| 单词 | 或者是 |
| 释义 | 〔munch〕To chew food audibly or with a steady working of the jaws.出声咀嚼或用力咀嚼：发出声地咀嚼食物或者是颔骨有规律的运动地咀嚼〔excel〕excels at figure skating) or to be or perform at a level higher than that of another or others ( 擅长花样滑冰） 或者是处于或表现出比另一个或其他人高的水平（ 〔sign〕 Badge usually refers to something that is worn as an insignia of membership,is an emblem of achievement,or is a characteristic sign: Badge 通常指作为表明会员身份的证章而戴的东西，或者是表示成就的徽章，或者表示一个有特色的标志： 〔imitate〕"Those [superior] states of mind do not come from aping an alien culture" (John Russell).Toparody is either to imitate with comic effect or to attempt a serious imitation and fail: “那些 精神状态并不是来自对外国文化的仿照” （约翰·罗素）。parody 或者是滑稽地模仿或者是严肃认真地模仿但失败了： 〔surly〕The fact that the wordsurly means "churlish" nicely indicates its fall in status. Churlish derives from the word churl, which in its Old English form ceorl meant "a man without rank, a member of the lowest rank of freemen,” as well as "peasant" in general. In Old Englishceorl may have been a term of contempt; it certainly became one in Middle English,wherecherl meant "base fellow, boor,” with churlish descending in meaning accordingly. Surly, on the other hand, started its life at the top of the scale but fell just as far. Looking at instances of this word in Middle English and Early Modern English,we see thatsurly was only one spelling for this word, another spelling beingsirly, which makes it clear that it came from the word sir, the term of honor for a knight or for a person of rank or importance in general. Thussirly, the form under which the early spellings of the word are entered in the Oxford English Dictionary, first meant "lordly.” Surly, entered as a separate word in the OED and first recorded in 1566, meant perhaps "lordly, majestic,” in its earliest use,subsequently being used in the sense "masterful, imperious, arrogant.” As the gloss "arrogant" makes clear, the wordsirly could have a negative sense, and it is this area of meaning that is responsible for the current "churlish" sense of the word.surly 意为“粗野的”事实生动地说明了这个词的地位下降。 Churlish 是 churl 的派生词，其古英文形式 ceorl 的意思是“没有爵位的男人，或者是自由民中最低等级的男人”，大概象“农民”一样。 古英语中ceorl 可能含有贬意； 中古英语中肯定是贬意，其cherl 的意思是“卑贱的人，粗野的人”，相应地 churlish 的意思也下降了。 另一方面，Surly 开始是个高尚的字，后来地位同样下降。 从中古英语和早期现代英语中的实例，我们可以看到，surly 的拼法只有一个， 另一个是sirly ，它清楚地表明这个字来自 sir （给于骑士或有等级或有身份的人的尊称）。 因此，sirly 这个字的最初形式记载在 牛津英语词典 中，开始的意思为（有威严的，高傲的）。 Surly 作为另一个字最初于1566年记录在 OED 中， 最初的意思是“老爷的、尊贵的”，以后的意思为“老爷般的、命令式的、傲慢的”。“傲慢”这个字条清楚地说明sirly 可能有过否定的意思， 也正是在这层意义上，它和目前“粗野的”意义有关〔presume〕These verbs signify to take something for granted or as being a fact.Topresume is to suppose that something is reasonable, justifiable, sound, or possible in the absence of proof to the contrary: 这些动词都表示认为某事是理所当然的或认定某事是事实。Presume 是指在没有证据表明结果是相反的情况下认定某事是合理的，无可非议的，完美的或者是可能的： 〔magnet〕An object that is surrounded by a magnetic field and that has the property, either natural or induced, of attracting iron or steel.磁体：处于磁场包围中的一个物体，具有天生的或者是引发的吸引铁或钢的特性〔magnification〕Something that has been magnified; an enlarged representation, image, or model.被放大的东西；放大的艺术作品、图象或者是模型〔when〕In informal stylewhen is often used after be in definitions: A dilemma is when you don't know which way to turn. The construction is useful,but it is widely regarded as incorrect or as unsuitable for formal discourse.In formal style there is no alternative but to rephrase such definitions to avoidis when : A dilemma is a situation in which you don't know which way to turn. You are in a dilemma when you don't know which way to turn. 在非正式文体中when 常在定义中用在 be 后面： 进退两难就是当你不知道该走哪条路的时候。 这个结构是有用的，但被广泛认为它对正式交谈来说是不正确的或者是不合适的。在正式文体中没有替代词，只能改变措辞以避免is when ： 进退两难就是这样一个你不知道该怎么办的处境。 当你不知道你该做什么时你就处于进退两难的维谷了 〔introduction〕The act or process of introducing or the state of being introduced.介绍：介绍的动作或过程或者是被介绍时的状态〔item〕A clause of a document, such as a bill or charter.条款：文件中的条款，例如一个议案或者是一个章节〔continuance〕 or to physical extension ( 或者是物理上的延伸（ 〔erupt〕To force out or release something, such as steam, with violence or suddenness.