| 单词 | 必须 |
| 释义 | 〔obstacle〕 Obstacle applies to something that stands in the way and must be removed, circumvented, or surmounted: Obstacle 用于指挡在路中，必须被搬走或绕行或被克服的事物： 〔join〕"When bad men combine, the good must associate" (Edmund Burke).“在坏人勾结起来时，好人必须联合起来” （爱德蒙·伯克）。〔here〕Here I must disagree.这一点我必须反对〔moist〕alteration influenced by Latin musteus [juicy] from mustum [must] * see must 3 受 拉丁语 musteus的影响 [多雨的] 源自 mustum [必须] * 参见 must3〔tonnage〕A duty or charge per ton on cargo, as at a port or canal.吨税：在如港口或运河等地，每吨货物必须缴纳的税款或费用〔obligatory〕Of the nature of an obligation; compulsory:必须的；必修的：〔letter〕had to adhere to the letter of the law.必须恪守法律的字面意思〔lend〕To give or allow the use of temporarily on the condition that the same or its equivalent will be returned.借：把某物暂时给别人或允许其使用，条件是必须返还相同或者相当之物〔circumstance〕A condition or fact that determines or must be considered in the determining of a course of action.事实，情况：决定一个行动方案过程时必须考虑的条件或事实〔erase〕had to erase all thoughts of failure from his mind.必须抹去他头脑中所有有关失败的记忆〔premise〕Why do we call a single buildingthe premises ? To answer this question,we must go back to the Middle Ages.But first, let it be noted thatpremises comes from the past participle praemissa, which is both a feminine singular and a neuter plural form of the Latin verbpraemittere, "to send in advance, utter by way of preface, place in front, prefix.” In Medieval Latin the feminine formpraemissa was used as a term in logic, for which we still use the termpremise descended from the Medieval Latin word (first recorded in a work composed before 1380).Medieval Latinpraemissa in the plural meant "things mentioned before" and was used in legal documents, almost always in the plural,a use that was followed in Old French and Middle English, both of which borrowed the word from Latin.A more specific legal sense in Middle English,"that property, collectively, which is specified in the beginning of a legal document and which is conveyed, as by grant,”was also always in the plural in Middle English and later Modern English.And so it remained when this sense was extended to mean "a house or building with its grounds or appurtenances,”a usage first recorded before 1730.为什么我们把单独的一幢建筑称为the premises ？ 为了回答这个问题，我们必须回到中世纪。但首先必须注意的是premises 是从过去式 praemissa 而来的， 这是意思为“预先发送,以前言的方式说出，放在前边，前缀”的拉丁动词praemittere 的阴性单数形式及中性复数形式。 在中世纪拉丁语中，praemissa 作为阴性形式被用作逻辑状语， 因此我们仍然使用这个来源于中世纪拉丁语的术语premise （第一次记载于1380年前编纂的作品中）。中世纪拉丁语praemissa 的复数形式意为“前面提到的事物”， 用于法律文件并总是以复数形式出现，古法语和中古英语中都从拉丁语中借用了这个词及其用法。中古英语中有一种更特殊的法律方面的意义，“法律文件开头指明并根据转让的财产，如通过赠送”,在中世纪英语和后来的现代英语中也是以复数形式使用。因此当它的意思被扩展为“连同其土地及设施一所房子或一幢建筑”时仍保留这一用法，该用法最初记载于1730年前。〔chokepoint〕A narrow passage, such as a strait, through which shipping must pass.咽喉口：船只必须穿过的如海峡等狭窄通道〔brave〕"If we shrink from the hard contests where men must win at the hazard of their lives . . . then bolder and stronger peoples will pass us by" (Theodore Roosevelt). “如果我们从激烈对抗面前退缩，此种对抗是人们生活中的必须战胜险境…那么大胆而顽强的人们将不再理会我们” （西奥多·罗斯福）。〔put〕We must put our minds to it.我们必须使我们的思想适合它〔cup〕A lot or portion to be suffered or enjoyed.