| 单词 | 所接受 |
| 释义 | 〔graduate〕This pattern, which no longer bears any taint of incorrectness,is acceptable to 89 percent of the Panel.It has the advantage of ascribing the accomplishment to the student, rather than to the institution,as is usually appropriate in discussions of individual cases.When the institution's responsibility is emphasized,however, the older pattern may still be recommended.A sentence such asThe university graduated more computer science majors in 1987 than in the entire previous decade stresses the university's accomplishment, say, of its computer science program. On the other hand, the sentenceMore computer science majors graduated in 1987 than in the entire previous decade implies that the class of 1987 was in some way a remarkable group. · The transitive use ofgraduate, as inShe graduated Yale in 1980, was unacceptable to 77 percent of the Usage Panel. 这种方式不再有不正确的问题，并为小组百分之八十九的成员所接受，其优点是将成就归功于学生而不是学院，通常在讨论单个事例时是合适的。当学院的责任被强调时，旧方式则可能得到推崇。句子：The university graduated more computer science majors in 1987 than in the entire previous decade。 强调了该大学计算机科学项目上的成就。 另一方面，句子：More computer science majors graduated in 1987 than in the entire previous decade。 指1987级从某种意义上来说是个出色的群体。 至于graduate 的及物用法， 如在她于1980年毕业于耶鲁大学 用法使用专题小组百分之七十七的成员表示不接受 〔dosimeter〕An instrument that measures and indicates the amount of x-rays or radiation absorbed in a given period.剂量计：测量并指示在给定时间里所接受X射线或其它辐射的剂量的仪器〔syntactic〕Conforming to accepted patterns of syntax.按照句法的：遵循为公众所接受的造句句型的〔error〕The act or an instance of deviating from an accepted code of behavior.脱离常规：偏离人们所接受的行为准则的行为或情况〔upbringing〕The rearing and training received during childhood.教养：小时候所接受的抚养和训练〔insider〕An accepted member of a group.会员：为组织所接受的成员〔anticipate〕Some people hold thatanticipate is improperly used as a simple synonym for expect; they would restrict its use to situations in which advance action is taken either to forestall (anticipate her opponent's next move ) or to fulfill ( anticipate my desires ). In earlier surveys, however, a majority of the Usage Panel accepted the use ofanticipate to mean "to feel or to realize beforehand" and "to look forward to.” The wordunanticipated, however, is not established as a synonym for unexpected. Thus 77 percent of the Usage Panel rejected the sentenceThey always set aside a little extra food for unanticipated guests, inasmuch as guests for whom advance provision has been made cannot be said to be unanticipated,though they may very well be unexpected.有些人认为把anticipate 作为 expect 的简单同义词并不恰当； 他们把这个词的用法限制在某种情境中，即抢在…之前行动(抢在对手的下步之前行动 )或满足( 满足我的欲望 )。 然而，在以前的调查中，用法专题小组大多数成员所接受的anticipate 的意思是“预感、预知”和“期望”。 可是，unanticipated 这个词并不能作为 unexpected 的同义词。 这样一来，用法专题小组中77%的人都不同意下面这句话他们总是额外留出一些食物给未预料到的客人 ， 既然已提前为这些客人们准备了食物，就不能说他们是未预料的，尽管他们是不速之客〔master〕One whose teachings or doctrines are accepted by followers.教师，教练：其学说为他人所接受或遵循的人〔mores〕The accepted traditional customs and usages of a particular social group.习俗，惯例：为特定社会集团或群体所接受的传统风俗和习惯〔either〕When the construction mixes singular and plural elements, however,there is some confusion as to which form the verb should take.It has sometimes been suggested that the verb should agree with whichever noun phrase is closest to it;thus one would writeEither Eve or the Kays have been invited, butEither the Kays or Eve has been invited. This pattern is accepted by 54 percent of the Usage Panel.Others have maintained that the construction is fundamentally inconsistent whichever number is assigned to the verband that such sentences should be rewritten accordingly.As Wilson Follett put it:然而，当结构中既有单数又有复数成分的时候，动词应采取什么形式说法不定。