| 单词 | 成立 |
| 释义 | 〔Fargo〕American transportation pioneer who organized the American Express Company (1850) and Wells, Fargo and Company (1852) to provide safe, swift transcontinental express service.法戈，威廉·乔治：(1818-1881) 美国运输先驱者，他成立美国快递公司(1850年）及威尔斯和法戈联合公司(1852年），提供安全、快捷的横跨大陆的快件服务〔Krajina〕A region of southern Croatia bordering on western Bosnia and Herzegovina. Inhabited primarily by ethnic Serbs since the 15th century, the region opposed Croatia's secession from the former Yugoslavia and set up (1990) an autonomous Serbian state. It was retaken by Croatia in 1995, largely displacing the Serbian population.克拉伊纳：克罗地亚南部地区，与波黑西部接壤。自15世纪起该地区主要居住着塞尔维亚民族，克拉伊纳反对克罗地亚脱离前南斯拉夫并成立了（1990年）自治的塞尔维亚国家。1995年该地区被克罗地亚收复，并令大批塞尔维亚人流离失所〔oppose〕"The idea is inconsistent with our constitutional theory and has been stubbornly opposed . . . since the early days of the Republic" (E.B. White).“这种想法与我们的宪法理论不相符，一直受到顽固抵制…自从共和国成立早期就开始了。” (E.B.怀特）。〔postulate〕Something assumed without proof as being self-evident or generally accepted, especially when used as a basis for an argument:假定，假设：未加证明而假定某事成立或为公认的事物，尤指用来作为论述基础者：〔corpsman〕A member of a government-sponsored group designated as a corps:和平部队队员：由政府资助而成立的部队：〔Orangeman〕A member of a secret society founded in Northern Ireland in 1795 to maintain the political and religious ascendancy of Protestantism.奥兰治社团成员：1795年在爱尔兰北部成立的以支持当时政治和宗教的新教势力的秘密社团的成员〔Transkei〕An internally self-governing Black African homeland in southeast South Africa on the Indian Ocean coast. It was designated a semiautonomous territory in 1963 and granted nominal independence in 1976. Umtata is the capital. Population, 2,400,000.特兰斯凯：南非东南部的一个内部自治的黑人非洲家园，位于印度洋沿岸。1963年它被指定成立半自治区；1976年获得名义上的独立。乌姆塔塔是其首都。人口2,400,000〔Zanzibar〕A region of eastern Africa, comprisingZanzibar Island and several adjacent islands off the northeast coast of Tanzania. Formerly a British protectorate, it became an independent sultanate in December 1963 and a republic after an uprising in January 1964. In April 1964 it joined Tanganyika to form a new republic that was renamed Tanzania in October 1964. 桑给巴尔地区：东非的一个地区，包括桑给巴尔岛 和几个临近坦桑尼亚东北海岸的岛屿。原来是英国的保护国，1963年12月成为独立的苏丹国，1964年1月起义后成立了共和国。1964年4月，坦噶尼喀加入形成了一个新的共和国，并在1964年10月改名为坦桑尼亚 〔kludge〕The wordkludge is not "etymologist-friendly,” having many possible origins,none of which can be definitively established.This term, found frequently in the jargon of the engineering and computer professions,denotes a usually workable but makeshift system, modification, solution, or repair.Kludge has had a relatively short life (first recorded in 1962 although it is said to have been used as early as 1944 or 1945) for a word with so many possible origins. The proposed sources of the word, Germanklug, kluge, "intelligent, clever,” or a blend ofklutz and nudge or klutz and refudge, do not contain all the necessary sounds to give us the word,correctly pronounced at least.The notions