| 单词 | 怎么 |
| 释义 | 〔old〕"No idea is so antiquated that it was not once modern.No idea is so modern that it will not someday be antiquated" (Ellen Glasgow).See also Synonyms at elderly “这种想法太过时了，不可能再流行了。这种想法非常时新，将来怎么都不会过时的” （埃莲·格拉斯哥） 参见同义词 elderly〔prison〕The wordprison has its origins not in the notions of what such a place is but rather in the notion of how one gets there. Prison can be traced back to the Latin word prēnsiō, "the action or power of making an arrest.” This in turn is derived from the verbprehendere or prendere, which meant "to take hold of, take into custody, arrest.”Prēnsiō then dives into the obscurity of the time when Romance languages such as French were being formed from Vulgar Latin and resurfaces in the Old French of the 12th century with the formprison and the senses "capture" and "place of imprisonment.”This new sense could have already been developed in Latinand not been recorded,but we have to wait until the 12th century to see it,the sense "captivity" being added in the same century.From Old French as well as the Medieval Latin wordpriso, "prison,” derived from Old French, came our Middle English word prisoun, first recorded in a work written before 1121in the sense "imprisonment.”The sense "place of imprisonment" is recorded shortly afterward in a text copied down before 1225but perhaps actually written in the Old English period before the Norman Conquest.Prison 这个单词的来源不在于它是一个什么样的地方而在于一个人是怎么进去的。 Prison 可追溯到意思是“进行逮捕的行动或力量”的拉丁词 prensio。 这个词也是从动词prehendere 或 prendere 派生出来的， 意思是“捉住，逮捕，拘留。”Prensio 这个词在罗马语系中的语言（如法语）逐渐从通俗拉丁语形成时被人们忘却了， 12世纪又以prison 的形式在古法语中重新露面， 其含义是“捉住”和“囚禁人的地方。”这个新的含义很可能在拉丁语中已得到了发展，只是没有被记录下来，但是我们直到12世纪才看到它，在同一世纪“囚禁，俘虏”的意思被加了进去。从古法语、同时也是从源于古法语的中世纪拉丁语词priso “监狱，监禁”中产生了中古英语单词 prison， 这个词最早的记录是在一部著于1121年的作品中，意思是“监禁，拘留。”“监禁或囚禁的地方”这层意思在稍后出现的、在1225年以前被抄录下来的一篇文章中出现，但可能实际写作的时间是在诺曼征服之前的古英语时期〔like〕How do you like her nerve!你对她的勇气怎么个看法〔how〕forgot how it was done.忘了怎么做的了〔twig〕"As Europe is now twigging, the best breeding ground for innovators who know how to do business is often big, competitive companies"(Economist)“正如欧洲现在明白的，培养懂得怎么做生意的革新者的最好土壤是竞争性的大公司”(经济学家)〔hoot〕I don't give a hoot what you think.我根本不在乎你怎么想〔how〕Cook it how you please.你爱怎么煮就怎么煮〔fortune〕No matter what they tried, it ended in fortune.无论他们是怎么做的，最后都成功了〔when〕How can he get good grades when he won't study?他不用功的话怎么拿高分呢?〔extrinsic〕"How is it possible to write about Frank Sinatra in a manner that suggests his music is in some way extrinsic to him?” (Barbara Grizzuti Harrison).What isextraneous comes from without and is inessential or irrelevant: “以把音乐和弗兰克·新纳特拉分开的方式，怎么可能去写关于他的文章呢？ （芭芭拉·格里朱迪·哈里森）。Extraneous 是指无本质联系或无关的： 〔associate〕"I always somehow associate Chatterton with autumn"(John Keats)“我怎么总把查特顿与秋天联想在一起”(约翰·济慈)〔promissory〕Indicating how the provisions of an insurance contract will be carried out after it has been signed.约定支付的：签定保险合同后暗示其条件将怎么被执行的〔go〕"Why not go for broke and take on somebody who is quite young and see what he does?”(Roger L. Stevens)“为何不竭尽全力找一个年轻人，看他怎么做？”(罗杰L.史蒂文斯)〔ever〕How did they ever manage?See Usage Note at rarely 他们到底是怎么处理的? 参见 rarely〔every〕Every is representative of a large class of English words and expressions that are singular in formbut felt to be plural in sense.The class includes, for example, noun phrases introduced byevery, any, and certain uses of some. These expressions invariably take a singular verb;we say Every car has (not have ) been tested. Anyone is (not are ) liable to fall ill. But when a sentence contains a pronoun whose antecedent is introduced byevery, grammar and sense pull in different directions.The grammar of these expressions requires a singular pronoun, as in Every car must have its brakes tested, but people persist in using the plural pronoun,as in Every car must have their brakes tested. Although the latter pattern is common in the speech of all groups,it is still widely regarded as grammatically incorrect in writing. ·The effort to adhere to the grammatical rule leads to various complications, however.The first is grammatical.When a pronoun refers to a phrase containingevery or any that falls within a different independent