| 单词 | 所著 |
| 释义 | 〔Lothario〕After Lothario , a character in The Fair Penitent, a play by Nicholas Rowe 源自 Lothario ，尼古拉斯·罗所著的戏剧 迷人的忏悔者 中的人物 〔malaprop〕After Mrs. Malaprop , a character in The Rivals, a play by Richard Brinsley Sheridan 源自 Malaprop 夫人，戏剧 情敌 里的人物，理查德·布林斯利·夏里丹所著 〔utopia〕New Latin Utopia [imaginary island in] Utopia by Sir Thomas More 新拉丁语 Utopia [在托马斯·莫尔所著的] 《乌托邦》 中的想象出来的岛屿 〔Babbitt〕After George F. Babbitt , the main character in the novel Babbitt by Sinclair Lewis 源自乔治F. Babbitt ，辛克莱·刘易斯所著小说中的主要人物 巴比特 by Sinclair Lewis 〔popcorn〕Popcorn is very much an American institution.Particularly enjoyed by people in the United States,it is grown as a native product and denoted by a word that is an Americanism,a word or expression that was first used in English in the United States.Popcorn, from the verb pop and the noun corn, fits these criteriabecause the first recorded use of the word is found inMemorable Days in America, an account written by the British traveler William Faux and published in London in 1823: "I crossed the Big Wabash . . . at La Valette's ferry,where is beautiful land . . . and two lonely families of naked-legged French settlersfrom whom I received two curious ears of poss corn.”Notice that either Faux misunderstood the termor the French settlers mispronounced it.This type of corn, introduced to the settlers by Native Americans,was long grown by them,little knowing that their benefaction would one day be consumed by countless moviegoers while watching Westerns.爆玉米是美洲人非常熟知的事物。尤其为美国人喜欢，这种作物被他们作为本地作物而大量种植并以一个美国单词来命名，这个词首先在美国被用于英语中。Popcorn 源于动词 pop 和名词 corn， 并且它适应这些标准，因为有关这个词的最早记录见于由英国旅行者威廉·福克斯所著的、1823年在伦敦出版的游记在美国的难忘日子 中，福克斯在其中写道： “我在瓦莱特码头渡过大沃巴什河，那儿有美丽的田地…及两个孤零零的法国家庭，他们都是赤脚的法国拓荒者，从他们那儿我得到了两根奇怪的玉米棒。”请注意，要么也许是福克斯误解了该词，要么也许是法国拓荒者发错了音。这种类型的玉米是美洲印第安人介绍给这些拓荒者的，且已被这些印第安人种植很久了，但他们几乎无法料到他们的施惠有一天会被无数电影观众一边嚼着一边看西部片。〔ramona〕Possibly after Ramona , heroine of a novel by Helen Hunt Jackson 可能源自 Ramona ，海伦·亨特·杰克逊所著的小说中主人公 〔Ignatius〕Bishop of Antioch noted especially for his epistles. He was martyred during the reign of the Roman emperor Trajan.圣伊纳哥：安提拉城主教，以其所著的启示书出名。在罗马皇帝图拉真统治时期殉教〔Livy〕Roman historian. His history of Rome originally consisted of 142 volumes, of which only 35 survive.利维：罗马历史学家。他所著的罗马历史共有142卷组成，现存仅35卷〔period〕Perhaps more than once one may have wonderedwhy the wordperiod has the sense "punctuation mark ( . )” as well as some of its other senses having to do with time.The answer to this question lies in the senses of the Greek wordperiodos from which our word is descended. Periodos, made up of peri-, "around,” and hodos, "way,” meant such things as "going round, way round, going round in a circle, circuit,”and with regard to time "cycle or period of time.”The word also meant "the period of menstruation.”In rhetoric it referred to "a group of words organically related in grammar and sense.”The Greek word was adopted into Latin asperihodos with only its rhetorical sense and one other sense,but in Medieval Latin it reacquired senses it had in Greek,such as "cycle,” and acquired a new sense,"a punctuation mark used at the end of a rhetorical period.”Although this sense is recorded in Medieval Latin,it is not recorded in English until 1609.But the wordperiod had entered Middle English from Medieval Latin and Old French, first being recorded in a work written around 1425in the sense "a cycle of recurrence of a disease.”