| 单词 | 意指 |
| 释义 | 〔transient〕Evanescent suggests that something disappears like vapor: Evanescent 意指象蒸气一样消失的事物： 〔calm〕Peaceful implies undisturbed serenity: Peaceful 意指未被打破的镇静： 〔apprehend〕 Apprehend can imply awareness or consciousness that comes through the emotions or senses: Apprehend 能够意指来源于情感或感觉的认识或自我意识： 〔ennui〕Were they alive today, users of Classical Latin might be surprised to find that centuries later a phrase of theirs would still survive,although in the form of a single word.The phrasemihi in odiō est (literally translated as "to me in a condition of dislike or hatred is"), meaning "I hate or dislike,” gave rise to the Vulgar Latin verb.inodiāre, "to make odious,” the source of Modern Frenchennuyer, "to annoy, bore.” In the Old French period a noun meaning "worry, boredom,” came from the verbennuier. This noun in its Modern French formennui was borrowed into English in the sense "boredom,” the English word being first recorded in 1732.People may have needed a word for boredom in the polite, cultivated world of the 18th century,but at an earlier period, around 1275,we had already borrowed the French verbennuier, the source of our word annoy. One of the earliest instances ofannoy in English is, in fact, used in the sense "to bore an audience.” 要是古拉丁文的使用者们今天还活着的话，他们很可能会吃惊地发现数世纪之后他们所用的一个短语依然在使用中，尽管采用了单个词的形式。短语mihi in odioest （按字面可翻译成“在不喜欢或憎恨情形下对我而言的是”）， 意思是“我恨或讨厌”生成了俗拉丁语动词inodiare， “使可憎”， 其又为现代法语ennuyer “使苦恼，使烦恼”的词源。 在古法语时期，一个意思是“焦虑、厌倦”的名词来源于动词ennuier 。 该名词的现代法语形式ennui 被引入英语中，意指“厌倦”， 该英语词于1732年被首次记载，在18世纪的讲究礼节、有修养的社会里人们很可能需要一个词来表达厌倦之意，但在更早的时期，大约在1275年，我们已经借入法语动词ennuier， 作为我们的单词 annoy 的来源。 annoy 在英语中最早的例子之一是它实际上是在“使观众厌倦”的意义上使用的 〔attack〕 Assail implies repeated attacks: Assail 意指反复地打击： 〔curmudgeon〕The etymology of the wordcurmudgeon has eluded us for at least two centuries, although some lexicographers have thought the solution was at hand, one to his embarrassment.When Samuel Johnson stated in his famous dictionary of 1755 thatcurmugeon "is a vicious manner of pronouncing c÷ur méchant, Fr. an unknown correspondent,” he was giving credit to an anonymous writer for the statement thatcurmudgeon came from French c÷ur, "heart,” and méchant, "evil.” Another lexicographer, John Ash, following in Johnson's tracks though none too carefully,gave the etymology a bit differently in his dictionary of 1775:"from the Frenchc÷ur unknown, and mechant a correspondent"; thus misinterpreting Johnson's attribution as a gloss for the French.Although its origin is unknown,curmudgeon has been around for some time, being first recorded in a work published in 1577. 单词curmudgeon 的词源已经使我们困惑了至少有两个世纪， 虽然有些词典的编辑者已经认为快找到解决方式了，但仍使某些人局促不安。当塞缪尔·约翰逊在他的举世闻名的1755年词典中指出Curmugeon “是对 cour mechant 这一法语词语的错误发音方式（它意指不知名的通讯记者）”时， 他认同一位不署名作家认为curmudgeon 一词来自法语 cour “心”和 mechant “罪恶”的陈述是正确的。 另一个名叫约翰·艾什的词典编辑者承袭了约翰逊的思路，但他也并非很严格地遵循，在他的1775年词典中对该词源作了稍有差别的解释： “从法语cour （不知名的）和 mechant （一名通讯记者）而来”； 由此他误解了约翰逊对于法语的译注。虽然该词词源未知，curmudgeon 已有了一定的历史，它首次被记录于1577年出版的一部作品中 〔approve〕 Endorse implies the expression of support, often by public statement: Endorse 意指支持的表示，常用于公开声明： 〔graffito〕The formgraffiti, based on the Italian plural, is far more common than the singular form graffito. Graffitiis often used as a singular noun. When the reference is to a particular inscription (as inThere was a bold graffiti on the wall ), the formgraffito would be etymologically correct but might strike some readers as pedantic outside an archaeological context.There is no substitute for the singular use ofgraffiti when the word is used as a mass noun to refer to inscriptions in general or to the related social phenomenon. The sentenceGraffiti is a major problem for the Transit Authority Police cannot be rewordedGraffito is . . . (since graffito can refer only to a particular inscription) or Graffiti are . . . , which suggests that the police problem involves only the physical marks and not the larger issue of vandalism.In such contexts,the use ofgraffiti as a singular is justified by both utility and widespread precedent. 