thatkludge may have been coined by a computer technician or that it might be the last name of a designer of graphics hardware seem belied by the possibility that it is older than such origins would allow.It seems most likely that the wordkludge originally was formed during the course of a specific situation in which such a device was called for.The makers of the word,if still alive,are no doubt unaware that etymologists need informationso they can stop trying to "kludge" an etymology together.单词kludge 不是“词源学家的朋友”， 有很多可能的来源，每一个都不能准确成立。这个词，经常在工程和电脑业的行话中找到，表示一个通常能工作但是临时凑合的系统、修改、解答或修理。作为一个有这么多可能的来源的词，kludge 却有一个相对小的年纪（1962年第一次有记载，尽管据说早到1944年或1945年就已经使用）。 该词被推荐的来源是德文klug, kluge “聪明的，灵巧的”， 或者klutz 和 nudge 的混合或 klutz 和 refudge 的混合， 没有包含能向我们给出这个词的所有必需的声音，至少是正确的发音。kludge 可能是由电脑技术人员杜撰的或者它可能是图形显示硬件的一名设计者的姓， 这些看法由于它比这些来源能允许的时间要早的可能性而被误解。看起来最可能的是单词kludge ， 最早是在需要这样的设备的特定环境中形成的。这一单词的制造者，如果还健在的话，毫无疑问意识不到词源学家需要此类信息，这样他们才能终止“临时搭配”成一个词源的努力〔Massapequa〕An unincorporated community of southeast New York on the southern coast of Long Island southeast of Mineola. It is chiefly residential. Population, 27,500. The village ofMassapequa Park is to the east; its population is 22,018. 马萨皮夸：美国纽约州东南部的一个未经特许成立的社区，位于长岛南岸和米尼奥拉市的东南。主要为居住区。人口27,500人。马萨皮夸夸克 村在该社会以东；人口22,018 〔Harriman〕American railway magnate. He joined J.P. Morgan and James J. Hill to form the Northern Securities Company, a railroad trust that was ordered dissolved by the U.S. Supreme Court (1904).哈里曼，爱德华·亨利：(1848-1909) 美国铁路大王，他与Ｊ·Ｐ·摩根和詹姆士·希尔一起成立了北部证券公司，美国最高法院于1904年解除了其已确定的某铁路的信托权〔Albright〕American conservationist and cofounder of the National Park Service.奥尔布赖特，霍勒斯·马凳：(1890-1987) 美国环境保护主义者，曾参与成立了国家公园局〔charter〕An authorization from a central organization to establish a local branch or chapter.授权，特许：中央机构对成立地方分会或支部的特许权〔Ford〕American automobile manufacturer who developed a gasoline-powered automobile (1893), founded the Ford Motor Company (1903), and mass-produced the Model T (1908-1927), the first generally affordable and widely available automobile. His sonEdsel Bryant Ford (1893-1943) ran the company from 1919 to 1943, as did his grandson Henry Ford II (1917-1987) from 1945 to 1980. 福特，亨利：(1863-1947) 美国汽车制造商，他改进了汽油为燃料的汽车（1893年），成立了福特汽车公司（1903年），并大量生产最早的大众担负得起且广泛使用的T型车（1908-1927年）。他的儿子埃德索尔·布赖恩特·福特（1893-1943年） 从1919年至1943年掌管公司，他的孙子 亨利·福特二世 （1917-1987年）从1945年至1980年成为公司老板 〔Griffith〕Irish nationalist leader who was a founder of the Sinn Fein movement for Irish independence (1905). He led the Irish delegation that negotiated the 1921 treaty with England that established the Irish Free State.格里菲思，阿瑟：(1872-1922) 爱尔兰民族主义运动领导人，为争取爱尔兰独立的新芬运动（1905年）的发起人。他领导爱尔兰代表团与英国谈判签定了1921年条约，从而成立了爱尔兰自由邦〔Chuvashia〕An autonomous republic of western Russia in the Volga River valley. Conquered by the Mongols in the 13th and 14th centuries, the area came under Russian rule in 1552. It became an autonomous region in 1920 and an autonomous republic in 1925. In 1992 Chuvashia was a signatory to the agreement that created the Russian Federation.