| 单词 | 所需 |
| 释义 | 〔livelihood〕 Sustenance applies to what is necessary to sustain lifeand especially to the food needed for health and comfort: Sustenance 指维持生命所需的东西，尤指健康和舒适所需的食物： 〔shoran〕A relatively short-range navigation system by which a ship or an aircraft can determine its position with high precision by measuring the times required for a radar signal to reach and return from each of two ground stations of known position.近程导航系统：一种相对短程的导航系统，利用该系统一艘船或一架飞机可以极其精确地测定自己所处的位置，通过测定雷达信号到达两个位置已知的地面接收站中的每一个站并返回所需的时间来实现〔plant〕The equipment, including machinery, tools, instruments, and fixtures and the buildings containing them, necessary for an industrial or manufacturing operation.工厂设备：工业或制造业生产所需的设备，包括机器、工具、仪器和固定装置，以及容纳它们的建筑物〔sievert〕The SI unit for the amount of ionizing radiation required to produce the same biological effect as one rad of high-penetration x-rays, equivalent to a gray for x-rays.西弗特：产生与一拉德高穿透力X光相同的生物作用所需的电离辐射量的国际国际单位制中的单位，相当于X光的一戈瑞〔marketable〕a marketable product; marketable skills.可出售的产品；市场所需的技术〔setup〕The gathering and organization of the equipment needed for an operation, a procedure, or a task.组织：操作、程序或任务所需的设备的集合与组织〔Mercury〕The smallest of the planets and the one nearest the sun, having a sidereal period of revolution about the sun of 88.0 days at a mean distance of 58.3 million kilometers (36.2 million miles) and a mean radius of approximately 2,414 kilometers (1,500 miles).水星：行星中最小且离太阳最近的星，围绕太阳公转所需的周期为88.0天，公转的平均距离约为58,300,000公里（36,200,000英里），平均半径约为2,414公里（1,500英里）〔syntrophism〕A biological relationship in which microorganisms of two different species or strains are mutually dependent on one another for nutritional requirements.互养，共同生长：生物间的一种关系，即两种不同物种或品质的微生物体互相依靠，从彼此的身上获取所需的营养〔unequal〕Not having the required abilities; inadequate:没有所需的能力的；不充足的：〔living〕Vital refers to what is characteristic of or necessary to the continuation of life: Vital 指的是以生命延续为特征的或生命延续所需的： 〔photoautotroph〕An organism capable of synthesizing its own food from inorganic substances using light as an energy source. Green plants and photosynthetic bacteria are photoautotrophs.光合自养生物：能把光作为能量来源从无机物质中合成自己所需食物的有机体。绿色植物和光合细菌都是光合自养生物〔paternalism〕A policy or practice of treating or governing people in a fatherly manner, especially by providing for their needs without giving them rights or responsibilities.家长作风，家长式统治：有用父亲般的方式来对待或统治人们的政策或行为，尤指向他们提供所需的东西而不给他们权力或责任〔supply〕To make available for use; provide.供应；提供（所需物品）〔man〕Traditionally,man and words derived from it have been used generically to designate any or all of the human race irrespective of sex.In Old Englishthis was the principal sense ofman, which meant "a human being" regardless of sex;the wordswer and wyf (or w÷pman and wifman ) were used to refer to "a male human being" and "a female human being" respectively. But in Middle Englishman displaced wer as the term for "a male human being,”whilewyfman (which evolved into present-day woman ) was retained for "a female human being.” The result of these changes was an assymetrical arrangement that many criticize as sexist.Many writers have revised some of their practices accordingly.But the precise implications of the usage vary according to the context and the particular use ofman or its derivatives. · Man sometimes appears to have the sense of "person" or "people" when it is used as a count noun, as inA man is known by the company he keeps and Men have long yearned to unlock the secrets of the atom, and in phrases likethe common man and the man in the street. Here the generic interpretation arises indirectly:if a man is known by the company he keeps,then so, by implication, is a woman.For this reasonthe generic interpretation of these uses ofman is not possible where the applicability of the predicate varies according to the sex of the individual. Thus it would be inappropriate to say thatMen are the only animals that can conceive at any time, since the sentence literally asserts that the ability to conceive applies to male human beings.This usage presumes that males can be taken as representatives of the species.In almost all cases,however, the wordsperson and people can be substituted for man and men, often with a gain