| 单词 | 意味着 |
| 释义 | 〔relinquish〕Abandon andsurrender agree in implying no expectation of returning to or recovering what is given up, but the terms differ in thatsurrender implies the operation of compulsion, demand, or force: Abandon 和surrender 在意味不存在已失去的东西的回归或恢复的希望时是一致的， 但是这两个词的区别是surrender 意味着强迫、命令或力量之下的行动： 〔relieve〕All of these verbs mean to make something less severe or more bearable.Torelieve is to ease and make more endurable something causing discomfort or distress: 所有这些动词意味着使某事变得不太严重或更可忍受。Relieve 指缓解或使造成不快或压抑的某事变得可以忍受： 〔soldier〕Why do soldiers fight?One answer is hidden away in the wordsoldier itself. Its first recorded occurrence is found in a work composed around 1300,the word having come into Middle English (assoudier ) from Old French soudoior and Anglo-Norman soudeour. The Old French word,first recorded in the 12th century,is derived fromsol or soud, Old French forms of Modern French sou. There is no longer a French coin namedsou, but the meaning of the wordsou alerts us to the fact that money is involved. Indeed, Old Frenchsol referred to a coin and also meant "pay,”and asoudoior was a man who fought for pay. This was a concept worth expressing in an era when many men were not paid for fighting but did it in service to a feudal superior.Thussoldier is parallel to the word mercenary, which goes back to Latinmercēnnārius, derived frommerces, "pay,” and meaning "working for pay.”The word could also be used as a noun,one of whose senses was "a soldier of fortune.”士兵们为什么而打仗?其中一个答案就隐藏在soldier 这个单词里面。 在大约1300年的一本著作中发现了这个词的最早记载。这个词由古法语的soudoior 和盎格鲁诺曼底语中的 soudeour 进入中古英语（形式为 soudier )。 古法语中的这个单词，最早记录于12世纪，是由sol 或 soud ，现代法语单词 sou 的古法语形式衍变而来的。 已经没有叫做sou 的法国硬币了， 但是单词sou 的意思使我们意识到这和钱有关。 实际上，古法语中的sol 指的是一枚硬币， 也意味着“报酬”，而soudoior 是一个为了报酬而打仗的人。 在许多人打仗并没有得到报酬而是给封建王服役的时代里，这种概念是值得表达出来的。这样，士兵(soldier) 类似于 雇佣兵(mercenary) ， 可以追溯到拉丁文mercennarius ， 由merces “报酬”衍变而来， 意思是“为报酬而工作”。这个词也能当名词使用，其中的一个意思是“雇佣兵”〔artifice〕 Feint denotes a deceptive act calculated to distract attention from one's real purpose: Feint 意味着欺骗行为的目的是转移人们对其真正目的注意力： 〔sensuous〕 Sybaritic even more strongly suggests devotion to pleasure and luxury;the term implies excess and sometimes connotes effeteness or decadence: Sybaritic 甚至更强烈地暗指热心于欢乐和奢侈；这个词暗指过分的和经常意味着枯竭或堕落： 〔deplete〕These verbs all mean to weaken severely by removing something essential.这些动词都意味着通过移走基本的东西使严重削弱，〔shakedown〕In 1969 a majority of the members of theAmerican Heritage Dictionary Usage Panel felt that the noun shakedown in the sense "extortion" and the related phrasal verb shake down were acceptable in writing, though both are now labeledslang. It would seem that certain usages take a while to attain respectability because of the company they keep.Shake and the verb phrase shake out of already meant "to steal" in Middle English. This usage ofshake is still found in the 19th and 20th centuries. Bothshake and shake out of in the sense "to steal" are clearly related to shake down, which is first recorded in 1872, shake down being glossed "to extort money from individuals.” This is a slang usage,probably occurring, as had the verbshake, largely in contexts having to do with criminal or corrupt behavior. As our Panel realized,the verb and the later nounshakedown (first recorded in 1902 in the United States) have now moved from the lingo of criminals, loan sharks, and politicians into wider currency. 1969年，大多数美国经典辞书 用法研究小组的成员认为名词 shakedown （意为“敲诈”）及相关的短语动词 shake down 在写作中是可接受的， 虽然现在两者均被标以俚语。 与之有关的意义似乎有些用法需要一些时间来获得社会的承认。在中世纪英语中，Shake 和 shake out of 已经意味着“偷盗” 。 shake 的这种用法仍见于19世纪和20世纪。 Shake 及 shake out of （意为“偷盗”）明显与 shake down （首次记载于1872年）有所联系。 