楚瓦什共和国：俄罗斯西部的自治共和国，位于伏尔加河谷。13世纪和14世纪该地区被蒙古人征服，1552年划入俄罗斯的势力范围。1920年成为自治区并于1925年成为自治共和国。1992年楚瓦什签署了成立俄罗斯联邦的协议〔Garibaldi〕Italian general and nationalist who led 1,000 volunteers in the capture of Sicily and Naples (1860). His conquest led to the formation of the kingdom of Italy (1861).加里波第，朱森珀：(1807-1882) 意大利将军和民族主义者，曾率领1,000名自愿者占领西西里和那不勒斯（1860年）。他的征服导致了意大利王国的成立（1861年）〔implement〕The verbimplement, meaning "to put into practice, carry out,” has in fact been in use since the 19th century.Critics have sometimes objected to the verb as jargon,but its obvious usefulness appears to have outweighed their reservations.Eighty-nine percent of the Usage Panel accepts the usage in the sentenceThe mayor's office announced the creation of a special task force that will be responsible for implementing the new policy. 意思为“使生效，执行”的动词implement ， 实际上在19世纪已经在被使用。批评家们有时侯因为晦涩难懂而反对，但是它明显用途远远压倒了他们的保留意见。用法专题小组百分之八十九的成员接受了在句子市长办公室宣布了为执行新政策的专案小组的成立 中的用法 〔Aetolia〕An ancient region of central Greece north of the Gulfs of Corinth and Calydon (Patras). Aetolia was briefly significant in Greek history after the formation in 290b.c. of the Aetolian League, a military confederation that was defeated by the Achaeans later in the third century. 埃托利亚：希腊中部一古老地区，位于科林斯湾及卡莱敦（佩特雷）的北部。公元前 290年埃托利亚联盟成立以后，埃托利亚在希腊历史上具有重大意义。此军事联盟在3世纪被亚加亚人打败 〔Oregon〕Abbr. OR,Ore.A state of the northwest United States in the Pacific Northwest. It was admitted as the 33rd state in 1859. Claimed by the United States after Capt. Robert Gray explored the mouth of the Columbia River in 1792, the area was further explored by Lewis and Clark in 1805 and was soon the site of fur-trading posts. TheOregon Country, a region encompassing all the land from the California border to Alaska and the Pacific Ocean to the Rocky Mountains, was held jointly by Great Britain and the United States from 1818 until 1846, when the international boundary was fixed at the 49th parallel. In 1848 the Oregon Territory was created, including all of present-day Washington and Idaho. The state's current boundaries were established in 1853. Salem is the capital and Portland the largest city. Population, 2,853,733. 缩写 OR,Ore.俄勒冈州：美国西北部、太平洋西北沿岸州。1859年作为第33州加入联邦。1792年在船长罗伯特·格雷探险哥伦比亚河口之后，美国宣布拥有其主权，1805年，刘易斯和克拉克对该地区进行了进一步的探险，不久后它成为皮货交易站。俄勒冈地区， 覆盖从加利福尼亚州边界到阿拉斯加州和太平洋直至落基山脉的大片地区，从1818年起英国和美国共同拥有该片地区，直至1846年在北纬49度制定了国界。1848年， 俄勒冈专区 成立，包括今天的华盛顿州和爱达荷州。此州现有边界是1853年制定的。首府为沙连，最大城市为波特拉。人口2,853,733 〔Pennsylvania〕A state of the eastern United States. It was admitted as one of the original Thirteen Colonies in 1787. First explored in the early 1600's, the region was settled by Swedes in 1634 and granted by royal charter to William Penn in 1681. The Mason-Dixon Line (surveyed in 1763-1767) established the colony's southern boundary and was extended westward in 1784. Pennsylvania played a crucial role in the American Revolution and in the formation of the new republic. Harrisburg is the capital and Philadelphia the largest city. Population, 11,924,710.