| 单词 | 得来 |
| 释义 | 〔grenade〕from Old French (pome) grenate [pomegranate (from its shape)] * see pomegranate 源自 古法语 (pome) grenate [石榴（从其形状得来）] * 参见 pomegranate〔tennis〕Surprisingly, the origin of the wordtennis is not precisely known, even though much is known about the history of this sport. The word in the formtenetz is first recorded in a work written around 1400. The game referred to is what is now calledcourt tennis, or real tennis, which is played on a large indoor court with a specially marked-out floorand high cement walls off which the ball may be played.It seems likely that the Middle English formtenetz is from tenetz, an Anglo-Norman variant of the Old French word tenez, the imperative oftenir, "to hold,” and meaning "receive,” said by the server to his opponent.As this evidence indicates, tennis originated in medieval France,but the French called the game, then as now,la paume. Bytennis we do not mean what tenetz or la paume meant but rather lawn tennis, a term first recorded around 1874, shortly after an early form of lawn tennis, descended from court tennis, was introduced. Unlike court tennis, which is traditionally associated with the rich and the royal, tennis is open to players from a wide spectrum of society,although it certainly is not unconnected with the rich and the royal.令人惊讶的是，尽管人们对这项运动的历史知之甚多，但tennis 一词的起源却不被人所详细了解。 在约1400年，此词以tenetz 的形式第一次出现在书面上。 其所指的运动就是现在所谓的court tennis 或 real tennis ， 这是一种在有标记的地板的室内场地上进行的运动，场地四周有很高的泥灰墙。而中古英语的tenetz 有可能是从 tenetz 这个古法语中的盎格鲁-诺曼变体 tenez 得来的。 而该古法语词又是tenir 一词的祈使式， 意为“抓住，握住”，而发球人对其对手说时意义为“接住”。这一例子似乎说明网球运动起源于中世纪的法国，但是在法语中，这项运动从古至今一直被称为la paume 。 我们用tennis 这一词其实指代的不是 tenetz 或者 la paume 指代的事物，而是 lawn tennis 这一在1874年前后第一次被记录的词语所指代的事物，此时由庭院网球演变而来的草地网球的一种早期形式正在被介绍开来。 不象传统上与富人和贵族联系紧密的庭院网球，网球运动适合社会各阶层的人，当然这并不是说这一运动就与富人和贵族没有联系〔cabal〕The history ofcabal reveals how a word can be transferred from one sphere of activity to another while retaining only a tenuous connection with its past. Ultimately from Hebrewbut transmitted to English probably by way of Medieval Latin and French,cabal is first recorded in English in 1616 in the sense "cabala.” Cabala was the name for the Hebrew oral tradition transmitted by Moses and also the name for a Jewish religious philosophy based on an esoteric interpretation of the Hebrew Scriptures.The notion "esoteric" is central to the development of this word in English,forcabal, probably following the sense development in French, came to mean "a tradition, special interpretation, or secret,” "a private intrigue" (first recorded in 1646-1647),and "a small body of intriguers" (first recorded in 1660).It is probably not coincidental thatcabal is found with these latter meanings during the mid-17th century, that time of plots and counterplots by Royalists and Parliamentarians.The word gained a false etymology when it was noticed that the five most influential ministers of Charles II were named Clifford, Arlington, Buckingham, Ashley, and Lauderdale.单词cable 的历史表现出一个单词在与其过去的含义仅保持微弱联系的情况下，如何能够从一个使用范围转向另一个范围。 