际遇：必须忍受或享有的命运或处境〔kind〕By the same token,when bothkind and the noun following it are singular, the verb must be singular: 由于同样的原因，当kind 和它后面跟的名词都是单数时， 动词必须是单数： 〔every〕Every is representative of a large class of English words and expressions that are singular in formbut felt to be plural in sense.The class includes, for example, noun phrases introduced byevery, any, and certain uses of some. These expressions invariably take a singular verb;we say Every car has (not have ) been tested. Anyone is (not are ) liable to fall ill. But when a sentence contains a pronoun whose antecedent is introduced byevery, grammar and sense pull in different directions.The grammar of these expressions requires a singular pronoun, as in Every car must have its brakes tested, but people persist in using the plural pronoun,as in Every car must have their brakes tested. Although the latter pattern is common in the speech of all groups,it is still widely regarded as grammatically incorrect in writing. ·The effort to adhere to the grammatical rule leads to various complications, however.The first is grammatical.When a pronoun refers to a phrase containingevery or any that falls within a different independent clause, the pronoun cannot be singular.Thus it is simply not English to sayEvery man left; he took his raincoat with him. Nor can one sayNo one could be seen, could he? Writers unwilling to use plural forms in these examples must find another way of expressing their meaning,either by rephrasing the sentence so as to get the pronoun into the same clause (as inEvery man left, taking his raincoat with him ) or by substituting another word forevery or any (as in All the men left; they took their raincoats with them. ) · The second complication is political.When a phrase introduced byevery or any refers to a group containing both men and women, what shall be the gender of the singular pronoun?This matter is discussed in the Usage Note athe. See Usage Note at all ,any ,each ,either ,he 1neither ,none Every 是一大类英语单词和短语的代表， 它们在形式上是单数的，但在意义上感觉起来却是复数。例如，这一类词中所包括的由every，any 和某些用法中的 some 所引导的名词短语。 这些短语毫无例外的跟单数动词，我们说每辆车都已 （不是 have ） 被测试过。 每个人都（不是 are ） 会生病 。 但是当一个句子中包括一个由先行词every 引导的代词时， 从句法和意义上就要区分不同的情况了。象每一辆车必须测试它的制动器 这样的表达法在语法上要求使用一单数代词， 但人们总习惯于用复数代词，象Every car must have their brakes tested 这样。 虽然后面这种形式在各种团体的讲话中非常普遍，但它在写作中仍广泛地被认为是语法上的错误。无论如何，坚持语法规则的努力总会导致各种各样的复杂问题。首先是语法上的复杂性。当一个代词指代一个短语，而这个短语中包括every 或 any 属于另一个与此代词所在子句不同的独立子句中时， 这个代词不能用单数形式。因此很容易理解英国人为何不说每个人离开时，都拿着各自的雨衣 ， 也不说没有人会被看到，不是吗？ 。 不愿意在这些例子中用复数形式的书写者必须找到另外一种表达他们意思的方法，或者可以通过重新改变句子的说法以使代词与其指代的短语同属一个从句中（如Every man left， taking his raincoat with him ）， 或者通过以另一个词代替every 或 any 的方法（如 All the man left；they took their raincoats with them ）。 第二是政治上的复杂性。当一个被every 或 any 引导的短语指代的一个团体中既有男人又有女人时， 单数代词的词性怎么确定呢？这个问题在单词he的用法说明中将被讨论 参见 all,any,each,either,he1neither,none〔qualification〕A condition or circumstance that must be met or complied with:资格：一定会遇到或必须遵从的先决条件或情况：〔subvert〕"Economic assistance . . . must subvert the existing . . . feudal or tribal order"(Henry A. Kissinger)See Synonyms at overthrow “经济援助…必须彻底推翻现存的…封建的或氏族的秩序”(亨利A.基辛格) 参见 overthrow〔condition〕had to condition herself to long hours of hard work; conditioned the troops to marches at high altitudes.必须习惯长时间辛苦的工作；使部队能适应在高海拔地区行进〔dare〕and it does combine withdo ( 它必须和do 连用( 〔structural〕Used in or necessary to building:建筑用的：建筑所用的或建筑所必须的：〔oligopsony〕A market condition in which purchasers are so few that the actions of any one of them can materially affect price and the costs that competitors must pay.寡头买主垄断：一种由少量买方控制的市场状况，由于买主极少，以至于任一买主的行为都有可能极大地影响价格及竞买者所必须偿付的费用〔king〕Abbr. K,k.The principal chess piece, which can move one square in any direction and must be protected against checkmate.缩写 K,k.