| 单词 | 恐怖 |
| 释义 | 〔construct〕“[He] began to shift focus from the haunted constructs of terror in his early work" (Stephen Koch)“[他] 开始将注意力从他早期作品中反复出现的恐怖形象上移开” (斯蒂芬·科克)〔shake〕 Shudder applies chiefly to convulsive shaking caused by fear, horror, or revulsion: Shudder 主要指由于恐惧、恐怖或心情的突变引起的骤发性震动： 〔terror〕One that instills intense fear:恐怖的缘由：引起恐怖的事物（或人）：〔bathophobia〕An abnormal fear of depths.深渊恐怖：对深渊的变态恐怖〔sarcophagus〕A gruesome name befits a gruesome thing,as in the case ofsarcophagus, our term for a stone coffin, often a decorated one, that is located above ground. The word comes to us from Latin and Greek,having been derived in Greek fromsarx, "flesh,” and phagein, "to eat.” The Greek wordsarkophagos meant "eating flesh,” and in the phraselithos ("stone") sarcophagos denoted a limestone that was thought to decompose the flesh of corpses placed in it. The Greek term used by itself as a noun then came to mean "coffin.”The term was carried over into Latin,wheresarcophagus was used in the phrase lapis ("stone") sarcophagus, referring to the same stone as in Greek. Sarcophagus used as a noun in Latin meant "coffin of any material.” This Latin word was borrowed into English,first being recorded in 1601 with reference to the flesh-consuming stone and then in 1705 with reference to a stone coffin.恐怖的名字适合恐怖的事物，如Sarcophagus （指石棺的专有名称）一词，常指一个置于地上的装饰过的石棺。 该词源于拉丁语和希腊语，即从希腊语sarx （“肉”）和 phagein （“吃”）而来。 希腊词sarkophagos 意为“吃肉”， 而在短语lithos （“石头”） sarcophagos 中则指被认为能腐蚀其中尸体腐肉的石头。 该希腊词单独作为名词使用，后来指“棺材”。该词后来被引入拉丁语，sarcophagus 在短语 lapis （“石头”） sarcophagus 中指代其在希腊文中指代的同种石头。 Sarcophagus 在拉丁文中用作名词，指“任何材料做成的棺材”。 该拉丁词后来被借用于英语中，最初记载于1601年，指腐蚀肉的石头，后来在1705年开始指石棺〔scare〕Serving or intended to frighten people:恐怖的：用作或意欲使人感到害怕的：〔terrorize〕To coerce by intimidation or fear.See Synonyms at frighten 威胁：用威胁或恐怖胁迫 参见 frighten〔Kafkaesque〕Characterized by surreal distortion and usually by a sense of impending danger:恐怖的，怪诞的：具有超现实的扭曲的特征，且通常有逼近的危机感的：〔ghastly〕a ghastly murder.一场恐怖的谋杀〔triskaidekaphobia〕An abnormal fear of the number 13.十三数恐怖：对数目十三的不正常的恐怖〔grim〕Ghastly; sinister:可怕的；恐怖的：〔ecstasy〕from Late Latin extasis [terror] 源自 后期拉丁语 extasis [恐怖] 〔Bierce〕American writer whose caustic wit and sense of realistic horror characterize his works, includingIn the Midst of Life (1891-1892) and The Devil's Dictionary (1906). 比尔斯，安布罗斯·格威纳特：(1842-1914?) 美国作家，其作品特色为辛辣诙谐，有现实色彩的恐怖惊险，包括《在生命中》 （1891-1892年）和 《魔鬼的字典》 （1906年） 〔Gothic〕The combinationGothic romance represents a union of two of the major influences in the development of European culture, the Roman Empire and the Germanic tribes that invaded it.The Roman origins ofromance must be sought in the etymology of that word, but we can see clearly thatGothic is related to the name Goth used for one of the Germanic tribes that invaded the Roman Empire.The wordGothic, which is first recorded in 1611 in a