人们有时建议动词的人称和数应与离得最近的名词短语呼应；因此人们说Either Eve or the Kays have been invited ， 而不是Either the Kays or Eve has been invited 。 这种格式被用法使用小组54的成员所接受。也有人认为不管动词用什么样的数， 这个结构本质上都是一致的，因此这样的句子应重写。象威尔逊·伏莱特所说的：〔moot〕This usage may be originally the result of a misinterpretation of its legal sense in phrasessuch asa moot question. A number of critics have objected to this use,but it was accepted by 59 percent of the Usage Panelin the sentenceThe nominee himself chastised the White House for failing to do more to support him, but his concerns became moot when a number of Republicans announced that they, too, would oppose the nomination. 起初这种用法可能是它在法律意义误释的结果，如在短语一个不重要的问题 中， 许多评论家反对这一用法，可是它被用法小组59%的成员所接受，并出现于被提名者本人强烈谴责白宫没能更多地支持他， 但是当一些共和党人宣称他也将反对此次提名时，他就变得不那么重要了一句中 〔skeptic〕One who instinctively or habitually doubts, questions, or disagrees with assertions or generally accepted conclusions.多疑者：本能地或习惯地对断言或为大众所接受的结果产生怀疑、疑问或异义的人〔hectic〕In the Usage Panel survey done for the first edition of theAmerican Heritage Dictionary (1969), 92 percent of the Panel approved of the use ofhectic in its most familiar sense, "characterized by feverish activity, confusion, or haste.”The question was put to the Panelbecause in earlier usage that sense was sometimes deprecated as a loose extension of the term's meaning in medicine.Unless one has some medical knowledgeone probably does not know the older medical uses of the term,for example, "relating to an undulating fever, such as those accompanying tuberculosis,”and unless one has some acquaintance with Middle Englishone would not recognize the first recorded instance of the word,etik, in a text written before 1398. The Middle English term comes from the Old French development of the Late Latin wordhecticus, whose form helped reshape our word in the 16th century.Late Latinhecticus in turn comes from Greek hektikos, "formed by habit or forming habit" and "consumptive,” developing the last sense because of the chronic nature of tuberculous fevers.Thus a word that once simply meant "habitual"eventually had an English descendant used to refer to circumstances that would be undesirable if they were habitual.在针对美国经典辞书 （1969年）第一版对用法专题使用小组的调查中， 92%的成员赞成hectic 一词最常用的意思， “以紧张的活动、忙乱或慌忙为特征的”。之所以要向这些成员提这个问题，是因为作为该词医学含义的模糊延伸，这个意义有时不为人们所接受。除非某人有医学方面的知识，否则他就很可能不知道这个词在医学方面的古老用法，比如“和起伏不定的热病有关的，如肺结核的伴随症”。另外，除非某人对中古英语有一度程度的了解，否则他也认不出1398年以前的一个文本中该词的首例etik 。 这个中古英语单词是由古法语经后期拉丁语hecticus 一词的发展而来的， 其形式在16世纪帮助重新形成了这个单词。而后期拉丁语中的这个词hecticus 又是由希腊语中的 hektikos 一词而来，这个词在希腊语中意指“由习惯形成的或形成习惯的”及“患肺痨的，肺痨的”， 之所以得到最后的意思，是出于肺痨病的特性。这样一来，原来只是表示“习惯性的”这个词，传到英语中最后竟变成了指一旦成为习惯则不被人所喜爱的情形〔concretize〕"The need to simplify and concretize . . . was hardly acceptable to a mind fascinated by the . . . suggestiveness of ideas"(Arthur A. Cohen)“简化和具体化的必要性…很难被那些脑子里…充满幻想的人所接受”(阿瑟A.科恩)〔anesthesia〕The following passage, written on November 21, 1846, by Oliver Wendell Holmes,a physician-poet and the father of the Supreme Court justice of the same name,allows us to pinpoint the entry ofanesthesia and anesthetic into English: "Every body wants to have a hand in a great discovery. All I will do is to give you a hint or two as to names—or the name—to be applied to the state produced and the agent. The state should, I think, be called ‘Anaesthesia’ [from the Greek word anaisthēsia, "lack of sensation"]. This signifies insensibility . . . The adjective will be ‘Anaesthetic.’ Thus we might say the state of Anaesthesia, or the anaesthetic state.”This citation is taken from a letter to William Thomas Green Morton,who in October of that year had successfully demonstrated the use of ether at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston.Althoughanaesthesia is recorded in Nathan Bailey's Universal Etymological English Dictionary in 1721, it is clear that Holmes really was responsible for its entry into the language.TheOxford English Dictionary has several citations for anesthesia and anesthetic in 1847 and 1848, indicating that the words gained rapid acceptance.下面是奥立佛·万德·霍姆斯写于1846年11月21的一段话。作者是个诗人医生和与其同名的最高法庭法官的父亲。这段话能使我们断定anesthesia 和 anesthetic 进入英语的背景： “每个人都希望能够参与一次伟大的发现。我所要做的是告诉你一两个提示去命名，或能被应用于某种状态的名称。我认为这种状态应该被叫做Anaesthesia ［从希腊词anaisthesia “感觉缺失”发展而来］。 这个词表示无感觉…其形容词应该是‘Anaesthetic’。这样我们可以说感觉缺失的状态或感觉缺失”。这段话是从寄给威廉·托马斯·格林·莫顿的一封信上摘录下的，莫顿同年十月在波士顿的马萨诸塞总医院曾成功使用了醚。尽管南森·巴利于1721年把anaethesia 选入了 通用英语词源词典 ， 但是很显然是霍姆斯首先把这个词引入英语。牛津英语词典 上有几处引用了1847年和1848年有 anesthesia 和 anesthetic 的句子， 说明这两个词很快就被人们所接受〔graduate〕The verbgraduate has denoted the action of conferring an academic degree or diploma since at least 1421, as inShe was graduated from Yale in 1980. This earlier pattern of use is still defensible,if slightly old-fashioned,and is acceptable to 78 percent of the Usage Panel.In general usage,however, it has largely yielded to the much more recent active pattern (first attested in 1807): 动词graduate 最晚从1421年起便指授予学位或毕业证书的行为， 如1980年她毕业于耶鲁大学。 最早的使用方式仍然受到辩护，即使有些过时，仍为语言用法专题使用小组百分之七十八的成员所接受。在一般的用法中，该词毕竟已经变为现在更活跃的方式（已证明最早在1807年）： 〔err〕To violate accepted moral standards; sin.犯过失，犯罪：违反人们所接受的道德标准；犯罪〔above〕The use ofabove as an adjective or noun in referring to a preceding text is most common in business and legal writing. In general writing its use as an adjective (the above figures ) was accepted by a majority of the Usage Panel in an earlier survey, but its use as a noun (read the above ) was accepted by only a minority. 这种above 用作形容词或名词指代上文的用法在商业和法律文件中是最常见的。 在平常的书面语中，用作形容词（上面的数据 ）是被大部分用法小组的人员所肯定， 但用作名词（读上文 ）却只被极少数人所接受 〔aggravate〕It is sometimes claimed thataggravate should be used only to mean "to make worse" and not "to irritate.” Based on this view it would be appropriate to sayThe endless wait for luggage aggravates the misery of modern air travel, but not It's the endless wait for luggage that aggravates me the most. But the latter use dates back as far as the 17th century and is accepted by 68 percent of the Usage Panel. As H.W. Fowler wrote, "the extension from aggravating a person's temper to aggravating the person himself is slight and natural,and when we are told that Wackford Squeers [in Dickens'sNicholas Nickleby ] pinched the boys in aggravating places we may reasonably infer that his choice of places aggravated both the pinches and the boys.”有时认为aggravate 应当只被用来表示“加重；使恶化”的意思而不表示“使恼火；激怒”。 根据这种观点，The endless wait for luggage aggravates the misery of modern air travel（无休止地等待行李加重了现代飞机旅行的困难） 这个句子是正确的，而 It's the endless wait for luggage that aggravates me the most（无休止地等待行李最为令我恼火） 这一句则不正确。 但是后一种用法可以追溯到17世纪，并且被百分之六十八的用法使用小组成员所接受。正如H·W·福勒写道，“从使一个人的脾气变得更坏到使一个人恼火的延伸是微小和自然的，当我们看到威克福特·斯贵尔斯［出自狄更斯的小说尼古拉斯·尼克尔贝 ］往令人恼火的地方拧孩子们时， 我们可以合理地推断出他所选择的地方既加剧了拧的疼痛又令孩子们大为恼火。”〔aboveground〕journalistic practices unacceptable to the aboveground press; an aboveground corps of 20,000 priests in Poland.不能被现存媒介所接受的采访活动；波兰有一个两万牧师的公开团体 |
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