王：象棋中主要的棋子，可以向任何方向移动一个方格，但必须保护它不被将死〔brave〕"Death and sorrow will be the companions of our journey; hardship our garment; constancy and valor our only shield. We must be united, we must be undaunted, we must be inflexible" (Winston S. Churchill).See also Synonyms at defy “死亡和忧伤将陪伴我们的旅程；艰苦是我们的外衣；恒心与勇气是我们唯一的盾牌。我们必需联合起来，我们必须无所畏惧，我们必须坚强不屈” （温斯顿S·丘吉尔） 参见同义词 defy〔if〕In such contexts, however,the use ofif can sometimes create ambiguities. Depending on the intended meaning, the sentenceLet her know if she is invited might be better paraphrased asLet her know whether she is invited or If she is invited, let her know. · In conditional sentences the clause introduced byif may contain either a past subjunctive verb (if I were going ) or an indicative verb ( if I am going; if I was going ), depending on the intended meaning.According to the traditional rule,the subjunctive should be used to describe an occurrence that is presupposed to be contrary to fact,as inif I were ten years younger or if Napoleon had won at Waterloo. The main verb of such a sentence must then contain the modal verbwould or (less frequently) should: 不过在这种情况下，用if 就可能会造成歧义。 Let her know if she is invited 这句话最好根据所要表达的意思， 分开说成告诉她她是否被邀请了 或 如果她被邀请了，就让她知道 两句话。 用if 引起的条件状语从句中， 可以含有一个过去式的虚拟动词(倘若我去 )或一个一般陈述动词( 如果我就去；如果我去了 )， 这得依据所要表达的意思而定。根据正统的原则，虚拟语气用来表达一个与事实相反的假设，例如如果我再年轻十岁 或者 如果拿破仑在滑铁卢战役中获胜。 于是在这样的句子里，主要动词必须包含情态动词会 或（在较少情况下） 应该： 〔lump〕To tolerate (what must be endured):忍受或习惯于：忍受（必须被容忍的）：〔than〕Since the 18th centurygrammarians have insisted thatthan should be regarded as a conjunction in all its uses, so that a sentence such asBill is taller than Tom should be construed as an elliptical version of the sentence Bill is taller than Tom is. According to this view,the case of a pronoun followingthan is determined by whether the pronoun serves as the subject or object of the verb that is "understood.” Thus, the standard rule requiresPat is taller than I (not me ) on the assumption that this sentence is elliptical forPat is taller than I am but allowsThe news surprised Pat more than me, since this sentence is taken as elliptical forThe news surprised Pat more than it surprised me. However,than is quite commonly treated as a preposition when followed by an isolated noun phrase, and as such occurs with a pronoun in the objective case:John is taller than me. Though this usage is still widely regarded as incorrect,it is predominant in speechand has reputable literary precedent.It is also consistent with the fact thatthan is clearly treated as a preposition in the than whom construction, as ina poet than whom (not than who ) no one has a dearer place in the hearts of his countrymen. Still, the writer who risks a sentence such asMary is taller than him in formal writing must be prepared to defend the usage against objections of critics who are unlikely to be dissuaded from their conviction that the usage is incorrect. · Comparatives usingas . . . as can be analyzed in a parallel way to those using than. Traditional grammarians insist thatI am not as tall as he is the only correct form, and though both literary precedent and syntactic arguments can be marshaled in support of the analysis of the secondas as a preposition (which would license I am not as tall as him ), one should treat this use ofas as a conjunction in formal writing. See Usage Note at as 1自18世纪以来，语法学家坚持以为than 在其所有用法中均应被看作连词， 因此，在诸如Bill is taller than Tom 的句子中应解释为句子 Bill is taller than Tom is 的省略说法。 根据这一观点，than 后跟随代词的情况取决于该代词作为所“理解”的动词的主语还是谓语。 