基于意大利语的复数形式graffiti 远比单数形式 graffito更普遍。 Graffiti常用作单数名词。 当意指一特定涂鸦物（如在墙上有一处下流的涂鸦 中）， graffito 的形式在词形变化上是正确的， 但可能会在古文化语境外使一些人显得迂腐。graffiti 的单数作物质名词使用来指涂鸦的总称或相应的社会现象时，是没有替代词的。 句子：涂鸦是公共交通警察局遇到的主要难题 ， 不能用Graffito is … 来替换（因为 graffito 只能指一具体的涂鸦）或用 Graffiti are … 来替换， 因其意指警察的问题只涉及存在的标记而不是破坏公物的大问题。在这些语境中，graffiti 作为单数形式的使用是被广泛使用的先例所证实的 〔mug〕Various senses of the termmug illustrate uses and abuses of the human face. One use to which the face was put in the 18th century was as a form of decoration for cups or mugs.It is probably from these grotesque and striking facesthatmug came to mean "face,” the word in this sense being first recorded in 1708.The next recorded development ofmug is its use as a verb in 1818 in the sense "to strike in the face.” This verb has developed the sense "to attack and rob,”all too familiar to urban dwellers.The face's role in conveying emotion explains the development of the verb sense "to make faces, grimace,”recorded first in 1855.Another sense of the noun, "photograph or portrait of the face,”found earliest in 1887,is an obvious development, although it is ironic that those who mug criminally end up in a mug book.The use of the face to express affection explains the sense "to kiss, fondle,”recorded first in Australia in 1890.mug 的各种不同的含义显示了对人脸的使用和滥用。 其中一个用途是在18世纪作为杯子上的装饰图案。也许正是由于这些鬼脸和令人惊讶的脸谱，mug 开始意指“脸”， 该词有此意义最先记录于1708年。此后，另一种有记录mug 的用法作为动词的意思是“打击脸部。” 这个动词以后又发展为“袭击和抢劫”之意，这对城镇居民来说真是太熟悉了。脸在表达感情时所扮演的脸色可以解释该动词的延伸义“做鬼脸，做怪像”，该意思最早记录于1855年。该名词的另一个意思：“脸部的像片或画像”最早见于1887年，虽然具有讽刺意味的是那些抢劫犯最终将被警方拍照存档，但这仍然是一个显而易见的进步。运用脸部来表达情爱意指“吻，抚爱”，此用法最早于1890年在澳大利亚有记载〔cruel〕Barbarous suggests harshness and cruelty that befit only primitive human beings: Barbarous 意指只对原始人类有利的无情和残酷： 〔grand〕Grandiose refers to what is marked by imposing largeness ( Grandiose 意指以令人注目的巨大为标志的事物（ 〔awkward〕These adjectives mean lacking grace or skill in movement, manner, or performance.这些形容词意指在活动、举止或表演上缺少优雅和技巧。〔cologne〕The wordcologne, denoting toilet water, is fromCologne, the French name of the city in Germany that in German is calledKöln, where cologne has been made since the beginning of the 18th century.The first use ofcologne for toilet water is recorded in English in 1814, with the word being used in the compoundcologne water, a translation of eau de cologne, the French name for this liquid. With a history dating back to the Roman Empire, a history reflected in its name,in fact, which comes from the Latin wordColōnia, meaning "colony,” Cologne is memorialized in English, though in a hidden way, as the name of a minor luxury.科隆 一词指代花露水， 来源于德国一城市的法语名字Cologne ， 在德语中叫Koln ， 自18世纪初期科隆香水在此制造。cologne 第一次用于花露水是1814年， 在英语中用于复合词 cologne water ，是法语 eau de cologne 的译文。 