shake down 被解释为“从个人处敲诈金钱”。 这是俚语用法，很可能如动词shake 一样，大量用于与犯罪或腐败行为有关的语境中。 正如我们的用法研究小组所意识到的，该动词及后来的名词shakedown （在美国最早记载于1902年）已从罪犯、高利贷者及政客的语汇发展到更广泛的使用领域 〔mix〕These verbs mean to put into or come together in one mass so that constituent parts or elements are diffused or commingled.这些动词意味着放入或混合成一团以致其构成部分或成分被分散或混合。〔perfect〕Perfect has often been described as an absolute term like chief and prime, hence not allowing modification bymore, quite, relatively, and other qualifiers of degree. But the qualification ofperfect has numerous reputable precedents (most notably in the preamble to the U.S. Constitution in the phrase"in order to form a more perfect Union" ). What is more, the stricture is philosophically dubious.There can be no mathematically perfect forms in nature;therefore to say that any actual circle is "perfect"can mean only that it approximates the geometric ideal of circularity,a quality that it can obviously have to a greater or lesser degree.By the same token,perfect freely allows comparison in examples such as There could be no more perfect spot for the picnic, where it is used to mean "ideal for the purposes.”See Usage Note at complete ,equal ,parallel ,unique Perfect 常被描述成诸如 chief 和 prime 的绝对术语， 因此不能跟more、quite或relatively 等修饰词及其它程度限定词。 但是对perfect 的限定可有大量规范的前饰词 （最突出的例子是在美国宪法的引言部分"in order to form a more perfect Union" )。 但是，这种限定在哲学上来说是模糊的。自然界中不可能有数学般标准的形式；因此要说任何既定的圆是“绝对的”，都只意味着近似于理想状态的几何圆，这显然只能是或多或少具备的特性。同样地，perfect 在一些例子如 那儿应该是更适合野餐的地方 中任意地允许比较， 此处意为“达到意图的理想方式” 参见 complete,equal,parallel,unique〔spell〕To add up to; signify:导致；意味着：〔confidence〕These nouns denote a feeling of emotional security resulting from faith in oneself.这些名词都意味着由于对自己的信心而产生的心理上的安全感。〔only〕When used as an adverb,only should be placed with care to avoid ambiguity. Generally this means havingonly adjoin the word or words that it limits. Variation in the placement ofonly can change the meaning of the sentence, as the following examples show: 当only 用作副词时应注意避免意义模糊。 一般来说，这意味着把only 放在被限定词的旁边。 Only 的位置的改变， 会改变整个句子的内容，例如： 〔opportunity〕Chance often implies an opportunity that arises through luck or accident: Chance 常意味着因为运气或偶然而出现的机遇： 〔announce〕The injunction not to shoot the messenger could as well be not to shoot the announcer, given the etymology of the wordannounce. First recorded in English before 1500 in the sense "to proclaim, make known,”announce came into English via Old French from Latin. The Latin sourceannūntiāre is made up of the directional prefix ad- and the verb nūntiāre, "to bring word of a fact or occurrence.” This verb is in turn derived from the nounnūntium, "a message,” which also yieldednūntius, "a messenger.” 不准枪毙使者的禁令也意味着不准枪毙公告人，给出了announce 这个词的词源。 1500年之前该词以“宣布，告知”的意思第一次出现在英语里，announce 通过拉丁语中的古法语进入英语。 拉丁词annuntiare 由指示性前缀 ad- 和动词 nuntiare “提到一个事实或事件”组成。 这个动词依次由名词nuntium “消息”派生而来， 也可作nuntius 的意思是“使者，送信人” 〔ornate〕 Rococo describes the 18th-century European style that grew out of the baroque and is characterized by profuse ornamentation,such as graceful and delicate shells and foliage.It can also connote immoderate, perhaps even ridiculous complexity: Rococo 描述了18世纪派生于巴洛克风格的欧洲艺术风格，该风格以过多的装饰为特色，诸如饰以优美精细的贝壳和羽毛。该词也可以意味着没有节制的、有时甚至是完全希奇古怪的复合体： 〔relieve〕Mitigate andpalliate connote moderating the severity, force, or intensity of something that causes suffering: Mitigate 和palliate 都意味着减弱造成痛苦的事物严重性、力量或强度： 〔still〕These adjectives mean marked by or making no sound, noise, or movement.这些形容词意味着没有或不发出声音、噪音或不移动或有其特点。