorities, argued that the use of the nominative here is an error caused by "the temptation . . . to assume, perhaps from hearingIt is me corrected to It is I, that a subjective [nominative] case cannot be wrong after the verb to be. ” Writers can usually find a way to avoid this problem: They are not the ones we have in mind, We have someone else in mind, and so on. See Usage Note at I 1we 传统语法要求系动词谓语中的代词用主格形式be ： It is I （而不是 me ）； That must be they （而不是 them ），等等。 即使现代英语有文化的人也发现很难遵守这个规则，而It is me 的烙印现在已深刻地印入了判断是否正确的准则之中， 以致很少有可能使这种用法在正式书面语中被完全接受。但是在非正式讲话中奉行传统规则已经日益变得象在卖弄学问。并且当系动词被缩减时，就象在It's we 中一样，听起来反而象是不合语法的。 当代词跟在be 后面做动词宾语或做关系从句中的介语宾语时，传统的规则就象在 当我们谈到当今“街上的犯罪”时，他们不是我们心中所想的那些人， 句中复数代词同时充当is 的宾语和 have 的宾语。 在这个例子中57%的用法使用小组更喜欢用主格形式they， 33%更喜欢用宾格形式them， 而10%则两种都接受。但是象其他的权威一样，H.W.福勒争论道，在这里用主格是一个错误，它之所以错是因为“多半听到了It is me 都被改正成 It is I 而拿不定主意，以为主格的情况在动词 to be 后面不可能错。” 作家们常常能够找到一个办法来避免这个问题： 他们不是我们所想的人，我们脑子里想的是另一些人等等 参见 I1we〔fat〕Very little or no chance.很少或没有机会〔data〕where the singularity ofdata is implicit in the use of the quantifier very little (contrast the oddness ofWe have very little facts on the efficacy of such programs ). 在这里，data 的单数无保留地用在量词 very little很少 中 （和特例我们对这一项目的效力上，几乎没有多少事实 用法相反） 〔outsider〕A contestant given little chance of winning; a long shot.获胜机会很少者：不大可能获胜的选手；获胜可能性非常微小地参加者〔break〕Shiver is a term rarely encountered outside literary contexts;likeshatter, it indicates sudden force that causes fragmentation: Shiver 很少用于文学作品之外；正如shatter, 表示使成为碎片的突发力量： 〔wild〕Based on little or no evidence or probability; unfounded:无证据的： 基于很少证据或可能性的；无根据的：〔extemporary〕Spoken, done, or composed with little or no preparation or forethought.See Synonyms at extemporaneous 即席的，即兴的：未经或很少准备或构思而讲的、做的或谱写的 参见 extemporaneous〔little〕Something much less than all:很少：比总数少很多的某物：〔rare〕a rare event; a plant that is rare in this region.罕见的事件；在本地区很少见的植物〔desert〕A dry, often sandy region of little rainfall, extreme temperatures, and sparse vegetation.沙漠：下雨很少，温度极高，植被贫乏的干燥，通常多沙的地区〔and〕It is frequently asserted that sentences beginning withand or but express "incomplete thoughts" and are therefore incorrect. But this rule was ridiculed by grammarians like Wilson Follett (who ascribed it to "schoolmarmish rhetoric") and H.W. Fowler (who called it a "superstition"),and the stricture has been ignored by writers from Shakespeare to Virginia Woolf.Members of the Usage Panel were asked whether they paid attention to the rule in their own writing:24 percent answered "always or usually,” 36 percent answered "sometimes,” and 40 percent answered "rarely or never.”See Usage Note at both ,but ,try ,with 通常认为用and 或 but 开始的句子表达“不完整的思想”，因而是不正确的。 但这条规则被一些语法学家所嘲弄，如威尔逊·弗莱特（称之为“古板的修辞”），和H·W福勒（称之为“迷信”），从莎士比亚到弗吉尼亚·沃尔夫之间的作家都忽视了这条规定。当用法专题小组的成员被问到在他们的自己写作中是否也注意到这条规则时：24%的人回答“一直是这样或一般是这样”，36%的人回答“有时这样”，40%的人回答“很少或从来没有” 参见 both,but,try,with〔bolt〕To eat (food) hurriedly and with little chewing; gulp.匆匆咽下，囫囵吞吃：快速的且很少嚼的吃（食物）；吞食〔seldom〕Not often; infrequently or rarely.See Usage Note at rarely 不经常；很少或难得 参见 rarely〔fry〕"These pampered public school boys . . . had managed to evade the long prison sentences that lesser fry were serving"(Noel Annan)“这些被宠坏了的公立学校的男孩子们…已经触犯了很少用于青年人的长期徒刑”(诺埃尔·安南)〔typhoon〕Perhaps few words better illustrate the polyglot background of English thantyphoon, with its Chinese, Arabic, East Indian, and Greek background. The Greek wordtyphon, both the name of the father of the winds and a common noun meaning "whirlwind, typhoon,” was borrowed into Arabic (as was many a Greek word during the Middle Ages, when Arabic learning both preserved the classical heritage and expanded upon it, passing it on to Europe).