| 单词 | 意味 |
| 释义 | 〔flavor〕"What matters in literature . . . is surely the idiosyncratic, the individual, the flavor or color of a particular human suffering"(Harold Bloom)“文学中最重要的当然是描绘特殊的人、有特色的个体和带有某种人类苦难意味的事”(哈罗德·布卢姆)〔shall〕The sentenceYou shall have your money expresses a promise ("I will see that you get your money"), whereasYou will have your money makes a simple prediction. · Such, at least, are the traditional rules.But the distinction has never taken firm root outside of what H.W. Fowler described as "the English of the English" (as opposed to that of the Scots and Irish), and even there it has always been subject to variation.Despite the efforts of generations of American schoolteachers, the distinction is largely alien to the modern American idiom.In Americawill is used to express most of the senses reserved for shall in English usage, andshall itself is restricted to first person interrogative proposals, as inShall we go? and to certain fixed expressions, such asWe shall overcome. Shall is also used in formal style to express an explicit obligation,as inApplicants shall provide a proof of residence, though this sense is also expressed bymust or should. In speech the distinction that the English signal by the choice ofshall or will may be rendered by stressing the auxiliary, as in I will leave tomorrow ("I intend to leave"); by choosing another auxiliary, such as must or have to; or by using an adverb such as certainly. · Many earlier American writers observed the traditional distinction betweenshall and will, and some continue to do so.The practice cannot be called incorrect,though it may strike American ears as somewhat mannered.But the distinction is difficult for those who do not come by it natively,and Americans who essay ashall in an unfamiliar context run considerable risk of getting it wrong, and so of being caught out in that most embarrassing of linguistic gaffes, the bungled Anglicism.See Usage Note at should 句子你将得到你的钱 表达了一种承诺（“我将保证你得到你的钱”）， 而你会得到你的钱 仅仅做出了简单预测。 这些至少是传统规则。但是这种用法上的区别仅局限于H·W·福勒所描述的“英格兰人的英语”（与苏格兰人和爱尔兰人的英语相对），即使在英格兰英语中它一直在变化。尽管经过几代美国学校教师的努力，这种区别对现代美国习惯用语仍是相当生疏的。在美国，will 被用来表达在英国用法中大多为 shall 保留的含义， 而shall 则限于第一人称疑问句式的提议， 如在我们该走了吧? 及某些固定表达中， 例如我们会克服的。 Shall 也用在正式文体中表示明确职责，如申请者应提供居留证明 ， 虽然这个意义也可用must 或 should 表达。 在口语中可以通过强调助动词shall 或 will ，如 我 将 于明天离开 （“我打算明天离开”）；或通过选择另一个助动词 must 或 have to ；或通过使用如 certainly 这样的副词来表达英国人用这两个词时的区别。 许多早期的美国作家注意到了shall 和 will 之间的传统区别， 而且一些人仍在继续这样做。这种用法不能被称作不正确，虽然美国人听起来有点矫揉造作的意味。但是这种区别对于那些不能通过母语了解它的人是困难的，而且在一个不熟悉的上下文中，试图用shall 的美国人很有可能犯错误， 因而在许多令人难堪的语言即被搞得一团糟的英式英语中出丑 参见 should〔mean〕To act as a symbol of; signify or represent:意味，象征：作为象征而表现；代表，表示：〔saying〕These nouns refer to concise verbal expressions setting forth wisdom or a truth.Asaying is an often repeated and familiar expression: 这些名词都指富含智慧和真理意味的简洁话语的表达。Saying 指常被重复和熟悉的表达： 〔stink〕a family that stinks with money; a deed that stinks of treachery.金钱多如粪土的家庭；充满背叛意味的行为〔ironic〕In 1969 Susie moved from Ithaca to California where she met her husband-to-be, who, ironically, also came from upstate New York ( 1969年苏茜从伊塔卡搬迁到了加利福尼亚并在那儿遇到了她未来的丈夫，而具有嘲弄意味的是，他也是从上纽约州来的( 〔help〕a fine sense of rhythm that helped (or aided ) the student in learning music. Help, however, sometimes conveys a stronger suggestion of effectual action: 有助于（或用 aided ）学生学习音乐的良好的节奏感。 但是help 有时所表达的有效行动的意味更为强烈一些： 〔pregnancy〕The quality or condition of being rich in significance, import, or implication.充实，深远意义：意义、意味或含义丰富的性质或状态〔savor〕postures that savored of vanity.具有自负意味的姿态〔catch〕We caught a glimpse of the monarch. I caught a hint of sarcasm in your response.我们只瞥了国王一眼。