〔disgrace〕Shame suggests mortifying loss of status, such as that which might result from the commission of a moral offense: Shame 意味着因道德上的不轨而失去地位，从而感到羞耻和耻辱： 〔ornate〕Flamboyant relates to a French Gothic architectural style marked by wavy flamelike forms;in a less technical sensethe term suggests excessively vivid color, overwrought design, or striking audacity or verve: Flamboyant 与一种法国哥德式建筑风格有关，该风格以类似跳动火焰的设计为特色；在非专业技术含义中，该词意味着过分活泼的色彩、过度夸张的设计或令人震惊的大胆或气魄： 〔intense〕Thus a reference toMark's intense study of German suggests that Mark himself was responsible for the concentrated activity, whereasMark's intensive study of German suggests that the program in which Mark was studying was designed to cover a great deal of material in a brief period. 因此Mark's intense study of German 指马克自己对集中的行为负责， 而Mark's intensive study of German 意味着马克的学习计划是打算在短时间内涉猎大量内容 〔elderly〕 Aged emphasizes old age and usually suggests infirmity: Aged 强调老龄，通常意味着体弱： 〔continual〕 Continual can connote absence of interruption ( Continual 可能意味着不存在间断（ 〔relevant〕Pertinent suggests a logical, precise relevance: Pertinent 意味着合乎逻辑、精确的相关性： 〔unity〕 Union connotes harmony, cohesiveness, and often unanimity among individuals united in a whole: Union 意味着在联合成整体的个人中协调的、紧密结合在一起和通常一致同意： 〔devote〕Dedicate connotes a solemn, often formal commitment: Dedicate 意味着一个誓言，通常为正式的许诺： 〔gruff〕 Gruff implies roughness or surliness of manner and often harsh speechbut does not necessarily suggest rudeness: Gruff 有举止粗鲁或暴躁、言语严厉的含义，但不一定意味着无礼： 〔exorcise〕An oath is to be found at the etymological heart ofexorcise, a term going back to the Greek wordexorkizein, meaning "to swear in,” "to take an oath by,” "to conjure,” and "to exorcise.” Exorkizein in turn is formed from the prefixex-, "thoroughly,” and the verb horkizein, "to make one swear, administer an oath to,” derived from horkos, "oath.” Our wordexorcise is first recorded in English in a work composed possibly before the beginning of the 15th century, and in this useexorcise means "to call up or conjure spirits" rather than "to drive out spirits,” a sense first recorded in 1546.誓言在语源学中是exorcise 的基本意思， 而这个词又可以追溯到希腊语exorkizein， 后者意味着“宣誓”、“发誓”、“恳求”和“驱赶”。 Exorkizein 依次由含有“完全地”这个意思的前缀ex- 和含有“使发誓，在誓言约束下”这个意思的动词 horkizein 构成，后者源自 horkos “誓言”。 我们现在用的exorcise 最早在英文中的记录出自一本可能早于15世纪初写的一本著作中。 在当时，exorcise 通常意味着“召回灵魂”， 而不是1546年才最早记录到的“驱赶鬼魂”这个含义〔inactive〕These adjectives mean not involved in or disposed to activity.这些形容词均意味着不参与或进行活动的。〔outlive〕 Outlive frequently implies the capacity for enduring after the death of another or after a particular time: Outlive 常隐约意味着在别人死后或一段特殊时期之后持久存在的能力： 〔lucre〕When William Tyndale translatedaiskhron kerdos, "shameful gain" (Titus 1:11), as filthy lucre in his edition of the Bible, he was tarring the wordlucre for the rest of its existence. But we cannot lay the pejorative sense oflucre completely at Tyndale's door. He was merely a link,albeit a strong one,in a process that had begun long before with respect to the ancestor of our word,the Latin wordlucrum, "material gain, profit.” This process was probably controlled by the inevitable conjunction of profit, especially monetary profit, with evils such as greed.In Latinlucrum also meant "avarice,” and in Middle Englishlucre, besides meaning "monetary gain, profit,” meant "illicit gain.”Furthermore, many of the contexts in which the neutral sense of the word appeared were not that neutral,as in "It is a wofull thyng . . . ffor lucre of goode . . . A man to fals his othe [it is a sad thing for a man to betray his oath for monetary gain].”Tyndale thus merely helped the process along when he gave us the phrasefilthy lucre. 当威廉·廷代尔在他的《圣经》版本里把aiskhon kerdos （“可耻的收获”）翻译成 filthy lucre 时， 他就把lucre 这个词当作贬义了， 这个词以后也就这样解释了。但是我们不能把lucre 这个词的贬义全部归于廷代尔名下。 他只是整个过程的一个环节，尽管是个有力的环节，这个过程早在我们这个词的祖先，拉丁字lucrum （意为“物质获得，利润”）就开始了。 