科隆一词的历史可追溯到罗马帝国时期，事实上它来源于拉丁语Colonia ，意指“殖民地”， 在英语中一提到科隆，虽然不太明显，一般来说是轻度奢侈的代名词〔caterpillar〕It seems that the larvae of moths and butterflies are popularly seen as resembling other, larger animals.Consider the Italian dialect wordgatta, "cat, caterpillar"; the German dialect termtüfelskatz, "caterpillar" (literally "devil's cat"); the French wordchenille, "caterpillar" (from a Vulgar Latin diminutive, .canīcula, of canis, "dog"); and last but not least,our own wordcaterpillar, which appears probably to have come through Northern French from the Old French termchatepelose, meaning literally "hairy cat.”Our wordcaterpillar is first recorded in English in 1440 in the formcatyrpel. Catyr, the first part of catyrpel, may indicate the existence of an English word.cater, meaning "tomcat,”otherwise attested only incaterwaul. Cater would be cognate with Middle High German kater and Dutch kater. The latter part ofcatyrpel seems to have become associated with the word piller, "plunderer.” By giving the variant spelling -ar, Johnson's Dictionary set the spelling caterpillar with which we are familiar today. 似乎蛾子和蝴蝶的幼虫经常会被看成与其它较大动物相似。意大利方言中gatta， 一字，“猫，毛虫”； 日耳曼方言中tüfelskatz 一字“毛虫”（直译为“邪恶的猫”）； 法语词chenille， “毛虫”（来自民间拉丁语小词缀， canicula， 源自 canis ，是“狗”的意思）； 最后但并非不重要的一点，英语中caterpillar 一词， 可能是来源于从法国北部传来的古法语词汇chatepelose， 字面意思是“多毛的猫”。caterpillar 一字于1440年最早记录在英语中， 以catyrpel的形式出现。 Catyr是 catyrpel 的第一部分， 可能指明英语词cater 的存在， 意指“雄猫”，否则只能存在于caterwaul一词中。 Cater可能与中世纪高地德语 kater 和荷兰语 kater 有关。 catyrpel 一词的后一部分似乎与 piller 一词有关，意思是“强盗”。 约翰逊的词典 给出了不同的拼写- ar， 从而形成了我们今天所熟悉的 caterpillar 〔punish〕"The individual who refuses to defend his rights when called by his Government . . . must be punished as an enemy of his country and friend to her foe" (Andrew Jackson).Tocorrect is to punish so that the offender will mend his or her ways: 被国家所召集却拒绝维护他的权利的个人…一定被当作自己国家的敌人和国家敌人的朋友而受到惩罚 （安德鲁·杰克逊）。Corret 意指惩罚以使冒犯者改正他或她的习惯： 〔absquatulate〕[Mock-Latinate formation, purporting to mean "to go off and squat elsewhere"] [假拉丁语结构，意指“走开，到别处蹲坐着”] 〔boast〕Some have objected to the use ofboast as a transitive verb meaning "to possess or own (a desirable feature),” as inThis network boasts an audience with a greater concentration of professionals and managers than any other broadcast vehicle. This usage is by now well established, however,and is acceptable to 62 percent of the Usage Panel.有人反对将boast 用作意指“占有或拥有（一种良好素质）”的及物动词， 比如在这家媒体网络拥有比任何其他传播媒介都大的专业人员和管理人员群体 中。 然而这种用法已被广泛接受了，百分之六十二的用法专题使用小组成员同意这种用法〔restrain〕 Restrain implies restriction or limitation, as on one's freedom of action: Restrain 意指对人的行动自由进行约束和限制： 〔intimidate〕Bulldoze connotes the leveling of all spirit of opposition, as through the use of threats: Bulldoze 意指通过使用威胁的手段调整所有敌对的态度： 〔last〕 Terminal applies to what marks or forms a limit or boundary, as in space, time, or development: Terminal 意指在时间、空间或事物的发展过程中，标志或形成一种限制或界限的东西： 〔shameless〕 Shameless implies a lack of modesty, sense of decency, or regard for the rights or feelings of others: Shameless 意指缺乏谦虚、体面感或对别人权利或感情的考虑： 〔bumpkin〕The termbumpkin may at one time have been directed at an entire people rather than that segment of the population living in a rural area. The first recorded appearance of the word in 1570 is glossed by the Latin wordBatavus, "Dutchman,” thus making plausible the suggestion thatbumpkin may come from either the Middle Dutch word bommekijn, "little barrel,” or the Flemish word boomken, "shrub.” The connection would be between a squat object and the short, rotund figure of the Dutchman in the popular imagination.Any bumpkin would surely prefer this etymology to another suggestion thatbumpkin is a derivative of bum, "the rear end.” 单词bumpkin 有一个时期意指住在乡下的所有人而不是其中的一部分， 这个词于1570年第一次出现是用拉丁词Batavus “荷兰人”注解的。 使得下面这个解释似乎是说得通的，即bumpkin 有可能起源于中古荷兰词语 bommekijn “小圆桶”的意思，或起源于法兰德斯语 boomken “灌木”的意思。 这两者之间的联系在一般的想象中就如同一个矮胖的物体同圆胖的荷兰人间的关系。