reference to the language of the Goths, was extended in sense in several ways, meaning "Germanic,” "medieval, not classical,” "barbarous,”and also an architectural style that was not Greek or Roman.Gothic, originally in the sense "medieval, not classical,” was applied by Horace Walpole to his novelThe Castle of Otranto, a Gothic Story, published in 1765. From this novel,filled with scenes of terror and gloom in a medieval setting,have descended the Gothic romances of today.Gothic romance 的组合代表对欧洲文化发展起主要作用的两个事物的联合， 这两个事物就是罗马帝国和侵犯它的日耳曼部落。romance 的罗马语源必须从这个词的词源里去找， 但我们也很清楚Gothic 是跟 Goth 有关的， 这个词被侵犯罗马帝国的一个日耳曼人部落所使用。Gothic 1611年第一次出现在一本描绘哥特语的注释书里， 有几个意思：“日耳曼人的”，“中世纪的，非古典的，”“野蛮的，”和非希腊和罗马的建筑风格。Gothic 最初意思是“中世纪的，非古典的，” 在霍勒斯·沃波尔1765年出版的小说奥特朗托的城堡，哥特的故事 中出现。 这本小说里，在中世纪的背景衬托下，充满了恐怖、阴暗的画面，它开创了哥特式浪漫主义并流传至今〔horrible〕"War is beyond all words horrible"(Winston S. Churchill)“战争的恐怖难以言表”(温斯顿S.丘吉尔)〔guillotine〕"At half past 12 the guillotine severed her head from her body.”So reads the statementcontaining the first recorded use ofguillotine in English, found in theAnnual Register of 1793. The word occurs in a context clearly illustrating the function of theguillotine, "a machine with a heavy blade that falls freely between upright guides to behead a condemned person.” Ironically, the guillotine, which became the most notable symbol of the excesses of the French Revolution,was named for a humanitarian physician, Joseph Ignace Guillotin.Guillotin, a member of the French Constituent Assembly,recommended in a speech to that body on October 10, 1789,that executions be performed by a beheading device rather than by hanging, the method used for commoners, or by the sword, reserved for the nobility.He argued that beheading by machine was quicker and less painful than the work of the rope and the sword.In 1791 the Assembly did indeed adopt beheading by machine as the state's preferred method of execution.A beheading device designed by Dr. Antoine Louis, secretary of the College of Surgeons, was first used on April 25, 1792, to execute a highwayman named Pelletier or Peletier.The device was called alouisette or louison after its inventor's name,but because of Guillotin's famous speech,his name became irrevocably associated with the machine. After Guillotin's death in 1814,his children tried unsuccessfully to get the device's name changed.When their efforts failed,they were allowed to change their name instead.“十二点半，断头台斩落了他的头颅。”这句话如此写道。这是英语文章中第一次使用guillotine 这个词， 它出现在1793年的年度文摘 中。 该文中，该词清楚地体现了guillotine 的功用——“利用垂直向下砍落的重斧斩落犯人头颅的机器。” 令人啼笑皆非的是，这一成为法国大革命中恐怖暴行最显著标志的断头台，竟是因一个人文主义医生，约瑟夫·英格纳斯·吉约坦命名的。吉约坦是法国国民代表大会的成员，在1789年10月的一次发言中向大会提出，在处决犯人时以一种砍头的机器来代替处决普通犯人时所用的绞刑或是处决贵族时使用的宝剑。他认为用机器砍头比用绳子或宝剑快而且痛苦小。1791年，国民大会确实将用机器砍头定为国家处决犯人的方法。由外科医生院秘书长安东尼·路易医生设计的砍头装置在1792年4月25日处决拦路强盗佩尔蒂或佩尔捷时第一次使用。这个装置被称为路易塞特 或 路易森 ， 因由其发明者而得名。但是由于吉约坦那次著名的发言，他的名字不可避免地与这种机器联系在一起。