从你的反应中我感到了一些讽刺的意味〔convey〕Bear strongly suggests the effort of supporting a burden;often it implies the carrying of something important, such as valuable gifts: Bear 带有强烈的努力支承重物的意味；它常指运送某些重要物品，如珍贵的礼品等： 〔relish〕A trace or suggestion of a pleasurable quality.滋味：令人愉快的微量或意味〔feudatory〕Owing feudal homage or allegiance.臣服的，忠诚的：怀有封建意味的敬意或忠诚的〔Yankee〕Yankee is an excellent example of a widely known word whose origins cannot be determined. The best hypothesis is thatYankee comes from Dutch Janke, a nickname forJan, "John.” Evidence can be found in theOxford English Dictionary that the forms Yankey, Yanky, and Yankee were used as surnames or nicknames in the 17th century. The wordYankee is first found in one of our modern senses in 1758, the sense being "a New Englander.” The 17th-century nickname forJan was derisive, and the first instances of our word show the term being used derisively by the British for New Englanders.After the Battle of Lexington (1775) New Englanders dignified the name.The British were responsible for application of the term to all Americans (a use first recorded around 1784);and Southerners, for application of the term to Northerners (first recorded in 1817).Yankee 是一个广为人知但来源不明的单词的极好例证。 最好的假设是Yankee 来自于荷兰语 Janke, 是Jan “约翰”的浑名。 从《牛津英语字典》 可以找到证据证明 Yankey,Yanky 和 Yankee 这些形式在17世纪曾被用作姓氏或浑名。 Yankee 一词的第一个现代意义出现于1758年，即“新英格兰人”。 17世纪Jan 的浑名含有嘲弄意味， 该词的第一例用法也说明英国人用它来嘲弄新英格兰人。在莱克星顿战役(1775年）后，新英格兰人赋于了它尊严与荣誉。英国人用该词来指称所有美国人（首次出现于1784年）；美国南方人则用它指称北方人（首次出现于1817年）〔cool〕 Nonchalant describes a casual manner that may suggest, sometimes misleadingly, a lack of interest or concern: Nonchalant 指一种可能（有时是误导性地）带有缺乏兴趣或关心意味的不拘礼节的态度： 〔sketch〕A short, often satirical scene or play in a revue or variety show; a skit.短剧：时事讽刺剧或其他剧种中的一个短小常含讽剌意味的幕或剧；讽刺短剧〔blond〕It is usual in English to treatblond as if it required gender marking, as in French, spelling itblonde when referring to women and blond elsewhere. But this practice is in fact a relatively recent innovation,and some have suggested that it has sexist implicationsand that the formblond should be used for both sexes. There is certainly a measure of justice to the claim that the two forms are not used symmetrically.Since English does not normally mark adjectives according to the gender of the nouns they modify,it is natural to interpret the final-e as expressing some additional meaning, perhaps because it implies that hair color provides a primary category of classification for women but not men.This association of hair color and a particular perception of feminine identity is suggested in phrasessuch asdumb blonde and Is it true blondes have more fun? or in Susan Brownmiller's depiction of Hollywood's "pantheon of celebrated blondes who have fed the fantasies of men and fueled the aspirations of women.” The corresponding masculine formblond, by contrast, is not ordinarily used to refer to men in contexts in which hair color is not specifically at issue; there is something arch in a reference toLeslie Howard, Robert Redford, and other celebrated blonds. See Usage Note at brunette 在英语中，通常在使用blond 时似乎认为这个词需要性别标志。 正如在法语中，指女性时拼作blonde ，指其他时拼作 blond 。 但这实际上是较新的一种用法，一些人就曾认为这个词本身就带有性别的含义，而且blond 可同时用于两种性别。 两种形式并没有相应地使用的说法是有几分道理。因为英语中通常并不根据形容词修饰的名词的性而加以标明，很自然地就词尾的-e 看作附加的意思的表示， 这也许是由于它暗示头发的颜色是女性而不是男性提供了一个鉴别的首要类型。这种把头发颜色和女性鉴别的特殊方法联系在一起的作法，在如下的一些句子中有所体现，dump blonde（愚蠢的女人） 和 Is it true blondes have more fun?（金发女人真的更有情趣吗?） 或苏珊·布朗米勒的《好莱坞》中的描写的 "pantheon of celebrated blondes who have fed the fantasies of men and fueled the aspirations of women"（一些曾满足男人的幻想和勾起女人的野心的显赫女明星）。 不同的是相对应的男性的强调形式blond, 在行文中没有特别头发颜色的情况下通常并不专指男性； 如这句说法有调侃的意味的例句Leslie Howard, Robert Redford, and other celebrated blonds（莱斯利·霍华德，罗伯特·莱德佛拉和其他著名的金发明星中） 参见 brunette〔complete〕Complete is sometimes held to be an absolute term likeperfect or chief, which is not subject to comparison. Nonetheless, it can be qualified asmore or less, for example. A majority of the Usage Panel accepts the example Complete 有时具有绝对的意味， 就象非比较形容词perfect 或 chief 。 