而任何一个乡下人都确信无疑这个词源有另一个解释，即bumphin 是从 bum 演变而来的，该词的意思是“尾部末梢” 〔belligerent〕 Bellicose and pugnacious suggest a natural disposition to fight: Bellicose 和 pugnacious 意指存有对战斗的自然倾向：〔mixture〕Amalgam implies an intimate union of diverse elementslikened to an alloy of mercury and another metal: Amalgam 意指一种由不同元素，象水银和另一种金属的合金的一种紧密的结合： 〔represent〕To indicate or communicate by signs or symbols:意指：用符号或记号表示或交流：〔apprehension〕These nouns denote consternation that something untoward may be impending.这些名词意指对某些迫近的不吉之事的焦虑。〔circus〕The modern circus owes its name but fortunatelynot its regular program of events to the amusement of ancient times.The Latin wordcircus, which comes from the Greek word kirkos, "circle, ring,” referred to a circular or oval area enclosed by rows of seats for spectators.In the center ring, so to speak, was held a variety of events,including chariot races and gladiatorial combats, spectacles in which bloodshed and brutality were not uncommon.The first use ofcircus recorded in English, in a work by Chaucer written around 1380,probably refers to the Circus Maximus in Rome.Our modern circus, which dates to the end of the 18th century,was originally an equestrian spectacle as well,but the trick riders were soon joined in the ring by such performers as ropedancers, acrobats, and jugglers.Even though the circular shape of the arena and the equestrian nature of some of the performances are carried over from its Roman namesake,the modern circus, despite occasional accidental violence,has little connection with its brutal namesake of long ago.现代马戏团应把它的名称归因于古时候的娱乐，值得庆幸地不是归因于它的固定节目。拉丁文的circus 源于希腊文 kirkos “圆，环”， 指被容纳观众的座位围起的圆形或椭圆形场地。在称之为中央环地的场地中举行多种表演，包括战车赛跑和角斗，屠杀和残暴的景象并不少见。英语中记录的circus 的最早使用， 是在乔叟写于大约1380年的一本著作里，可能意指罗马的大竞技场。现代马戏团可追溯到18世纪末，最初也是马术表演，但走钢丝演员、高空杂技演员和杂耍演员很快在圆形场地中加入特技骑手的行列。尽管马戏场地的圆形形状和一些表演的马术实质是由罗马的同名物得到的，现代马戏团，尽管偶尔出现意外的暴力，与它久远以前残暴的同名物几乎没有关联〔cruel〕Savage implies a lack of the control or moderation expected of a civilized person: Savage 意指缺乏文明人所应有的控制或适度的： 〔method〕 Method implies a detailed, logically ordered plan: Method 意指一个详细的，逻辑有序的计划： 〔grant〕These verbs mean to give as a favor, prerogative, or privilege.这些动词意指作为帮助，特权和权利而给予。〔scream〕 Shriek differs fromscream principally in implying a shrill, often frantic cry: Shriek 与scream 的区别主要在于它意指一种尖叫， 经常是疯狂地尖叫： 〔share〕Participate implies taking part in something, such as an activity, together with another or others: Participate 意指与另一个人或其它人参加某项活动： 〔command〕These verbs mean to issue an instruction that must be obeyed.Bothcommand and order emphasize authority, butcommand often suggests the authority of an official ( 这些动词意指发布必须遵守的指令。Command 与 order 强调权威， 但command 有时意指某一官员的权威( 〔curate〕The verbcurate is widely used in art circles to mean "arrange or supervise (an exhibition of art),”as inShe has curated two exhibitions for the Modern Museum. This usage is rejected by 81 percent of the Usage Panel.动词curate 被广泛用于艺术界， 意指“安排或指导（某一艺术展览）”，如在句子她为现代博物馆组织了两次展览 中。 这一用法被81%的用法小组成员否定〔trace〕These nouns denote a visible sign or perceptible indication of the passage or former presence of something.这些名词都意指一可见的标记或可觉察到的某物先前通过或存在的指示物。〔black〕Use of the capitalized form has the advantage of acknowledging the parallel with other ethnic groups and nationalities,such asItalian and Sioux. It can be argued thatblack is different from these other terms because it was derived from an adjective rather than from a proper name.However, a precedent exists for the capitalization of adjectives used to denote specific groups,as in theReds and the Whites (of the Russian Civil War) or the Greens (the European political party). The capitalization ofBlack does raise ancillary problems for the treatment of the term white. Orthographic evenhandedness would