| 单词 | 怎样 |
| 释义 | 〔how〕How about a cup of tea? How about that storm last night?来一杯茶怎么样?昨天晚上的风暴是怎样的情况?〔impostor〕"What a humbug that woman is!” (Thackeray).Amountebank is a flamboyant, unscrupulous dealer or promoter: “那个女人是怎样一个骗子啊!” （萨克雷）。mountebank 是一个傲慢的、无耻的商人或者推销商： 〔possible〕Assuming that the scheme is workable, how will you begin to implement it? Something that ispracticable is capable of being effected, done, or put into practice: 假设这个计划是可行的，你将怎样开始实现它呢? Practicable 形容能够被影响、完成或执行的事： 〔wherein〕Wherein have we sinned?我们怎样就犯了罪了呢?〔rambunctious〕The origins oframbunctious are not clearly established, a situation that may be better understood after looking at the evidence.The development that is generally accepted is from the wordrobustious, derived fromrobust and first recorded in a work written before 1548, torumbustious, first recorded in 1778, to rambunctious, first recorded in 1830, all three words having more or less the same meaning.But how didrobustious lead to rumbustious ? It has been suggested that the wordrumble played a part in this, although the wordrumbustion, meaning "the alcoholic beverage rum,” might also have been involved. The first form in whichrambunctious is recorded is rumbunctious, showing howrumbustious was involved in the alteration of robustious to rambunctious, but how the sound indicated bys became that indicated by nc or why the first u became a is a mystery. Rambunctious 的词源并没有十分清楚地确定， 看一下证据就能更好地理解这一点。通常认为它的发展过程是源于robustious 这个词， 它来自robust 并最早记载于1548年以前的一篇作品中， 至于rumbustious 则首次见载于1778年， rumbunctious 的最早的文字记载是在1830年， 这三个词的意思大致相同。但是robustious 怎样演变到 rumbustious 的呢? 有人认为，rumble 这个词起了一定的作用， 尽管rumbustion 意为“含酒精饮料甜酒，”但可能也参与了其演变。 Rambunctious 有记载的最早形式是 rumbunctious ， 这表明了rumbustious 这个词如何参与了从 robustious 到 rambunctious 的演变， 但s 所代表的声音是如何变成 nc 所代表的声音的或为什么第一个 u 变成了 a 仍然还是谜 〔wherein〕In what way; how:以…方式；在…方面怎样：〔excite〕speakers who know how to excite a crowd.See Synonyms at provoke 知道怎样打动人群的演讲者 参见 provoke〔Lardner〕American humorist and writer whose satirical short stories were published in collections, includingYou Know Me, Al (1916) and How to Write Short Stories (with Samples) (1924). 拉德纳，林戈德·威尔默：(1885-1933) 美国幽默大师和作家，他的讽刺短篇小说以文集形式出版，包括《阿尔，你了解我》 （1916年）和 《怎样写短篇小说（范例）》 （1924年） 〔rap〕I don't give a rap about office politics. I don't care a rap what you do.我对办公室制度没有一点兴趣，你们怎样做我毫不在意〔make〕don't know what to make of the decision.不知道怎样作决定〔watt〕One might well ask how many European scientists it takes to turn on a light bulb.If we think in terms of the names used for various units in the International, or meter-kilogram-second, System,a fair number are involved.Alphabetically arranged, these units are theampere, named for the French scientist Andr? Marie Ampère (1775-1836); thecoulomb, after the French scientist Charles A. de Coulomb (1736-1806); thefarad and the faraday, after the British scientist Michael Faraday (1791-1867); thejoule, after the British scientist James P. Joule (1818-1889); thenewton, after the British scientist Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727); theohm, after the German scientist Georg S. Ohm (1789-1854); thevolt, after the Italian scientist Count Alessandro Volta (1745-1827); and thewatt, after the British scientist James Watt (1736-1819). Definitions such as that ofohm, "a unit of electrical resistance equal to that of a conductor in which a current of one ampere is produced by a potential of one volt across its terminals,” take on more human connotations when we think of how human contributions to the study of electricity are memorialized in them.The dates of first recorded use of the terms in English are as follows:ampere, 1881; coulomb, 1881; farad, 1861; faraday, 1904; joule, 1882; newton, 1904; ohm, 1870 (suggested in 1861); volt, 1873; and watt, 1882. 有人可能会问经过了多少位欧洲科学家才点亮了灯泡。如果我们以国际单位制或米—千克—秒单位制中各种单位之名称的形式来考虑的话，相当数量的人被包括了。这些单位按字母顺序排列是安培， 以法国科学家安德烈·马里耶·安培(1775—1836年）命名； 库仑， 以法国科学家夏尔·埃·德库仑(1736-1806年）命名； 法拉 和 法拉第， 以英国科学家迈克尔·法拉第(1791—1867年）命名； 焦耳 以英国科学家詹姆斯·皮·焦耳(1818—1889年）命名； 牛顿， 以英国科学家伊萨克·牛顿爵士(1642—1727年）命名； 欧姆， 以德国科学家格奥尔格·斯·欧姆(1789—1854年）命名； 伏特， 以意大利科学家亚历山德罗·沃尔塔伯爵(1745—1827年）命名； 瓦特， 以英国科学家詹姆士·瓦特(1736—1819年）命名。 定义诸如欧姆， “电阻单位，等于一伏特电压加于导体两端在导体内部产生一安培电流之导体电阻”， 当我们想到人们对电学做出的贡献是怎样在这之中得到纪念的时候，就带上了更多的人文内涵。英语中首次有记录的使用这些说法的时间如下：安培， 1881； 库仑， 1881； 法拉， 1861； 法拉第， 1904； 焦耳， 1882； 牛顿， 1904； 欧姆， 1870（在1861年建议使用）； 伏特， 1873；和 瓦特， 1882 〔fare〕How are you faring with your project?你怎样进行你的计划?〔occasion〕"The year's annual reports occasion an especially revealing glimpse of how corporations lend . . . embellishment to the stark numbers of the comptroller's office"(Mark Muro)“这一年的年度报告使人们看到公司是怎样对审计室里刻板的数字进行修饰的”(马克·穆罗)〔item〕The worditem seems to us to be very much a noun, whether it refers to an article in a collection or a bit of information.But it began its life in English (first recorded before 1398) as an adverbmeaning "moreover, also, in addition.”Item as typically used in front of each object listed in an inventory, as we might putalso. This use in English simply reflects a meaning of the word in Latin.However, it is easy to see howitem could be taken to stand for the thing that it preceded, and so we get, for example, the sense "an article included in an enumeration.”The first such usages are found in the 16th century,while the sense "a bit of information" is not found until the 19th century.In the 20th century we added a computer sense,a further addition toitem. 单词item 对我们来说只是一个名词， 它可以指一个文集中的一篇文章或者是一些信息。但是它的起源却是一个副词（最早见于1398年以前），意思为“此外，而且，同样”。Item 最典型是用在商品目录的每一个物品的前面， 就象我们使用also 一样。 这种用法反映在拉丁词语上仅有一个含义。然而，明白item 是怎样被用来代表它前面的事物是很容易的， 所以我们得到了像“文集中的一篇文章”等这种含义。这种用法最早见于16世纪，而含义“一些信息”一直到19世纪才被发现使用。在20世纪时，我们加了一个计算的含义，进一步形成了今天的item 〔what〕How much; in what respect; how:多少；在哪个方面；怎样：〔joke〕It is hard to imagine the English language without the wordjoke , butjoke is only first recorded in 1670. Sincejoke was originally considered a slang or informal usage, it was not suitable to all contexts.The change in status ofjoke from then to now provides us with an excellent example of how usage changes. Joke has a decent enough heritage at any rate, coming from Latiniocus, "jest, sport, laughingstock, trifle.”Iocus in turn can be traced back to the Indo-European root yek-, meaning "to speak,” from which also comes the Umbrian wordiuka, "prayers,” and the Welsh wordiaith, "speech.” 