1814年吉约坦死后，他的子孙试图为这种机器换个名字,但没有成功。当他们的努力失败后，他们得到允许，改换了自己的名字〔monster〕A creature having a strange or frightening appearance.外表奇特或恐怖的动物〔quiet〕"A menacing quiet fills the empty streets"(Time)“空旷的街道上弥漫着恐怖的肃静”(时代)〔terror〕The ability to instill intense fear:恐怖：引起恐怖的能力：〔grisly〕Inspiring repugnance; gruesome.See Synonyms at ghastly 令人厌恶的；恐怖的 参见 ghastly〔sublime〕"not terrible,/That I should fear . . . /But solemn and sublime"(John Milton)“我所恐怕的，/并非恐怖…/而是崇高与庄严”(约翰·米尔顿)〔morbid〕Gruesome; grisly.令人毛骨悚然的；恐怖的〔affright〕A cause of terror.恐怖原因：造成恐怖的原因〔ghastly〕Inspiring shock, revulsion, or horror by or as if by suggesting death; terrifying:可怕的：联想或好象联想到死亡而引起的震惊、憎恶或恐惧；可怕的，恐怖的：〔freeze〕To affect with terror or dread; horrify:以恐怖或死亡影响；使恐怖：〔formidable〕Arousing fear, dread, or alarm:可怕的：引起恐惧、恐怖或忧虑的：〔Addams〕American cartoonist known for the macabre humor and Gothic settings of his cartoons, many of which first appeared in theNew Yorker. 亚当斯，查尔斯·塞缪尔：(1912-1988) 美国漫画家，以其卡通作品之恐怖的幽默及哥特式布景著名。许多作品首次刊登于《纽约人》 〔creepy〕Of or producing a sensation of uneasiness or fear, as of things crawling on one's skin:恐怖的：具有或产生不安或恐惧的感觉的，就象有东西在人皮肤上爬行：〔courage〕The state or quality of mind or spirit that enables one to face danger, fear, or vicissitudes with self-possession, confidence, and resolution; bravery.勇敢，无畏，勇气，胆量：使人带有沉着、自信和决心面对危险、恐怖或世事无常的心理素质或状态；勇气〔gadzooks〕"Gadzooks! Is there a panic detector, akin to a smoke detector, that sniffs anxiety in the air?”(George F. Will)“天哪！世上难道真有一种象烟尘探测器一样把空气中的紧张气氛吸走的恐怖探测器吗？”(乔治F.威尔)〔Thomson〕Scottish-born British poet whose pessimistic works includeThe City of Dreadful Night (1874). 汤姆逊，詹姆斯：(1834-1882) 苏格兰籍英国诗人，其悲观主义作品包括《恐怖之夜的城市》 （1874年） 〔grievous〕Serious or dire; grave:极严重的，极凶残的：严重的，恐怖的；严重的：〔terrify〕To menace or threaten; intimidate.威胁：恐吓或胁迫；恐怖的〔smell〕a cave that smells of terror.充满着恐怖气氛的山洞〔ghoul〕One who delights in the revolting, morbid, or loathsome.以残忍（恐怖）勾当为乐：喜欢恶心的、令人毛骨悚然的或讨厌的事物的人〔unambiguous〕"As a horror, apartheid . . . is absolutely unambiguous. There are . . . no shades of interpretation or circumstances to weigh that might make coming to a moral judgment more difficult"(Mario Vargas Llosa)“作为一种恐怖，种族隔离…是绝对确定无疑的，没有…任何值得考虑的解释或情况可以对其道德审判提出非难”(马里奥·巴尔加斯·略萨)〔send〕horrifying news that sent them into a panic.使人恐怖的消息使他陷入惊慌〔Cela〕Spanish writer who is best known for developingtremendismo, a style by which novels culminate in violence and terror, as in his early work The Family of Pascal Duarte (1942). He won the 1989 Nobel Prize for literature. 塞拉，卡米诺·荷西：西班牙作家，以其创造的《恐怖主义》 （即将暴力和恐怖发挥到极致的小说风格）闻名，如早期作品 《巴斯考·杜阿尔特一家》 （1942年）。他获得1989年诺贝尔文学奖 〔Gothic〕A novel in a style emphasizing the grotesque, mysterious, and desolate.哥特式小说：着重描写怪诞、恐怖和孤寂的小说〔ghastly〕 Macabre suggests the gruesome, often grotesque horror of death and decay: Macabre 指可怕的经常是关于死亡和腐烂的怪诞的恐怖： |
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