宾夕法尼亚州：美国东部的一个州，1787年成为东部十三州殖民地之一，16世纪早期首次被探险，瑞典人于1634年在此定居并于1681年经皇家宪章批准归属彭·威廉。梅森-狄克森线(1763-1767年间勘定）为这一殖民地建立了南界，并于1784年向西扩延。宾夕法尼亚州在美国独立战争及新共和国成立中起重要作用，首府为哈里斯堡，最大城市是费城。人口11,924,710〔Geikie〕Scottish geologist who directed the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom and the Museum of Practical Geology (1882-1901).盖基，阿希巴尔德：(1835-1924) 英格兰地质学家，领导了英联邦地质调查和实践地质博物馆的成立（1882-1901年）〔Munich〕A city of southeast Germany near the Bavarian Alps southeast of Augsburg. Founded in 1158, it has long been the center of Bavaria. Adolf Hitler organized the Nazi Party here after World War I and signed the Munich Pact, widely regarded as a symbol of appeasement, with Great Britain, France, and Italy in 1938. The city was largely rebuilt after extensive Allied bombing in World War II. Munich was the site of the 1972 Summer Olympics. Population, 1,267,451.慕尼黑：德国东南部城市，位于奥格斯堡东南，靠近巴伐利亚州境内的阿尔卑斯山脉。1158年建成，长期为巴伐利亚州的中心。一战后阿尔道夫·希特勒在这里成立纳粹党并且签署了被公认为是1938德国与英国、法国、意大利的绥靖政策的标志的《慕尼黑协定》。在二战中盟军的全面轰炸后该城市大规模重建。慕尼黑是1972年夏季奥运会举办地。人口1,267,451〔Pankhurst〕British suffrage leader who advocated militancy and violence in order to gain public recognition. With her daughtersChristabel Pankhurst (1880-1958) and Sylvia Pankhurst (1882-1960) she founded (1903) the Women's Social and Political Union, a women-only, nonpartisan group whose motto was "Deeds, not Words.” 潘克赫斯特，埃米林·古尔登：(1858-1928) 英国选举运动领袖，她为了获得公众认可而诉诸于军事和暴力。和她的女儿克里斯塔贝尔·潘克赫斯特 (1880-1958年）和 西尔维亚·潘克赫斯特 （1882-1960年）一起，她成立了一个只有妇女参加的无党派团体妇女社会与政治联盟(1903年），其标语为“要行动，不要语言” 〔Savoy〕A historical region and former duchy of southeast France, western Switzerland, and northwest Italy. The region changed hands many times after its conquest by Julius Caesar and became a duchy in the early 15th century. In 1720 the duke of Savoy gained the title king of Sardinia, and in 1861 the Savoyard Victor Emmanuel II ascended the throne of the newly formed kingdom of Italy. Much of the original territory was ceded to France at the same time.萨伏伊：历史上的地区名，是法国东南、瑞士西部和意大利西北部以前的一个公国。此地在为裘力斯·凯撒征服以后几次易手，并在15世纪早期成为公国，1720年萨伏伊大公取得撒丁尼亚尼亚国王的头衔，1861年萨伏伊征服者伊曼纽尔二世登上新成立的意大利王国皇座，同时原萨伏伊的大部地区割让给了法国〔Schweitzer〕French philosopher, physician, and musician who founded (1913) and spent much of his life at a missionary hospital in present-day Gabon. Schweitzer was a noted organist and wrote many philosophical and theological works. He won the 1952 Nobel Peace Prize.施韦策尔，阿尔贝特：(1875-1965) 法国哲学、医生和音乐家。他在今天的加彭成立了一家教会医院(1913年），并为此花费了大部分时间。施韦策尔是一个有名的风琴演奏家，并写有许多哲学和神学作品。他获得了1952年诺贝尔和平奖〔disprove〕prover [to prove] * see prove prover [证明…成立（正确）] * 参见 prove〔Badoglio〕Italian general and politician. A military figure in both World Wars, he formed a nonfascist government after Mussolini's downfall (1943) and negotiated an armistice with the Allies (1944).