这个过程很可能与带有类似贪婪这样的罪恶利润，尤其是钱财利润不可避免地联系在一起。在拉丁文里，lucrum 也有“贪婪”的意思。 在中世纪英语中，lucre 除了有“钱财收入，利润”的意思之外， 还意味着“不正当的所得”。更进一步说，即使这个词意思是中性的，但上下文却不是那么的中性，比如“一个人为了钱财背弃自己的誓言。”廷代尔在给我们短语filthy lucre 时，仅仅有助于把这个过程延续下来 〔fragile〕Breakable and fragible, which are identical in meaning, mean capable of being broken but do not necessarily imply inherent weakness: Breakable 和 frangile， 意指逻辑性相似，都指能被打碎的但并不必然意味着本身的易碎： 〔unity〕 Unity implies agreement and collaboration among interdependent, usually varied components: Unity 意味着在相互依赖的，通常为变化的组成部分中的一致和合作： 〔stingy〕Close andclose-fisted imply both stinginess and exceeding caution: Close 和close-fisted 意味着吝啬和过分小心： 〔hinder〕The travelers were hindered by storms throughout their journey. Often the word implies stopping or prevention: 旅行者们一路上被暴风雨所阻碍。 这个词经常意味着停止或阻止： 〔need〕Note also that the use ofneed as an auxiliary is often accompanied by a presupposition that the activity in question has in fact been performed.The boys needn't have spoken frankly implies that they did in fact speak frankly, whereas the sentenceThe boys did not need to speak frankly does not; only the latter could be followed by a clauselikethey conveyed their meanings by indirection. 还需注意need 用作助动词时经常伴随一个先决条件， 质问的动作事实上已经完成了。那些男孩们本来不需要坦诚相告的 意味着他们事实上已经坦率地说了， 然而这个句子男孩们不需要坦诚地说话 就没有这个意思； 只有后者可以在其后跟这样一个句子，如他们间接地表达他们的意思 〔pretend〕 Assume may—but does not necessarily—connote dishonesty, insincerity, or trickery: Assume 有可能——但是并不必然地——意味着不诚实，不诚心或欺骗： 〔relieve〕 Allay suggests relief at least for the time being from what is burdensome or painful: Allay 意味着至少是暂时从造成负担或痛苦的事物中解脱出来： 〔religious〕These adjectives mean having or showing a belief in and veneration for God or a divine power, especially as it is reflected in the practice of religion.这些形容词都意味着有或显示出对上帝或神圣力量的信仰和尊敬，特别反映在宗教行为上。〔impetuous〕 Impetuous suggests forceful impulsiveness or impatience: Impetuous 意味着强烈的冲动和不耐心； 〔vulgar〕The wordvulgar brings to mind off-color jokes, but this was not always so.Ironically the wordvulgar is itself an example of pejoration, the process by which the semantic status of a word changes for the worse over a period of time.The ancestor ofvulgar, the Latin word vulgāris (from vulgus, "the common people"), meant "of or belonging to the common people, everyday,”as well as "belonging to or associated with the lower orders.”Vulgāris also meant "ordinary,” "common (of vocabulary, for example),” and "shared by all.” Its only sense of the sort we might expect was related to the notion of general sharing, that is, "sexually promiscuous.”Our word, first recorded in a work composed in 1391,entered English during the Middle English period,and in Middle English and later English we find not only the senses mentioned above but also related senses.What is common can be seen as debased,and in the 17th century we begin to find instances ofvulgar that made very explicit what was already implicit. Vulgar now meant "deficient in taste, delicacy, or refinement.” From such usevulgar has gone downhill, and at present "crudely indecent" is probably one of the first senses ofvulgar that occurs to many when the word is used. Vulgar 这个词使人想起下流的玩笑， 但这并不尽然。具有讽刺意味的是vulgar 这个词本身就是一个贬义词， 是一个词的语义经过一段时间变为贬义的过程。Vulgar 的语源，拉丁词 vulgaris （来自于 vulgrs， “普通人”）， 意思是平常人的、属于平常人的或日常的，”也意味着“属于低等阶级的，与低阶级有关的。”Vulgaris 也意味着“平常的”，“普通的（如词汇表的）”，和“大家共有的。” 我们可能会想到的这一类的唯一意思与“大家共有的”的意思是有关，即“滥交的。”这个词，首先记载于1391年编的一部书里，在中古英语期间进入英语，在中古英语和后期的英语中我们不仅发现它有上述的意思，也有其它相关的意思。普通的可以被看作是低下的，在17世纪我们开始发现vulgar 把含蓄的意思变得很明显的例子。 现在vulgar 指“品味、格调或教养不高的。” 以这个意思vulgar 开始走下坡路， 现在当人们使用vulgar 时，对许多人来讲“粗野下流的”可能是第一个意思 |
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