Ùūfān, the Arabic version of the Greek word, passed into languages spoken in India,where Arabic-speaking Moslem invaders had settled in the 11th century.Thus the descendant of the Arabic word,passing into English (first recorded in 1588) through an Indian languageand appearing in English in forms such astouffon and tufan, originally referred specifically to a severe storm in India.China, another great empire, gave us yet another word for a storm,in this case the hurricane that occurred in the waters around China.This Chinese word in its Cantonese form,toi fung, was similar to our Arabic borrowing and is first recorded in English guise astuffoon in 1699. The various forms coalesced and finally becametyphoon. 也许很少有单词能像typhoon 一样表明汉语、阿拉伯语、东印度语和希腊语的多国语言背景。 希腊单词typhon 既是风神的姓名又是意为“旋风，台风”的普通名词， 被借入到阿拉伯语（就象在中世纪时许多希腊语单词进入阿拉伯语一样，那时，阿拉伯人的学问保存了古典的风格，同时在把它传向欧洲时又有所扩充）。Tufan ，希腊语的阿拉伯语形式， 传入到了印度人使用的语言，11世纪时讲阿拉伯语的穆斯林入侵者在印度定居下来。这样，阿拉伯语单词的衍生，从印度语言进入英语（最早记载于1588年），并以如touffon 和 tufan 的形式出现于英语中， 最先特指印度的猛烈风暴。中国，另一个大帝国，给了我们风暴的另一个单词，这里指的是在中国附近洋面发生的飓风。汉语单词的广东语形式toi fung 同我们的阿拉伯语借用词相近， 最早以tuffoon 的形式于1699年载入英语。 各种形式合并在一起最后变成了typhoon 〔windstorm〕A storm with high winds or violent gusts but little or no rain.风暴：带有强风或狂风但很少或几乎无雨的一种风暴〔Huron〕A Native American confederacy formerly inhabiting southeast Ontario around Lake Simcoe, with small present-day populations in Quebec and northeast Oklahoma, where they are known as Wyandot. The Huron traded extensively throughout eastern Canada until the confederacy was destroyed by war with the Iroquois in the mid-17th century.休伦族：美洲土著居民的一个联盟，曾居住于安大略省东南西姆克湖周围，现在人数已很少，主要居于魁北克省和俄克拉荷马东北，在那里他们被称为怀安多特人。休伦人曾在整个加拿大东部广泛地从事贸易，直至17世纪中期与易洛魁人的战争中联盟被摧毁〔little〕Not much; scarcely:很少地：没有多少；几乎不：〔silent〕These adjectives describe people who are sparing with speech.这些形容词都形容那些很少说话的人。〔tintinnabulum〕We may have little occasion to use the wordtintinnabulum, "a small, tinkling bell,” but it nonetheless teaches us something important about the formation of words.The English word, first used in 1597,was adopted from Latin,in whichtintinnābulum, meaning "a bell,” was derived from the verbtintinnāre, "to make a sound such as a ringing or jangling.” Tintinnāre was in turn derived from tinnīre, "to ring or clang.” Tinnīre is formed by a process called onomatopeia, or the formation of words that imitate what they denote.In the case oftinnīre we can hear the resemblance betweentinn- and a jingle or a ring. The verbtintinnāre was created from tinnīre by a process known as reduplication, in this case meaning thattin- duplicates tinn-. Tintinn- does indeed suggest a jingling, ringing sound.And a tintinnabulum makes such a sound.我们可能很少有机会用到tintinnabulum “一个小的叮铛响的铃”这个词， 但它能够告诉我们一些关于词的构成的一些重要情况。首次使用这个英语词是在1597年，它来源于拉丁文。在拉丁文中，tintinnabulum 的意思是“钟”， 它是从动词tinnare （“发出鸣响或叮铛这样的声音”）衍生而来。 Tintinnare 是从 tinnire （“鸣响或发出铛铛声”）演化而来。 Tinnire 是通过所谓的拟声构词法形成， 也就是词语模仿其所指的东西的构词法。在tinnire 这一实例中， 我们可以听出tinn- 与叮铛或鸣响之间的类似。 动词tintinnare 通过叠词构词法由 tinnire 而来， 就是说tin- 与 tinn-重叠。 Tintinn 的确让人想起这种声音。小铃铛正是发出这样一种声音〔semiporcelain〕Any of several glazed ceramic wares resembling porcelain but having little or no translucency.半瓷器：类似于瓷器但很少有或没有半透明性的若干上釉的陶器的任何一种〔elderly〕"There are so few who can grow old with a good grace" (Richard Steele).“很少有人年愈古稀仍有风采” （理查德·斯梯尔）。〔pittance〕A meager monetary allowance, wage, or remuneration.少量津贴：很少一部分金钱补助、工资或津贴〔formal〕had little formal education; went to a formal party.受过很少的正规教育；参加一个正规聚会〔cushy〕Making few demands; comfortable:容易的：要求很少的；舒适的：〔such〕Money as such will seldom bring total happiness.金钱本身很少会带来幸福〔hairless〕Having little or no hair.头发很少或无发的〔nonbook〕A book having little or no literary merit or substance, often published to exploit a fad.无真实价值书：没有或有很少文学价值或意义的一类书，经常为利用时尚而出版 |
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