或许任何人都会不止一次的发出疑问，为什么period 有“标点符号（。）”的意思， 同时其它意思与时间有关。此问的答案来自我们的单词源自的希腊语单词periodos 的意思。 Periodos ，由意为“周围”的 peri- 和意为“方式”的 hodos 组成， 该词意味着“围绕…走，围绕…的路，转圈走，围绕，”同时也指时间，意为“一段时间或时间周期”。此词也意为“经期”。在修辞学中指“一组在语法和词意上有机相连的词。”这个希腊词作为perihodos 被拉丁文所采用， 仅带有修辞和一个其他的意思，但在中世纪拉丁语中它重新得到了它在希腊语中的意思，例如“周期”，后来又得到一个新的意思，即“用于修辞部分末尾的标点符号”。尽管此意在中世纪拉丁语中有记载，但直到1609年才在英语中有记载。而period 从中世纪拉丁文和古法语中进入中世纪英语， 并首次记载于约1425年所著的作品中，意为“疾病发作的周期”〔Scrooge〕After Ebenezer Scrooge , miserly protagonist of A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens 源自爱博尼 Scrooge ， 圣诞颂歌 中吝啬的主人公，由查尔斯·狄更斯所著 〔Wundt〕German physiologist and founder of experimental psychology. HisPrinciples of Physiological Psychology (1873-1874) is considered a classic text. 冯特，威廉：(1832-1920) 德国生理学家和实验心理学的奠基人。他所著的《生理心理原理》 （1873-1874年）被认为是经典之作 〔reindeer〕Although Saint Nick uses reins on his reindeerand reindeer are used to pull sleds in Lapland and northern Siberia,the wordreindeer has nothing to do with reins. The element-deer is indeed our word deer, but therein- part is borrowed from another language, specifically from the Scandinavian languages spoken by the chiefly Danish and Norwegian invaders and settlers of England from the 9th to the 11th century.Even though the Old Icelandic language in which much of Old Norse literature is written is not the same variety of Old Norse spoken by these settlers of England,it is close enough to give us an idea of the words that were borrowed into English.Thus we can cite the Old Icelandic wordhreinn, which means "reindeer,” as the source of the first part of the English word. The wordreindeer is first recorded in Middle English in a work composed before 1400. 尽管圣诞老人在他的驯鹿身上用缰绳，且驯鹿过去在拉普兰和西伯利亚北部曾被用来拖拉雪撬，reindeer 这个字却和缰绳没有任何关系。 构词元素-deer 确实是我们的单词 deer， 但是rein 这一部分是从其他语言中借用过来的， 特别是主要从丹麦和挪威的入侵者及9世纪到11世纪列英格兰定居者说的斯堪的纳维亚语借用的。尽管许多古代北欧文学都使用的古冰岛语与这些到英格兰定居的人所说的古代北欧语并不是同一变体，但它对于我们认识借进英语的词汇也是足够接近的。这样，我们便可以引用意为“驯鹿”的古冰岛语hreinn 来作为英语单词第一部分的来源。 Reindeer 最早在1400年以前所著的一部作品中以中古英语记录下来 〔Iliad〕The older of the two surviving ancient Greek epic poems, traditionally ascribed to Homer but containing material composed orally over several centuries. It begins with the wrathful withdrawal of the Greek hero Achilles from the fighting in the Trojan War and ends after his return to slay the Trojan hero Hector.伊里亚特叙式诗：两首仅存的古代希腊史诗中较古老的那一首，长久以来传为荷马所著，但包含着数个世纪以来以口述所创作的内容，其内容描述期间始于希腊英雄阿契里斯在特洛伊战争的打斗中愤怒地撤退，终于他回来杀害了特洛伊英雄海克特之后〔golliwog〕After Golliwog , a character in books by Florence Upton (died 1922), American illustrator 源自 Golliwog ，美国插画家弗罗伦斯·伍伯顿（卒于1922年）所著小说中的人物 〔vulgate〕Vulgate Abbr. Vulg.,Vul.The Latin edition or translation of the Bible made by Saint Jerome at the end of the fourth centurya.d. , now used in a revised form as the Roman Catholic authorized version. Vulgate 缩写 Vulg.,Vul.拉丁语圣经：公元 4世纪末期圣杰隆所著圣经的拉丁版本或译本，现在其重修版本为罗马天主教认可的版本 〔Hecuba〕The wife of Priam and mother of Hector, Paris, and Cassandra in Homer'sIliad. 