最起始是源于希伯来语，但可能是通过中世纪的拉丁语和法语转化为英语，cabal 以“秘教”的含义在英语中最早载于1616年。 Cabala 是对摩西所传的希伯来口头传说的称谓， 也是对基于希伯来圣经神秘解说的犹太宗教哲学的称谓。“深奥的”这个概念对于这个英文单词的发展是很重要的，因为cabal 可能是沿用法语里发展起来的含义， 意为“传统，特殊的理解或秘密的，“个人阴谋”（最早记载于1646至1647年），以及“较小的阴谋者的联合体”（最早记载于1660年）。它可能与cabal 的17世纪中叶的后来含义并不一致， 在这一时期内充斥着保皇党人和议员们的阴谋和对策。由于注意到查理二世时期五位最有影响的大臣姓名分别为克利福德，阿灵顿，白金汉，阿什利和劳德戴尔（其姓名首字母合起来为CABAL），该词由此得来一错误的语源说明〔inexperience〕Lack of the knowledge gained from experience.缺乏经验知识：缺乏由经验得来的知识〔nave〕from Latin [ship (probably from its shape)] * see nāu- 源自 拉丁语 [船（可能是从它的形状得来的）] * 参见 nāu- 〔fluid〕"Everyone seems to . . . share in an intricate set of lore from the past and present whose deliciousness somehow would be ruined if Britain were a truly fluid society"(Nicholas Lemann)“每个人看上去…都拥有这样一套从过去和现在的经历中得来的复杂的知识，而如果英国社会动脉真的不流畅的话，这种知识的有趣就将或多或少地遭到破坏”(尼古拉斯·里曼恩)〔roll〕To reinvest (funds from a maturing security) into a similar security.投资：把（从到期证券中得来的资金）再投资到类似的证券中〔barter〕Something bartered.交换品，交易品：通过物物交换得来的东西〔vanillic〕Of, relating to, or derived from vanilla or vanillin.香子兰的，香草的：香子兰的，与香子兰有关的，或从香子兰得来的〔ostracize〕from ostrakon [shell, potsherd (from the potsherds used as ballots in voting for ostracism)] * see ost- 源自 ostrakon [贝壳，陶片（由放家帛中用作选票的陶片得来）] * 参见 ost- 〔glamour〕alteration of grammar [from the association of learning with magic] grammar的变化 [从与学习魔法的联系中得来] 〔experience〕The knowledge or skill so derived.知识，技能：由经验得来的知识或技能〔engineer〕"Researchers . . . compared insulin manufactured by bacteria genetically engineered with recombinant DNA techniques to the commercial insulin obtained from swine or cattle"(Fusion)“科研工作者们利用遗传工程学DNA重组技术从细菌制成的胰岛素与由猪或牛得来的商业胰岛素做比较”(融合)〔antsy〕[Perhaps from the incessant motions of ants] [也许从蚂蚁不间断的移动中得来] 〔associative〕Of, characterized by, resulting from, or causing association.联想的：联想的，以联想为特点的，由联想得来的，引起联想的〔atonality〕The absence of a tonal center and of harmonies derived from a diatonic scale corresponding to such a center; lack of tonality.无调性：缺少中心旋律及和谐性，由与此中心对应的全音阶得来；缺少音调〔auric〕Of, relating to, derived from, or containing gold, especially with valence 3.金的：属于、关于金的，由金得来的或含金的，尤指金的三价化合物〔graft〕from graffe [stylus, graft (from its shape)] 源自 graffe [尖笔，嫁接枝（从其形状得来）] 〔fusarium〕possibly from Latin fūsus [spindle (from its shape)] 可能源自 拉丁语 fūsus [纺缍（从其形状得来）] 〔cynic〕A cynic may be pardoned for thinking that this is a dog's life.The Greek wordkunikos, from which cynic comes, was originally an adjective meaning "doglike,” fromkuōn, "dog.” The word was most likely applied to the Cynic philosophers because of the nicknamekuōn given to Diogenes of Sinope, the prototypical Cynic. He is said to have performed such actions as barking in public, urinating on the leg of a table, and masturbating on the street.The first use of the word recorded in English, in a work published from 1547 to 1564, is in the plural for members of this philosophical sect.In 1596 we find the first instance ofcynic meaning "faultfinder,” a sense that was to develop into our modern sense.The meaning "faultfinder" came naturally from the behavior of countless Cynics who in their pursuit of virtue pointed out the flaws in others.Such faultfinding could lead quite naturally to the belief associated with cynics of today that selfishness determines human behavior.