我们很难想象英语中如果没有joke 这个词会怎样， 但是joke 在1670年才首次有文字记载。 因为joke 起初被认为是俚语或非正式用语， 以前它并不是在所有的文章中都适用的。从那时到现在joke 地位上的变化给我们提供了一个关于语言用法如何变化的极好的例子。 不管怎样joke 的词源算得上很体面， 它来自于拉丁语中iocus 一词， 表示“玩笑，游戏，笑柄，琐事”。Iocus 反过来又可追溯到印欧语系中的词根 yek- 表示“说话”， 从这个词根还派生出翁布里亚语中iuka 一词，即“祈祷”， 以及威尔士语中iaith 一词，即“讲话，演说” 〔however〕In what way. Used as an intensive ofhow : 怎样。用作how 的加强语气词： 〔serious〕engaged in serious drinking; made a serious attempt to learn how to ski backward; serious study of Italian.沉溺于饮酒；认真地试图学会怎样向后滑雪；认真地学习意大利语〔pronunciation〕A graphic representation of the way a word is spoken, using phonetic symbols.发音法：说明一个词该怎样读出的书面表达方法，常用音标表示〔what〕come what may.该怎样就怎样罢（该来什么就来什么罢）〔hurt〕What hurt have you done to them?你怎样伤害他们了?〔Ciardi〕American poet and critic noted for his clear, ironic poetry, works of literary criticism, such asHow Does a Poem Mean? (1960), and a translation of Dante's Divine Comedy (1954-1970). 查尔迪，约翰·安东尼：(1916-1986) 美国诗人和批评家，以其鲜明的讽刺性诗作和文学评论集而闻名，如《诗怎样表达意思?》 （1960年），和但丁作品的翻译 《神曲》 （1954-1970年） 〔determination〕The choice of a foster home was left to the determination of the court.选择怎样的家庭抚养孤儿，将由法庭决定〔snob〕Snobs look down at their inferiors,but at one timesnobs looked up at their betters.The wordsnob, the ultimate origins of which are uncertain, is first found in 1781in the sense "shoemaker, cobbler,”a regional and informal usage.The word is recorded around 1796in a slang usage particular to Cambridge University, "a townsman as opposed to a gownsman.”Both senses may have fed into the sense first found in 1831, "a member of the ordinary or lower classes.”Along with this sense went another (1838), "a person without proper breeding or taste.”From these two senses arose the sense first recorded in 1848, "a person who looks up to his or her social betters and tries to copy or associate with them.”We can see how this sense could blend into the other familiar sense,"one who looks down on those considered inferior" (1911).势利小人们都瞧不起不如他们的人，但有一段时间，势利小人只是羡慕地位比他们高的人。Snob 这个词最远的起源还不清楚， 它第一次出现于1781年，意为“鞋匠，补鞋人”，这只是一种方言和非正式用法。1796年左右的记录显示，这个词有一个专用于剑桥大学的俚语意思，“与贵族相对应的普通市民”。这两个意思都进入了它第一次出现于1831年的“普通或低下阶层中的一员”这个意思。这个意思与另一个意思平行(1838年）：“没有良好教养和品味的人”。从这两个意思发展来了“羡慕地位高于他（她）的人并尽量与之进行联系的人”这个意思，第一次记录于1848年。然后，我们就能发现怎样又从这个意思中派生出了其它我们熟悉的意思，即“瞧不起被认为地位比自己低者的人”(1911年）〔how〕The manner or way in which:如何，怎样：以…方式或方法：〔mystery〕How he got in is a mystery. Even after all the testimonies, the murder remained a mystery.他是怎样进去的是一个谜。即使听完了所有的证词，这件谋杀案仍然是一个谜〔conjuration〕"a theatrical magician who knows how to make a dance program an evening of fantastic conjurations"(New York Times)“戏院魔术师知道怎样把一个舞蹈节目变成晚会中的奇妙梦幻”(纽约时报)〔foggy〕had only a foggy memory of what had taken place; hasn't the foggiest idea how to get home.对所发生的事情只有一个模糊的记忆；全然不知该怎样回家〔ahold〕"I knew I could make it all right if I got . . . back to the hotel and got ahold of that bottle of brandy"(Jimmy Breslin)"Can you tell me how to get ahold of them?”(Margaret Truman)“我知道要是我能回到旅馆拿起那瓶白兰地酒，我就会没事的”(吉米·布雷斯林)“你能告诉我怎样抓住他们吗?”