然而，它可以用more 或 less 来修饰。 绝大多数用法专题使用小组成员接受下面的句子： 〔significance〕A covert or implied meaning.See Synonyms at meaning 意思，意味：不公开或暗含的意思 参见 meaning〔sarcastic〕These adjectives mean having or marked by a feeling of bitterness and a biting or cutting quality.这些形容词表示带有辛辣的感觉和尖刻的或尖酸的意味，或是以这种感觉为特征的。〔tag〕A brief quotation used in a discourse to give it an air of erudition or authority:引句：谈话中使用的一句简短的引语，以便使谈话带有博学或权威的意味：〔author〕The verbauthor, which had been out of use for a long period, has been rejuvenated in recent years with the sense "to assume responsibility for the content of a published text.” As such it is not quite synonymous with the verbwrite ; one can write, but not author, a love letter or an unpublished manuscript,and the writer who ghostwrites a book for a celebrity cannot be said to have "authored" the creation. The sentenceHe has authored a dozen books on the subject was unacceptable to 74 percent of the Usage Panel, probably because it implies that the fact of having a book published is worthy of special lexical distinction, a notion that sits poorly with conventional literary sensibilities,and which seems to smack of press agentry.The sentenceThe Senator authored a bill limiting uses of desert lands in California was similarly rejected by 64 percent of the Panel, though here the usage is common journalistic practice,and is perhaps justified by the observation that we do not expect that legislators will actually write the bills to which they attach their names. ·The verbcoauthor is well established in reference to scientific and scholarly publications, where it serves a useful purpose,since the people listed as authors of such works routinely include research collaborators who have played no part in the actual writing of the text,but who are nonetheless entitled to credit for the published results.动词author， 很长一段时间不再使用， 近年来又以“对某一出版作品的内容负有责任”的含义重新起用。因此，它已不完全同动词write 同义； 一个人可以写一封求爱信或未出版的草稿，但不是作者，某一人即使雇人写出一篇杰作也不能说是“创作”了作品。对句子他已就这个论题创作了十二部作品 74%的用法专题小组不能接受， 可能因为它暗示着一个事实，即一本已出版的书一定有特别的词汇意义上区别的价值，这是与传统文学观念不太相容的概念，并带有出版机构的意味。此句参议员提出了一个限制使用加利福尼亚地区沙漠土地的议案 ，同样有64%的用法专题小组成员不能接受， 虽然这里这种用法是新闻界实践的惯用。这恐怕是因为我们并不希望立法人员真的是写作一项议案然后在其上署上他们的名字吧。·动词coauthor 是在科学及学术发表论文的意义上建立的， 这里这个词的使用有一个重要意义，因为创作者名单上列出作为这部作品创作者的人通常包括共同研究人员，既使他们实际上并未参加写作，但不可否认地对出版物的结果做出了贡献〔fun〕The use offun as an attributive adjective, as ina fun time, a fun place, most likely originated in a playful reanalysis of the use of the word in sentencessuch asIt is fun to ski, wherefun behaves syntactically like an adjective such as amusing or swell. The usage became popular in the 1950's and 1960's, though there is some evidence to suggest that it has 19th-century antecedents.Certainly the sense of this word makes it particularly susceptible to jocular treatment.But as with other such reanalyses (for example, in the expressiona whole 'nother ), the usage appears to have persisted after the original flavor had been lost.Thus there is no intimation of humorous intent in a press release that announces: fun 作为定语形容词使用， 如一段愉快的时光，一个娱乐场所， 极有可能源于对此词在某些句中用法的玩笑性再分析，如滑雪真好玩 从句法功能来讲， fun 在这里的用法象 amusing 或 swell 之类的形容词。 尽管有证据表明19世纪就出现这种用法了，但开始变得流行却在19世纪50,60年代。当然，此词的这层含义尤令人怀疑对方是否在打趣。但正如其他这类再分析词（例如，在句子a whole 'nother 中一样）， 此用法在最初的含义都失去之后，还一直坚持使用下来。