clause, the pronoun cannot be singular.Thus it is simply not English to sayEvery man left; he took his raincoat with him. Nor can one sayNo one could be seen, could he? Writers unwilling to use plural forms in these examples must find another way of expressing their meaning,either by rephrasing the sentence so as to get the pronoun into the same clause (as inEvery man left, taking his raincoat with him ) or by substituting another word forevery or any (as in All the men left; they took their raincoats with them. ) · The second complication is political.When a phrase introduced byevery or any refers to a group containing both men and women, what shall be the gender of the singular pronoun?This matter is discussed in the Usage Note athe. See Usage Note at all ,any ,each ,either ,he 1neither ,none Every 是一大类英语单词和短语的代表， 它们在形式上是单数的，但在意义上感觉起来却是复数。例如，这一类词中所包括的由every，any 和某些用法中的 some 所引导的名词短语。 这些短语毫无例外的跟单数动词，我们说每辆车都已 （不是 have ） 被测试过。 每个人都（不是 are ） 会生病 。 但是当一个句子中包括一个由先行词every 引导的代词时， 从句法和意义上就要区分不同的情况了。象每一辆车必须测试它的制动器 这样的表达法在语法上要求使用一单数代词， 但人们总习惯于用复数代词，象Every car must have their brakes tested 这样。 虽然后面这种形式在各种团体的讲话中非常普遍，但它在写作中仍广泛地被认为是语法上的错误。无论如何，坚持语法规则的努力总会导致各种各样的复杂问题。首先是语法上的复杂性。当一个代词指代一个短语，而这个短语中包括every 或 any 属于另一个与此代词所在子句不同的独立子句中时， 这个代词不能用单数形式。因此很容易理解英国人为何不说每个人离开时，都拿着各自的雨衣 ， 也不说没有人会被看到，不是吗？ 。 不愿意在这些例子中用复数形式的书写者必须找到另外一种表达他们意思的方法，或者可以通过重新改变句子的说法以使代词与其指代的短语同属一个从句中（如Every man left， taking his raincoat with him ）， 或者通过以另一个词代替every 或 any 的方法（如 All the man left；they took their raincoats with them ）。 第二是政治上的复杂性。当一个被every 或 any 引导的短语指代的一个团体中既有男人又有女人时， 单数代词的词性怎么确定呢？这个问题在单词he的用法说明中将被讨论 参见 all,any,each,either,he1neither,none〔O〕"How can I put it to you, O you who prepare to travel with important matters on your mind?”(Jo Durden-Smith)“我怎么把它可以推给你这个满脑子准备干重要事的人?”(约·杜尔登—史密斯)〔mercy〕"But how shall we expect charity towards others, when we are uncharitable to ourselves?” (Thomas Browne).“但是，我们对待自己都不仁慈的时候，又怎么可能善待他人?” （托马斯·布朗）〔know〕Please try to be, you know, a little quieter. How were we supposed to make camp in a storm like that, you know?请你尽量安静一点。你知道，我们在那样的暴风雨中怎么扎营呢?〔write〕How do you write your name?你的名字怎么写?〔how〕How do you sell this corn?这玉米怎么卖?〔work〕How does this latch work?这门闩怎么用?〔how〕How does this machine work?这台机器是怎么工作的?〔O〕"O how I laugh when I think of my vague indefinite riches"(Henry David Thoreau)“哦，当我想起自己数不清的财产时，我怎么笑得出来啊!”(亨利·戴维·梭罗)〔care〕I don't care a bit what critics think.我一点儿也不在乎评论家怎么想〔fit〕Do as you see fit.你认为怎么合适就怎么做〔however〕However he did it, it was very clever.不管他是怎么做的，他做得很聪明〔dare〕I dare not say. How dare she go?我不敢说。她怎么敢去呢?〔literally〕"There are people in the world who literally do not know how to boil water"(Craig Claiborne)“世界上确实有不知道该怎么烧水的人”(克雷格·克莱本)〔confidence〕 How can a nonscientist explain an abstruse theory with such assurance?怎么一个非科学家对这一抽象理论的解释如此自信?〔Playbill〕"The typical hot, humid night . . . had most of the audience fanning themselves with their playbills"(Washington Times)"The playbill somehow listed the movement headings for the wrong Beethoven symphony"(Los Angeles Times)“典型的又热又潮湿的夜晚…使得大多数观众用他们的节目单给自己扇凉”(华盛顿时报)“剧场节目单不知怎么列出了错误的贝多芬交响乐的运动标题”(洛杉矶时报)〔however〕Dress however you like.你喜欢怎么穿就怎么穿〔dare〕The auxiliary forms are used primarily in present tense questions, negations, imperatives, and conditional clauses.These forms differ subtly in meaning from the main verb formsin that they emphasize the attitude or involvement of the speakerwhile the main verb forms present a more objective situation.ThusHow dare she take the exam without ever once coming to class? expresses indignation at the student's action, whereasHow did she dare to take the exam without ever once coming to class? is a genuine request for information. Whendare is used as a transitive verb meaning "challenge,” only main verb forms are possible andto is required: 助动词形式主要用于一般现在时疑问句、否定句、祈使句和条件从句中。这些形式和实义动词形式的意思有细微的差别，即他们强调说话者的态度和参与，而实义动词形式给出一个较客观的形势。因此她怎么敢从未上过课就参加考试呢? 表示对该学生行为的愤怒， 然而她从未上过课怎么敢参加考试呢? 是一真实的信息需求， 当dare 用作及物动词意指“挑战”时， 只能是实义动词形式而且要接to ： 〔come〕I have come to view the issue in a different light. How did you come to know that?我对这个问题有不同的见解。你怎么知道的这件事? |
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