(玛格丽特·杜鲁门)〔work〕learned how to work the system; worked his relatives for sympathy.学会怎样操纵这个系统；利用他的亲戚们的同情心〔far〕To what degree, distance, or extent:多远，到怎样的程度：相差怎样的程度、距离或范围：〔how〕How should I take that remark?我应怎样理解这话?〔any〕Used as a pronoun,any can take either a singular or plural verb, depending on how it is construed:Any of these books is suitable (that is, any one ). But are any (that is, some ) of them available? · The constructionof any is often used in informal contexts to mean "of all,” as inHe is the best known of any living playwright. In an earlier survey this example was unacceptable in writing to 67 percent of the Usage Panel. ·Any is also used to mean "at all" before a comparative adjective or adverb in questions and negative sentences: 用作介词的any 既可接单数动词又可接复数动词， 这取决于怎样翻译：Any of these books is suitable?（这些书的任一本都合适） （这里是指 any one（任何一本） ）。 But are any（但是他们中） （意指 some（任何一些） ） of them available（任何一些都合适吗）？ of any（任一的） 这个结构经常用于非正式语境中来表示“所有的”的意思， 如在句子他是在世剧作家中最著名的一位。 在早期的调查中67%的用法使用小组成员，认为这个例子作为书面语不能被接受。Any 也用于比较级形容词或副词前表示“全然，压根儿”，这一用法适用于疑问句和否定句中： 〔how〕In what manner or way; by what means:如何，怎样：以什么方式；用什么手段：〔think〕Think what a scene it will be at the reunion.想一想在这个聚会上将会是怎样一个场面〔ballyhoo〕The origin ofballyhoo has been the subject of much speculation. This spelling has actually graced four different words:ballyhoo, "sensational advertising"; ballyhoo, a spelling of balao, a kind of fish; ballyhoo, a part of the name ballyhoo bird, about which more later; andballyhoo, a sailor's epithet for a disliked ship. This lastballyhoo (first recorded in 1836) was thought to be related to, or the same as, the word ballahou, from Spanishbalahú, "a type of schooner common in the Antilles.” First recorded in 1867,ballahou, besides being a term for a specific kind of ship, was also used contemptuously of inferior ships.But the connection between these sailing terms or the name of the fish and our wordballyhoo, first recorded in 1901, has not been established. There may, however, be a tie betweenballyhoo and the creature called a ballyhoo bird. According to a July 1880 article inHarper's, the bird had four wings and two heads and could whistle through one bill while singing through the other.Anyone who has ever hunted a snipe will know what hunting ballyhoo birds was like.单词ballyhoo 的来源一直存在种种推测。 这个词的拼写实际上包含有四个不同的词：ballyhoo， 意为“耸人听闻的广告”； ballyhoo， 是 balao 的一种拼写，是一种鱼； ballyhoo， 是 ballyhoo bird 的一部分,其出现更晚； 还有一个是ballyhoo， 是水手对不喜欢的船的称呼。 这最后一个ballyhoo （最早记载于1836年）被认为与 ballahou 有关或相同， 该词来自西班牙语balahu， 意为“流行于安的列斯群岛的一种纵帆船。” 首次记载于1867年，ballahou 一词除表示一种特殊的船外， 还表示同时代的劣等船。但这些与航海有关的词或鱼类名称的词与我们所使用的、首次记载于1901年的一词ballyhoo 之间尚未建立联系。 然而也许ballyhoo 一词与被称为 ballyhoo bird 的生物之间有某种联系。 根据1880年7月哈帕斯 杂志中一篇文章的描写， 这种鸟有四翅双头，可以用其中一张嘴吹哨，同时用另一张嘴唱歌。任何曾经猎过鹬鸟的人将会知道捕猎“巴里嗬”鸟是怎样的一种情景〔surprise〕"Never tell people how to do things. Tell them what to do and they will surprise you with their ingenuity" (George S. Patton).“永远不要告诉人们怎样 去做事。 告诉他们去干什么 ，他们的足智多谋将会令您惊讶” （乔治S·巴顿）。〔can〕Middle English [first and third person singular present tense of] connen [to know how] 中古英语 connen的第一和第三人称单数现在时 [知道怎样去] |
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