发出：突然或者是猛烈地喷发或放出，如水蒸气〔shy〕These adjectives mean not forward but marked by a retiring nature, reticence, or a reserve of manner.One who isshy draws back from others, either because of a withdrawn nature or out of timidity: 这些形容词的意思是不向前的，但带有一种孤独的本性、缄默或沉默寡言的举止特征。Shy 的人见到别人退缩， 或者是出于畏惧的本性或者是出于腼腆： 〔item〕The worditem seems to us to be very much a noun, whether it refers to an article in a collection or a bit of information.But it began its life in English (first recorded before 1398) as an adverbmeaning "moreover, also, in addition.”Item as typically used in front of each object listed in an inventory, as we might putalso. This use in English simply reflects a meaning of the word in Latin.However, it is easy to see howitem could be taken to stand for the thing that it preceded, and so we get, for example, the sense "an article included in an enumeration.”The first such usages are found in the 16th century,while the sense "a bit of information" is not found until the 19th century.In the 20th century we added a computer sense,a further addition toitem. 单词item 对我们来说只是一个名词， 它可以指一个文集中的一篇文章或者是一些信息。但是它的起源却是一个副词（最早见于1398年以前），意思为“此外，而且，同样”。Item 最典型是用在商品目录的每一个物品的前面， 就象我们使用also 一样。 这种用法反映在拉丁词语上仅有一个含义。然而，明白item 是怎样被用来代表它前面的事物是很容易的， 所以我们得到了像“文集中的一篇文章”等这种含义。这种用法最早见于16世纪，而含义“一些信息”一直到19世纪才被发现使用。在20世纪时，我们加了一个计算的含义，进一步形成了今天的item 〔Chicano〕Of or relating to Mexican-Americans or their culture.墨西哥裔美国人的：属于墨西哥裔美国人的或其文化的或者是与其有关的〔help〕Succor refers to going to the relief of one in want, difficulty, or distress: Succor 指对穷人，陷入困境的人或者是遭受痛苦的人给予帮助： 〔chime〕The sound produced by or as if by a bell or bells.钟声：一只钟或许多钟所发出的声音或者是类似钟声的声音〔flexible〕an elastic spirit), or is stretched beyond strict or proper bounds ( 开朗乐观的人） 或者是被拉伸得超过了适当的界限或限制的（ 〔choreography〕Something, such as a situation or series of situations or a plan or series of plans, likened to dance arrangements:安排：被比作舞蹈编排的某样东西，如一种情况或一系列情况或者是一系列计划等：〔sign〕To record the arrival of (another or oneself) by signing a register.签到：通过在签名记录（另一个人或者是自己的）到达〔shit〕Something considered disgusting, of poor quality, foolish, or otherwise totally unacceptable.愚蠢的事物，恶心的事物，无法接受的事物：被认为是令人讨厌的，质量次的，愚蠢的或者是令人完全无法接受的东西〔dialogue〕In recent yearsthe verb sense ofdialogue meaning "to engage in an informal exchange of views" has been revived, particularly with reference to communication between parties in institutional or political contexts.Although Shakespeare, Coleridge, and Carlyle used it,this usage today is widely regarded as jargon or bureaucratese.For example, 98 percent of the Usage Panel rejects the sentence 近些年来，dialogue 的“进行非正式的意见交换”的动词含意已经被修改了， 特别在指关于机构或政治方面党派之间的交往时。尽管莎士比亚，科尔里奇，卡莱尔用过它，但是今天这种用法普通被认为难懂或者是一种官腔。例如：百分之九十八的用法专题使用小组的成员拒绝这种句子 〔acronym〕A word formed from the initial letters of a name, such asWAC for W omen's A rmy C orps, or by combining initial letters or parts of a series of words, such as radar for ra dio d etecting a nd r anging. 首字母缩拼词：一单词由一名字的起首字母组成。如WAC 为 W omen's A rmy C orps的第一个字母组成。或者是由起首字母和一系列单词中的部分字母组成，如 radar 由 ra dio d etecting a nd r anging的组成 〔rival〕One who attempts to equal or surpass another, or who pursues the same object as another; a competitor.竞争对手，敌手：试图与另一人匹敌或超越的人，或者是与另一个人追求同一目标的人；竞争对手〔darkroom〕A room in which photographic materials are processed, either in complete darkness or with a safelight.