赫卡柏：据荷马所著伊利亚特 ，她是普里阿摩斯的妻子，赫克托耳、帕里斯和卡珊德拉的母亲 〔nerd〕Perhaps after Nerd , a character in If I Ran the Zoo, by Theodor Seuss Geisel 可能源自 Nerd ， 要是我管动物园 中的一个人物，由西奥多·瑟斯·盖译尔所著 〔marplot〕After Marplot , a character in The Busy Body, a play by Susannah Centlivre (1669-1723) 源自 Marplot ，戏剧 大忙人 中一人物，苏珊娜·森特利弗（1669-1723年）所著 〔Hector〕A Trojan prince, the eldest son of Priam and Hecuba, killed by Achilles in Homer'sIliad. 赫克托耳王：据荷马所著的伊利亚特 ，他是特洛伊王子，是普里阿摩斯和赫卡柏的长子，被阿喀琉斯杀死 〔Ruritanian〕After Ruritania , imaginary realm in the novel The Prisoner of Zenda by Anthony Hope 源自 Ruritania ，小说 曾达的囚徒 中假想的王国，由安东尼·霍普所著 〔rodomontade〕from Rodomonte , arrogant Saracen leader in Orlando Innamorato by Matteo Boiardo and Orlando Furioso by Ludovico Ariosto 源自 Rodomonte ， 奥兰多·伊南默拉多 中傲慢的萨拉森领袖和 奥兰多·弗瑞奥 ，分别由马选奥·博亚尔多和路多维科·阿里奥斯托所著 〔gargantua〕After the giant hero of Gargantua and Pantagruel by François Rabelais 源自巨人英雄 Gargantua and Pantagruel ，弗朗西索·拉伯来斯所著 〔newspeak〕From Newspeak , a language invented by George Orwell in the novel 1984 源自 Newspeak ，乔治·欧威尔所著的小说 1984 〔Frankenstein〕From Frankenstein , the creator of the artificial monster in Frankenstein by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley 源自 Frankenstein ， 弗兰肯斯泰因 中的一个人造怪物，由玛丽·沃斯通克拉夫特·雪莱所著 〔munchkin〕After the Munchkins , characters in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum 源自 Munchkins ， 绿野仙踪 中的人物，由L·弗兰克·鲍姆所著 〔Cyrus〕Persian prince who led a mammoth force of Greeks against his brother Artaxerxes II. The retreat that followed his defeat and death are described in Xenophon'sAnabasis. 小居鲁士：波斯王子，曾领导希腊庞大的军队进攻其兄阿尔塔薛西斯二世。在色诺芬尼所著的《远征记》 中描述了其战败和死亡之后的撤退 〔posthumous〕The wordposthumous is associated with death, both in meaning and in form. Our word goes back to the Latin wordpostumus, meaning "last born, born after the death of one's father, born after the making of a will,” and "last, final.”Postumus was largely used with respect to events occurring after death but not exclusively so,since the word was simply one of the superlative forms of the adverbpost, "subsequently, afterward.” Because of its use in connection with death,however, later Latin writers decided that the last part of the word must have to do withhumus, "earth,” or humāre, "to bury,” and began spelling the wordposthumus. This form of the Latin word was borrowed into English,being first recorded in a work composed before 1464.Perhaps the most telling use of the word appears in the poet Robert Southey's comment on the rewards of an author:"It was well we should be contented with posthumous fame, but impossible to be so with posthumous bread and cheese.”Posthumous 这个词在意义和形式上都与死亡有关。 英语中这个词可追溯到拉丁语postumus ， 意为“最后生的，父亲死后生的，立遗嘱之后出生的”和“最后的，最终的。”Postumus 绝大多数情况下用来指死后所发生的事情， 但也并非仅此一种用法，因为这个词只是意为“随后地，后来地”副词post 的最高级形式之一。 由于其用法与死亡有关，因此后来的拉丁语作者们决定该词的后半部分应与humus “土地”或 humare “埋葬”有关， 并开始将这个词拼写成posthumus。 这个拉丁词的拼写形式后来被借用到英语中，在英语中首次记录于1464年前所著的一部作品中。也许这个词最显著的使用出现在诗人罗伯特·骚塞对一个作者所得奖励的评论中：“我们满足于死后得到的声名，而不可能满足于死后所得到面包与奶酪，这样很好”〔Brobdingnagian〕After Brobdingnag , a country in Gulliver's Travels by Jonathan Swift, where everything was enormous 源自 Brobdingnag ， 格利佛游记 中的一个国家，由乔纳生·斯威夫特所著。此地所有的东西都是庞大的 |
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