| 单词 | 惯例 |
| 释义 | 〔escape〕Traditionally,escape is used with from when it means "break loose" and with a direct object when it means "avoid.”Thus we might sayThe forger escaped from prison by hiding in a laundry truck, butThe forger escaped prison when he turned in his accomplices in order to get a suspended sentence. In recent years, however,escape has been used with a direct object in the sense "break free of": 按传统的惯例，escape 与 from 连用意指“脱逃、自由”， 当加直接宾语时意思为“逃避”。因此我们可以说那个伪造者通过藏在厨房的运货车中逃离了监狱， 但却不能说那个伪造者为了得到缓刑供出了他的同伙，因此他没有进监狱。 然而近些年来，escape 与直接宾语连用， 意为“逃脱自由”： 〔traditional〕the traditional handshake; a traditional wedding ceremony.惯例性的握手；传统婚娶典礼〔internationalism〕A policy or practice of cooperation among nations, especially in politics and economic matters.国际友好合作方针：多国之间，特别是有关政治和经济事务合作的政策或惯例〔punish〕Penalize usually implies a monetary penalty or the forfeiture of a privilege or gain because rules or regulations have been broken: Penalize 通常指因违反规则或惯例而施行的罚金或导致特权或利益的丧失： 〔meticulous〕"The more unpopular an opinion is, the more necessary is it that the holder should be somewhat punctilious in his observance of conventionalities generally" (Samuel Butler).“一个观点越不受欢迎，这个观点的持有者越应谨小慎微地观察习俗惯例” （塞缪尔·巴特勒）〔mores〕The accepted traditional customs and usages of a particular social group.习俗，惯例：为特定社会集团或群体所接受的传统风俗和习惯〔regular〕Customary, usual, or normal:平常的，惯例的：习惯性的、通常的或正常的：〔unfair〕unfair trading.与惯例不符合的交易〔etiquette〕The practices and forms prescribed by social convention or by authority.礼节：由社会习俗或权威所规定的常规或惯例〔ritual〕A state or condition characterized by the presence of established procedure or routine:惯例，一成不变：一种状态或情势，以已有的秩序或惯例的出现为特征：〔precedent〕The President followed historical precedent in forming the Cabinet.总统遵循历史惯例来组成内阁〔quitrent〕A rent paid by a freeman in lieu of the services required by feudal custom.免役租，代役租：自由民支付的租金来代替封建惯例要求的服役〔use〕Accustomed or usual procedure or practice.习惯，惯例：习惯的或通常的程序或做法〔Catholicism〕The faith, doctrine, system, and practice of a Catholic church, especially the Roman Catholic Church.天主教的信条：天主教堂，尤指罗马天主教堂的信条、教义、体系和惯例〔illicit〕Not sanctioned by custom or law; unlawful.非法的，不正当的：不为惯例或法律所允许的；不法的〔course〕A typical or natural manner of proceeding or developing; customary passage:进展，惯例：进行或发展的典型或自然的方式；惯例：〔originate〕originated the practice of monthly reports.开创了每月报告的惯例〔praxis〕Habitual or established practice; custom.惯例：习惯性的或既定的做法；习俗〔Pound〕American jurist who was dean of Harvard Law School (1916-1936) and wrote several influential books, includingThe Spirit of the Common Law (1921). 庞德，罗斯考：(1870-1964) 美国法理学家，曾担任哈佛法学院的教务长(1916-1936年），著有几本有影响的书，包括《惯例法的精神》 （1921年） 〔routine〕a routine check of passports.检查护照的惯例〔vogue〕The prevailing fashion, practice, or style:流行物：盛行很广的时尚、惯例或款式：〔cult〕A religion or religious sect generally considered to be extremist or false, with its followers often living in an unconventional manner under the guidance of an authoritarian, charismatic leader.异教，邪教：一般被视为走极端或伪造的宗教或宗教派别，其追随者们通常在一个独裁的、极有性格魅力的领袖领导下过着不循惯例的生活〔routinize〕To reduce to a routine:把…降为惯例：〔unfair〕Contrary to laws or conventions, especially in commerce; unethical:不正当的：与法律或惯例相反的，尤指商业上；非道德的：〔conventionality〕conventionalities The rules of conventional social behavior. conventionalities 惯例：符合习俗的社会行为举止之准则〔usual〕In conformity with regular practice or procedure:惯例的：与平常的习俗和程序相一致的：〔ethnomethodology〕The branch of sociology that deals with the codes and conventions that underlie everyday social interactions and activities.人种方法学：研究涉及构成日常社会相互作用、相互影响和社会活动的基础的规则和惯例的社会学的一分支学科〔traditional〕Of, relating to, or in accord with tradition:传统的，惯例的，教义的：传统、惯例、教义的，与此相关的或与此一致的：〔law〕A rule or custom generally established in a particular domain:规则，惯例：在某一特殊领域内被普遍认可的规矩或惯例：〔custom〕A practice followed by people of a particular group or region.