暗室：照相材料被进行加工处理的房间，或者是在完全的黑暗中或有一安全灯下〔pollster〕An understanding of the history of the-ster in pollster may perhaps raise more questions than it answers. In the first place apollster does not have to be a woman, despite the fact that the suffix-ster, originally-estre in Old English, was used to form feminine agent nouns.Hoppestere, for example, meant "female dancer.” But in Old English-estre was occasionally applied to men, although perhaps largely or completely in the case of translations of Latin masculine nouns denoting occupations that were held by women in Anglo-Saxon society.An example isbæcester, "baker,” glossing Latinpistor; it survives as the Modern English nameBaxter. In Middle Englishthe suffix was still largely feminine in the south of Englandbut masculine and feminine in the north,a tendency that became general in English starting with the 16th century.As an example of this tendencyseamster was remade into the feminineseamstress. In Modern English the suffix is usually derogatory.This use probably arose from the occurrence of the suffix with ambiguous verbs,such asgame, "to play at sports, to play at sex,” or with pejorative verbs,such asrime or rhyme. In some modern formations on neutral words-ster is not derogatory, as inyoungster (1589), but in most cases,as withpollster (1939), -ster has pejorative force. 对于pollster 中的 -ster 的历史的理解也许会引发比它能回答的问题更多的问题。 首先pollster 不一定非得是妇女， 尽管-ster 这一后缀， 源于古英语中的-estre ， 被用来构成阴性名词。比如hoppestere 一词意为“女舞蹈者。” 但在古英语中-estre 也偶尔可以用在男性身上， 虽然也许这种情况大多或者完全出现在表示盎格鲁-撒克逊社会中由妇女从事的职业的一些阳性拉丁文名词的翻译中。其中一个例子是boecester 意为“面包师”， 来自拉丁语的pistor； 这个词在现代英语名字Baxter 中保存了下来。 在中世纪英语中，该后缀在英格兰南部仍然主要地被用作阴性，但在英格兰北部却被同时用作阳性和阴性，而后一种趋势自16世纪以来逐渐在英语中变得普遍。反映这种趋势的一个例子是seamster ， 该词被改造成了阴性的seamstress。 在现代英语中这一后缀通常是含贬义的。这种用法可能是因为此后缀与一些有歧义的动词合用而产生的，比如game 可表示“进行体育活动，进行性游戏，” 或者是因为与轻蔑动词合用而产生的，比如rime 或 rhyme。 在某些现代英语中性名词中，-ster 不是贬损的， 如在youngster (1589年）中， 但在大多数情况下，如pollster (1939年）这个词中 -ster 仍是有贬义的 〔dialect〕A language considered as part of a larger family of languages or a linguistic branch:语支：作为较大语系一部分的语言或者是一种语言分支：〔superheterodyne〕Of, relating to, or being a form of radio reception in which the frequency of an incoming radio signal is mixed with a locally generated signal and converted to an intermediate frequency in order to facilitate amplification and the rejection of unwanted signals.超外差式的：属于、关于或者是无线电接收的一种方式的，接收的无线电信号和当地发射的无线电信号的频率相混合，变成一种折衷的频率，目的在于放大或排除不要的信号〔ambiguous〕 Obscure implies that meaning is hidden, either from lack of clarity of expression or from inherent difficulty of comprehension: Obscure 表示意思隐含，或者是因为表达不清楚，或者因为话本身就难以理解： 〔hall〕Thehalls of academe and city hall remind us that what we commonly mean by the wordhall, "a passageway, an entrance room,” represents a shrunken version of whathall once commonly designated. Going back to the Indo-European rootkel- 1, "to cover,” the Old English wordheall, ancestor of our hall, referred to "a large place covered by a roof, whether a royal residence, an official building, or a large private residence, or a large room in a residencewhere the public life of the household is carried on.”These senses and related ones are still in use,as is attested bytown hall and halls of academe. Our common use of the termhall for a vestibule or a corridor harks back to medieval times when the hall was the main public room of a residenceand people lived much less privately than now.As private rooms in houses took on the importance they have today,the hall lost its function.Hall also had come to mean any large room, and the vestibule was at one time one of the main sitting rooms in a house,but this sort of room has largely disappeared also,andhall has become the designation for the small vestibule of today as well as for an entrance passage or any passageway.halls of academe 以及 city hall 提醒我们注意： 我们通常把hall 这个词定义为“走廊，门厅”， 反映出hall 这词当初设定时的通常含义的种种痕迹。 追溯到该词的印欧语词根kel- 1， 意思是“去覆盖”， 我们hall 这个词的来源是古英语中 heall 这个词， 它指的是“一个有屋顶覆盖的大地方或者属于皇室住宅、政府建筑或是一座大的私人府第或者是一所住宅中的大房子，主人在其中进行社交活动”。这些概念或与之相关的意思直到今天还有，比如说town hall 和 halls of academe 。 我们现在一般所用的，把hall 当作门厅或走廊的用法可以追溯到中世纪， 那时大厅是居住者的最主要的起居室，人们生活还没有今天这么隐私化，于今日个人房间在生活中占主要地位，大厅失去了它当年的功用。Hall 还曾意味着大房间， 而门厅在过去一段时间内曾是房屋中主要的一处起居室，但这样的房子大部分也都消失了，而hall 的意思已经变成指那些当今小的走廊， 或者是进出口处的走廊，或者是随便哪个走廊〔horse〕Any of various equine mammals, such as the wild Asian speciesE. przewalskii or certain extinct forms related ancestrally to the modern horse. 马科动物：马科的动物，例如野生亚洲种蒙古野马 或者是某些与现代马有祖先关系的已灭绝的马种 |
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