巴多利奥，彼得罗：(1871-1956) 意大利将军和政治家，一个参加了两次世界大战的军事人物，在墨索里尼政府倒台（1943年）之后成立了非法西斯政府，并与同盟国协商谈判休战（1944年）〔King〕American civil rights leader noted for her work on behalf of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference and the Martin Luther King, Jr., Memorial Foundation after the assassination of her husband, Martin Luther King, Jr. (1968).金，克里塔·斯科特：(生于 1927) 美国民权领袖，以她代表南部基督教领导会议和她的丈夫马丁·路德·金遭暗杀（1968年）后成立的马丁·路德·金纪念基金会所做的工作而著名〔Medford〕A city of northeast Massachusetts, a residential and industrial suburb of Boston. Settled in 1630, it is the seat of Tufts University (chartered 1852). Population, 57,407.美德福德：美国马萨诸塞州东北部一城市，是波士顿的居住区和工业区。此城建于1630年，是特夫兹大学（于1852年特许成立的）的所在地。人口57,407〔Laramie〕A city of southeast Wyoming west-northwest of Cheyenne. Settled in 1868 with the coming of the railroad, it is the seat of the University of Wyoming (founded 1886). Population, 26,687.拉腊米城：美国怀俄明州东南一城市，位于夏延城西北偏西。于1868年由于铁道的建成而成立，是怀俄明大学(1886年成立）所在地。人口26,687〔performative〕Relating to or being an utterance that peforms an act or creates a state of affairs by the fact of its being uttered under appropriate or conventional circumstances, as a justice of the peace uttering述行的：于适宜或传统仪式场合宣告一种行为或表示一种状态成立的或与其相关的，如举行婚礼时平静讲出〔plant〕To establish; found:建立：设立；成立：〔Villard〕German-born American journalist and railroad magnate. He was president of the Northern Pacific Railroad (1881-1884) and formed (1890) the company that later became General Electric. His sonOswald Garrison Villard (1872-1949), a journalist and editor, was president of the New York Evening Post (1900-1918) and owner of The Nation (1918-1935). 维拉德，亨利：(1835-1900) 德裔的美国记者和铁路巨头。他曾任北太平洋铁路公司总裁（1881-1884年），并成立了后来的电业总公司(1890年）。他的儿子奥斯沃尔德·加里森·维拉德 (1872-1949年）做过记者和编辑，担任 《纽约晚邮报》 总裁(1900-1918年），并是 《民族》 的拥有者(1918-1935年） 〔Garvey〕Jamaican Black nationalist active in America in the 1920's. He founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association (1914) and later urged American Black people to establish an independent country in Africa.加维，马库斯·（莫札赫）·奥利留斯：(1887-1940) 牙买加黑人民族主义者，在20世纪20年代积极活动于美国。他成立了全球黑人发展协会（1914年），后来鼓励美国黑人建立一个独立的非洲国家〔Loew〕American motion-picture producer who founded a national chain of movie theaters (1912). Later, as head of Metro Pictures, he helped orchestrate the series of mergers that led to the formation of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (1924).罗维，马可斯：美国电影制作人，创立了全国性连锁戏院（1912年）。随后作为美亚电影公司总裁，协助完成了一系列的公司合并行为，由此而促使米高梅影片公司的成立（1924年）〔constitute〕a body that is duly constituted under the charter.根据宪章成立的组织〔activate〕activate the National Guard.成立国民警卫队〔Gannett〕American cartographer who was chief geographer of the U.S. Geological Survey (from 1882) and helped found the National Geographic Society (1888).甘尼特，亨利：(1846-1914) 美国地图学家，他是美国地质勘测杂志（从1882年）的主要地质学家，并帮助成立了国家地理学社(1888年）〔empirical〕empirical results that supported the hypothesis.证明假设成立的经验性结论 |
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