习俗，风俗：某一特定群体或地区的人们所遵循的惯例〔freedom〕 License sometimes denotes deliberate deviation from normally applicable rules or practices to achieve a desired effect, as in literature or art: License 总意味着（如在文学或艺术上）为达到理想的效果而故意偏离通常适当的准则或惯例： 〔diet〕of Latin diaeta [daily routine] * see diet 1 拉丁语 diaeta的变化 [每日惯例] * 参见 diet1〔practice〕A habitual or customary action or way of doing something:习惯：习惯性或惯例性的行为或办事方式：〔can〕Only 21 percent of the Usage Panel acceptscan in the latter sentence. Butcan has a long history of use by educated speakers to express permission, particularly in British English.What is more, the blurring of the line betweencan and may is socially and historically inevitable, since politeness often makes the use ofcan preferable in the "permission" sense. For example, the sentenceYou can borrow my car if you like is a more gracious offer than You may borrow my car; the first presumes the granting of permission,while the second makes a point of it.Still, it is understandable that insistence on the use ofmay should become a traditional schoolroom ritual, particularly in first-person requests such as 用法专题使用小组中只有21%的成员接纳can 用于后面一句中。 但can 被受过教育的说话者用于表示许可已有很长的历史， 尤其是在大不列颠英语中。而且，can 和 may 之间不明显的界限从社会和历史渊源上说也是不可避免的， 因为礼貌常使can 的使用比较适宜“允许”这个意义。 例如，句子如你想要的话，你可以借用我的车 是比 你可以借用我的车； 亲切得多的提议， 第一句假定表示许可，而第二句却限定于这一点。然而，主张may 的用法应成为课堂内的惯例也是可以理解的， 尤其是在第一人称中，如 〔housekeeping〕Routine tasks and procedures carried out in the functioning of an operation or a system.常规事务：经营或系统运作过程中执行的惯例或过程〔impact〕Each generation of critics seems to select one particular usage to stand as the emblem of what they view as linguistic crassness.Thirty years ago it was the use ofcontact as a verb, but opposition to that form has more or less disappeared,and attention now focuses on the verbal use ofimpact meaning "have an effect, affect.” Eighty-four percent of the Usage Panel disapproves of the constructionto impact on, as in the phrasesocial pathologies, common to the inner city, that impact heavily on such a community; and fully 95 percent disapproves of the use ofimpact as a transitive verb in the sentence Companies have used disposable techniques that have a potential for impacting our health. But even these figures do not reflect the degree of distaste with which critics view the usage:in their comments some Panelists labeled the usage as "bureaucratic,” "pretentious,” "vile,” and "a vulgarism.” ·It may be that the particular pretentiousness associated with the verbal use ofimpact is caused by its derivation from an already questionable metaphoric use of the noun impact, as in phrases such asthe political impact of the decision or the impact of the program on the community, in which no more is usually meant than might have been expressed by effects or consequences. But thoughimpact may have begun life a generation ago as an inflated substitute for "affect significantly,” it has by now become so common in corporate and institutional contexts that younger speakers appear to regard it as wholly standard and straightforward usage.Within a few years, accordingly,the usage is likely to be no more objectionable thancontact is now, since it will no longer betray any particular pretentiousness on the part of those who use it.See Usage Note at contact 每一代的批评家好象都挑了一个特别的用法作为他们认为的语言上的愚蠢行为的象征。三十年以前是contact 作为动词的用法， 但是对这种形式的反对或多或少已经消失了，注意力现在集中到了impact 意思为“有不好的影响、影响”的动词用法上。 用法专题小组成员中百分之八十四不同意to impact on 的结构， 如在短语对内城区来说很普通的社会病理学，对这样一个社区产生了很大影响的 当中； 百分之九十五的成员完全不同意impact 在句子 公司已经使用了可能会对我们的健康产生不良影响的易处理技术 中当作及物动词来使用。 但是即使是这些数字也没有反映出批评家们对这种用法厌恶的程度：在他们的评论当中有些成员把这种用法说成是“官僚主义的”、“装腔作势的”，“可耻的”，还说这是“粗鄙的语言。”也许和impact 的动词用法有关联的虚饰成份是由于它是从名词 impact 的一个早有争议的比喻用法衍变而来造成的。 如在短语这个决定在政治上的影响 或者 这个计划对公众的影响 中它的意思并没有比用 effects 或者 consequences 表达出来的意思要多。 尽管impact 作为“明显地影响”的夸大了的替代可能在一代人之前开始产生， 但是现在的年轻一代使用者看上去把它当成了完全标准的、直接的用法，这在共同的和惯例的文章中已经很普遍了。相应地在几年内，这种用法很有可能不比今天的contact 更引起反对， 因为对于那些使用它的人来说这不会再显得有点矫揉造作了 参见 contact〔due〕In accord with right, convention, or courtesy; appropriate:适当的：符合权力，惯例或礼貌的；适当的：〔conventional〕Conforming to established practice or accepted standards; traditional:传统的：遵循被确定的惯例或者被认可的准则的；传统的：〔precedent〕Convention or custom arising from long practice:惯例：经长期实行而形成的常规或习俗：〔radical〕Favoring or effecting fundamental or revolutionary changes in current practices, conditions, or institutions:激进的，改革的：支持或引起目前的惯例、条件或制度根本性或革命性的变化的： |
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