因此当报界发布以下消息时就从中找不出任何滑稽意味了： 〔alone〕 Alone emphasizes being apart from others but does not necessarily imply unhappiness: Alone 强调不和他人在一起但并不意味不快乐： 〔spontaneous〕Instinctive implies behavior prompted by instinct as a natural consequence of membership in a species: Instinctive 意味由本能而引发的行为，是某一种类成员的自然结果： 〔worry〕"Don't worry" is a much milder injunction than it once would have been,for the wordworry has softened its sense greatly over the course of its history. Its Old English ancestor,wyrgan, meant "to strangle.” Its Middle English descendant,worien, kept this sense and developed the new sense "to grasp by the throat with the teeth and lacerate" or "to kill or injure by biting and shaking.” This is the way wolves or dogs might attack sheep, for example.In the 16th centuryworry began to be used in the sense "to harass, as by rough treatment or attack,” or "to assault verbally,” and in the 17th century the word took on the sense "to bother, distress, or persecute.”It was a small step from this sense to the main modern senses "to cause to feel anxious or distressed" and "to feel troubled or uneasy,” first recorded in the 19th century.与过去相比，“别担心”这句话的命令意味减少了许多，因为随着历史的变迁worry 这个词的“攻击性”意味大大削弱了。 其古英语中的前身wyrgan, 意为“扼杀”。 在中世纪英语中的worien 保留了这个意思并衍生出一个新意思“用牙齿咬住喉咙并且撕裂”或“咬住并来回甩动以杀死或伤害”。 例如，这是狼或狗袭击羊的方式。16世纪，worry 开始含有“以粗暴手段或袭击方式来骚扰”，“口头攻击”的意思， 到了17世纪这个词产生了“干扰、使焦虑和烦扰”的意思。19世纪，这个词义向前发展了一点，产生了适用于当代的主要意思“使感到焦虑或痛苦”和“感到烦恼或不安”〔fun〕The day may come when this usage is entirely unremarkable,just as the wordtalkative has lost all taint of its originally jocular formation from the attachment of a Latinate suffix to a native Anglo-Saxon root. At present, however, the attributive use offun may still raise eyebrows, and writers who want to stay on the safe side are advised to avoid it in contexts in which a light tone would not be appropriate.也许总有一天，这一用法会变得完全不引人注意了，正如单词talkative 在其拉丁语后缀与盎格鲁-撒克逊语词根组成词时该词有打趣的意味，但现在已失去其所具有的本义了。 然而，现在使用fun 做定语仍有可能导致误解， 而为保险起见的作家也都会避免在与轻松的语调显得不太协调的行文中使用该词〔ironic〕madness, an ironic fate for such a clear thinker.发疯，对这样一个思维清晰的人莫过于一种带有嘲弄意味的命运〔relinquish〕Abandon andsurrender agree in implying no expectation of returning to or recovering what is given up, but the terms differ in thatsurrender implies the operation of compulsion, demand, or force: Abandon 和surrender 在意味不存在已失去的东西的回归或恢复的希望时是一致的， 但是这两个词的区别是surrender 意味着强迫、命令或力量之下的行动： 〔turn〕"His muse occasionally takes a humorous and satirical turn"(Albert C. Baugh)“他的诗句偶尔会变得幽默而有讽剌意味”(艾伯特C.鲍)〔blemish〕 Defect denotes a serious functional or structural shortcoming: Defect 意味严重的功能或结构上的不足： 〔whiff〕"Humanity is unregenerable and hates the language of conformity, since conformity has a whiff of the inhuman about it"(Anthony Burgess)“人性是不能改造也无发统一的，并且一致性本身带有不人道的意味”(安东尼·伯吉斯)〔flex〕“‘Resolution’ has none of that modern flex we favor, with generous, built-in amounts of ‘maybe’”(Melvin Maddocks)“‘果断’没有我们所推崇的现代弹性的意味，即说一大堆暗含‘也许’的话”(梅尔文·马多克斯)〔erotize〕To imbue with erotic feeling or import.使之表现出色情意味的〔stay〕 Tarry andlinger both imply a delayed departure, butlinger more strongly suggests reluctance to leave: Tarry 和linger 都暗指延误地离开， 但lingrer 有更强的不愿离开的意味： 〔Tchaikovsky〕Russian composer of often dramatic, richly expressive works, including the symphonyRomeo and Juliet (1869), the ballets Swan Lake (1877) and The Nutcracker (1892), and the opera Eugene Onegin (1879). 柴可夫斯基，彼得·伊里奇：(1840-1893) 俄罗斯作曲家，他的多数作品是戏剧，有丰富的表现意味，包括交响乐《罗密欧与朱丽叶》 （1869年）、芭蕾舞 《天鹅湖》 （1877年）和 《胡桃夹子》 （1892年）和歌剧 《尤金·奥尼金》 （1879年） 〔notorious〕Known widely and usually unfavorably; infamous:声名狼藉的，恶名昭彰的：众所周知的，通常带有不赞成的意味；声名狼藉的：〔fit〕Meet applies to what is precisely suitable and often suggests the sense of being right or just: Meet 意指完全符合，常暗含正当的或正义的意味： 〔significant〕Latin significāns significant- [present participle of] significāre [to signify] * see signify 拉丁语 significāns significant- significāre的现在分词 [表示，意味] * 参见 signify〔ribbon〕A band of colored cloth signifying membership in an order or the award of a prize.绶带，饰带：一条有色布带，意味有等级的成员资格或奖金的颁发 |
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