这样，标准规则要求Pat is taller than I （而不是 me )， 考虑到这个句子是Pat is taller than I am 的省略， 但允许The news surprised Pat more than me ， 因为这个句子被认当是The news surprised Pat more than it surprised me 的省略。 然而，当than 跟随一个独立名词短语时常被看作是介词， 如代词用于宾语的情况：John is taller than me 。 尽管这种用法仍然被广泛认为是错误的，但它仍在口语中占主要地位，并且有著名的文学先例。它也符合than 在 than whom 结构中显然被认为是介词的事实， 就象在a poet than whom （而不是 than who ) no one has a dearer place in the hearts of his countrymen 。 然而，冒险在正式写作中应用诸如Mary is taller than him 的作者必须准备针对那些不可能被劝服放弃坚信这种用法是错误的批评家们的反对意见而对此种用法进行辩护。 用比较级as…as 可以用与 than 相同的方式进行分析。 传统的语法学家坚持认为I am not as tall as he 是唯一正确的形式， 尽管文学先例和语法规则都能支持第二个as 作为介词（即允许 I am not as tall as him )的分析， 我们仍应该把这个as 作为正式写作中的连词 参见 as1〔pocket〕The cost of the trip must come out of your own pocket.旅费必须由你自付〔seeing〕Seeing that you're already at the door, I suppose I must invite you inside.鉴于你已到了门口，我想我必须邀请你入内〔resigned〕"I like trees because they seem more resigned to the way they have to live than other things do"(Willa Cather)“我喜欢树，因为它们似乎比其它任何事物都顺从于它们必须生活的方式”(威拉·卡瑟)〔limit〕All prisoners will be confined to their cells.所有的囚犯必须关在牢房里。〔perish〕"Must then a Christ perish in torment in every age to save those who have no imagination?”(George Bernard Shaw)“那基督必须每年为拯救那些缺乏想象力的人们而受一次死亡的折磨吗?”(乔治·萧伯纳)〔pill〕Something both distasteful and necessary.无法逃避的讨厌事，屈辱事：令人讨厌但必须的事物〔history〕"History has a long-range perspective"(Elizabeth Gurley Flynn)“历史必须长远地看”(伊丽莎白·格利·弗林)〔triathlon〕An athletic contest in which participants compete without stopping in three successive events, usually long-distance swimming, bicycling, and running.三项全能运动：一种体育竞赛，其中参加者必须在三个连续的项目中不停顿地进行比赛，一般包括长距离游泳，骑自行车和赛跑〔mastiff〕The mastiff, which was at one time used in bullbaiting and bearbaiting as well as in dogfights,is ultimately named not for its fierceness but for its tameness.To find this tamenesswe must look back to the ultimate source ofmastiff in the Latin word mānsuētus, "tame, domesticated,” itself derived from the past participle ofmanusuēscere, "to tame,” made up of the rootman- found in the wordmanus, "hand,” and the verb suēscere, "to become accustomed to.” Tame beasts are accustomed to the hand.To explain howmansuēscere became mastiff, we must follow it through its Vulgar Latin development,.mansuētīnus, "domesticated,” and the later Old French development, mastin, "mastiff.” While being borrowed into English,mastin was probably blended with the Old French word mestif, "mongrel,” and was possibly influenced by the Medieval Latin wordmastīvus, "mastiff,” probably itself an error formastīnus, which came from the same Vulgar Latin source as the Old French word. Mastiff is first recorded in Middle English (as mastif ) in a work written before 1387. 曾经一度被用于纵狗斗牛、纵狗斗熊以及斗狗的大驯犬，最终并不是因为它的凶狠而是因为它的驯顺命名。要找到这种驯顺，我们必须回溯到mastiff 的最终拉丁语词源 mansuetus 意为“驯服，驯养”， 该词本身源于manusuescere “驯养”的过去分词， 由man- 构成， 始于manus （意为“手”）和动词 suesere “适应，习惯于”。 被驯养的野兽习惯于驯养者的手。要知道mansuecere 如何成 mastiff ， 我们必须紧跟它在俗拉丁语中的发展，mansuetinus （“驯服的”）以及后来古法语的发展 mastin “猛犬”。 当mastin 一词借用到英语中时，它可能和古法语词 mestif （“杂种狗”）相混合， 还可能受中世纪拉丁语词mastivus （“大驯犬”）的影响， 但也许这个词本身就是同样作为古法语词来源于俗拉丁语的mastinus 的误写。 Mastiff 在1387年的一部作品中首次出现在中世纪英语里（当时写作 mastif ） 〔lean〕"Company leaders know their industries must be lean to survive"(Christian Science Monitor)“公司首脑们知道他们必须节俭才能维持事业”(基督教科学箴言报)〔suit〕Attendance required of a vassal at his feudal lord's court or manor.朝见，待奉：封臣必须在朝廷或封建领主宅第出现的义务〔honesty〕A judge must be a person of unquestioned probity.法官必须是个无可争议的正直的人。 |
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