seem to require the use of the uppercase formWhite, but this form might be taken to imply that whites constitute a single ethnic group,an issue that is certainly debatable.On the other hand, the use of the lowercase formwhite in the same context as the uppercase form Black will obviously raise questions as to how and why the writer has distinguished between the two groups.There is no entirely happy solution to this problem.In all likelihood, uncertainty as to the mode of styling ofwhite has dissuaded many publications from adopting the capitalized form Black. See Usage Note at color 大写字母的好处在于对于其他种族和民族平等关系的承认，如意大利人 和 苏人。 有人可以争辩说black 与其他词不同， 因为他是由一个形容词而不是专有名词派生而成的。但是，大写形容词意指一组人已有前例，如Reds 和 Whites （俄国内战中）或 Greens （欧洲政党）。 大写的Black 确实引起了该如何对待 White 一词的有关问题。 正字法的公正要求使用White 的大写形式White， 但这种形式可能被认为暗示白人组成了单独的种族，这是会引起争论的问题。另一方面，在有black 大写形式White出现的相同语境中使用 White 的小写形式white， 显然会引起如何及为什么作者要对这两组人区别对待的问题。这一问题尚无令人满意的解决办法。White 书写方式的不确定性很可能已经使许多出版物不再采用大写形式的 Black 参见 color〔midwife〕The wordmidwife is the sort of word whose etymology is perfectly clear until one tries to figure it out.Wife would seem to refer to the woman giving birth, who is usually a wife,butmid ? A knowledge of older senses of words helps us with this puzzle.Wife in its earlier history meant "woman,” as it still did when the compoundmidwife was formed in Middle English (first recorded around 1300). Mid is probably a preposition, meaning "together with.”Thus amidwife was literally a "with woman" or "a woman who assists other women in childbirth.” Even though obstetrics has been rather resistant to midwifery until fairly recently,the etymology ofobstetric is rather similar, going back to the Latin wordobstetrīx, "a midwife,” from the verbobstāre, "to stand in front of,” and the feminine suffix -trix; theobstetrīx would thus literally stand in front of the baby. 单词midwife 属于那类语源看起来相当明了的词， 可当人们试着搞清楚时，才发现并不那么简单。Wife 似乎是指临产的妇女， 通常都身为人妇，但是mid 指的是什么呢？ 通过了解词语原有的含义我们可以解开这个谜。Wife 早期时意指“妇女”， 当midwife 这个复合词在中古英语中形成的时候它仍然有此含义（首次记载于1300年前后）。 Mid 有可能是个介词， 意为“与…在一起”。这样midwife 字面上的意思就是“与妇女在一起”或者“帮助临产妇女生产的妇女”。 虽然直到近期产科学还一直抵制助产术一词，但是obstetric 的语源却与其很相似。 它可以上溯到拉丁词语obstetrix 意为“接生者”， 该词由动词obstare “站在…的前面”再加上阴性后缀 -trix 构成； 于是obstetrix 这个词字面上的意思是站在婴儿前面的人 〔verbal〕Verbal has been used to refer to spoken, as opposed to written, communication by reputable writers since the 16th century, and the usage cannot be considered incorrect.But critics are right to observe that this use ofverbal may sometimes invite confusion with the use meaning "by linguistic means.” Thus the phrasemodern technologies for verbal communication may refer only to devices such as radio, the telephone, and the loudspeaker, or also may refer to devices such as the telegraph, the teletype, and the fax machine.In such contexts the wordoral is always available to convey the narrower sense of communication by spoken means. Verbal 自16世纪以来一直为优秀作家所使用，用来指与书面交流相对的口头交流， 而且不能认为这一用法是不正确的。但是批评家们却正确地评论说verbal 的这一用法有些时候可能会与意指“通过语言的方式”的用法相混淆。 由此modern technologies for verbal communication（用于语言交流的现代技术） 这一短语可能只用于指诸如无线电广播、电话以及扬声器之类的装置， 或者也有可能又指诸如电报机、电传打字机以及传真机之类的装置。在这种情况中，oral 一词总是用来表示用口头方式的狭义上的交流 〔frustrate〕These verbs mean to prevent the attainment or fulfillment of a goal or purpose.Tofrustrate is to cause to be completely unavailing: 这些动词均意指阻碍某目标的达到或目的的获得。Frustrate 是使…完全徒劳的： 〔inflexible〕 Inflexible implies unyielding adherence to rigidly fixed principles or purposes: inflexible 意指坚决遵照固定的原则或目标： |
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英汉汉英双解词典收录301015条英汉双解翻译词条，可根据汉字查询相应的英文词汇，基本涵盖了全部常用汉字的英文读音、翻译及用法，是英语学习及翻译工作的有利工具。