犬儒学派成员因认为这是狗的生命而可能被赦免。希腊词kunikos 是 cynic 的来源， 最初为形容词，意思是“似狗”，源自kuon “狗”，。 这个词最适用于犬儒派哲学家，因为给犬儒主义者的鼻祖的绰号是kuon 。 据说他曾经当众吼叫，在桌腿上小便，并且在街上手淫。这个词在一本1547到1564年出版的著作里首次用英语记录下来的用法是，用作复数来指代此哲学学派的成员。1596年，我们发现cynic 的第一个意思是吹毛求疵的人的例子， 也是发展成具有我们现代意义的含义。 “吹毛吹疵的人”这个意思是从无数个以追求指摘别人缺点为美德的犬儒主义者的行为而得来。这种指摘很自然地得出与现在的犬儒主义相联系的信仰，认为自私自利决定人类行为〔equity〕Funds provided to a business by the sale of stock.通过出卖股票得来的投资于企业的资金〔mosaic〕a mosaic of testimony from various witnesses.从不同证人中得来的综合证词〔guesswork〕An estimate or judgment made by guessing.推断：由猜测而得来的估计或判断〔fatty〕Derived from or chemically related to fat.脂肪引起的：由脂肪得来的，医学上与脂肪有关的〔fogdog〕[From the fact that it accompanies fog as a dog accompanies its owner] [从彩虹总是与雾同现就象一条狗陪伴其主人的事实中得来] 〔philosophy〕Inquiry into the nature of things based on logical reasoning rather than empirical methods.自然科学：基于逻辑推理而不是凭经验得来的方法来探究事物的本质〔godsend〕Something wanted or needed that comes or happens unexpectedly.飞来鸿运，意外得来之物：想要或需要的东西意外的到来或发生〔milquetoast〕An indication of the effect on the English language of popular culture such as that found in comic strips is the adoption of names from the strips as English words.Casper Milquetoast, created by Harold Webster in 1924, was a timid and retiring man,whose name was, of course, created from the name of a timid food.The first instance ofmilquetoast as a common noun is found in the mid-1930's. Milquetoast thus joins the ranks of other such words, includingsad sack, from a blundering army private invented by George Baker in 1942,andWimpy, from J. Wellington Wimpy in the Popeye comic strip, which became a trade name for a hamburger.If we look to the related world of the animated cartoon,we must of course acknowledgeMickey Mouse, which has become a slang term for something that is easy, insignificant, small-time, worthless, or petty. 如果我们要在戏剧漫画中找到流行文化对英语语言的影响，那么漫画中的人物的名字被接受为英语单词可以算是例证了，1924年赫拉德·韦伯斯特所创造的卡斯珀·米尔克吐斯特是一个胆小如鼠的人，他的名字当然是从一种非常柔软的食品而得来。Milquetoast 作为一个普通名词的第一例子于20世纪30年代中期被发现。 这样milquetoast 就加入了一类词， 这类词包括sad sack ， 一个由乔治·贝克于1942年发明指代愚蠢的陆军士兵的词汇，和Wimpy ，一个从滑稽漫画 突眼 中的丁·惠灵顿·温皮而得来的词， 它现在已成为汉堡包的商标。如果我们再看看相关的动画世界，我们当然得承认米奇老鼠 现在已成为指代容易的、不重要的、没有价值的或琐碎的东西的一个俚语词 〔solar〕Using or operated by energy derived from the sun:利用太阳能的：使用或由从太阳中得来的能量驱动的：〔principal〕The capital or main body of an estate or a financial holding as distinguished from the interest or revenue from it.本金，资本：财产或金融资产的资本或主体，区别于由它得来的利息或收益〔black〕The achromatic color value of minimum lightness or maximum darkness; the color of objects that absorb nearly all light of all visible wavelengths; one extreme of the neutral gray series, the opposite being white. Although strictly a response to zero stimulation of the retina, the perception of black appears to depend on contrast with surrounding color stimuli.黑色：最小亮度或最大暗度的消色差的明暗度配合；能吸收几乎所有可见波长的所有光的物体的颜色；中性灰色系列的一个极端，白色的相反物。虽然在严格意义上黑色是视网膜对零剌激的反应，但看起来黑色的感应是依靠与周围颜色刺激对比而得来的 |
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