in clarity. · By contrast,man functions more as a generic when it is used without an article in the singular to refer to the human race, as in sentences likeThe capacity for language is unique to man or in phrases like man's inhumanity to man. But this use ofman is also ambiguous, since it can refer exclusively to male members of the human race.In most contexts wordssuch ashumanity or humankind will convey the generic sense of this use of man. · On the whole,the Usage Panel accepts the generic use ofman, the women members significantly less than the men. The sentenceIf early man suffered from a lack of information, modern man is tyrannized by an excess of it was acceptable to 81 percent of the Panel (including 58 percent of the women and 92 percent of the men).The Panel also accepted compound words derived from genericman. The sentenceThe Great Wall is the only man-made structure visible from space was acceptable to 86 percent (including 76 percent of the women and 91 percent of the men).The sentence"The history of language is the history of mankind" (James Bradstreet Greenough and George Lyman Kittredge) was acceptable to 76 percent (including 63 percent of the women and 82 percent of the men). Such compounds were acceptable even when the context required that they be applied chiefly to women.Thus, 66 percent of the Panel (including 57 percent of the women and 71 percent of the men) accepts the wordmanpower in the sentence Countries that do not permit women to participate in the work force are at a disadvantage in competing with those that do avail themselves of that extra source of manpower. · A related set of problems is raised by the use ofman in forming the names of occupational and social rolessuch asbusinessman, chairman, spokesman, layman, and freshman, as well as in analogous formationssuch asunsportsmanlike and showmanship. Some condemn this use categorically;however, these words remained acceptable to a majority of the Usage Panel when they were used to refer to a role or class in the abstractbut were rejected when they were used to refer to a woman.Thus the general use ofchairman was acceptable to 67 percent of the Panel (including 52 percent of the women and 76 percent of the men) in the sentence The chairman will be appointed by the Faculty Senate. But only 48 percent (including 43 percent of the women and 50 percent of the men) accepted the use of the word inEmily Owen, chairman of the Mayor's Task Force, issued a statement assuring residents that their views would be solicited, where it is applied to a woman. · Several strategies have been suggested for replacing the categorical use of compounds formed withman. Parallel terms likebusinesswoman, spokeswoman and chairwoman are increasingly used to refer to women. Also in use are common-gender terms coined withperson, such asbusinessperson, spokesperson, and chairperson. For occupational titles ending inman, new standards of official usage have been established by the U.S. Department of Labor and other government agencies.In official contexts termssuch asfirefighter and police officer are now generally used in place of fireman and policeman. · A majority of the Panelists rejected the verbman when it was used to refer to an activity performed by women. The sentenceMembers of the League of Women Voters will be manning the registration desk was unacceptable to 56 percent of the Panel (including 61 percent of the women and 54 percent of the men). See Usage Note at -ess ,people 传统上，man 以及它的衍生字一般是用来指任何人或整个人类， 不考虑性别。在古英语中，这就是man 这个字主要的意思， 即“人” 而不分性别；单词wer 和 wyf （或 woepman 和 wifman )则分别用以指“男人”和“女人”。 但在中古英语时man 取代了 wer 这个词， 也具有“男人”的意义了；而wyfman （这个字发展演变成了今天的 woman 这个字）作为“女人”这个意思被保留了下来。 这些变化的结果是，作为性别歧视者所批评的匀称排列。为此，许多作家相应地修订了他们部分的创作活动。但是这用法的准确含义取决于它的上下文以及man 的具体用途或它的衍生字。 当man 这个字被当作一个可数名词来用时，它有时似乎具有“一个人”或“人们”的意思， 如在被他所在的那个公司熟悉了解的人 和 很久以来，人们都期盼着解开原子的秘密 ， 以及如下短语中普通的人 和 街上的人 。 这里，一般的理解源于间接地推理：如果一个男人是被他所在的公司了解的话，其言下之意是，一个女人也是被他所在的公司熟悉了解的。正是这个原因，使得man 当此一般理解之义用时，其谓语随着个人性别的改变而变化是不可能的。 所以，说人是唯一能在任何时候思考的动物 是不适当的， 因为这句话字面之义是指男人的思考能力。这种用法是假定男人可以作为人类的代表。几乎毫无例外的是，词person 和 people 可以用 man 和 men 来取代，且后两字意思更清楚。 相反，当man 以单数不带冠词出现用以指人类时，它更是指一类、一属， 如在象句子只有人才有语言能力 或象短语 人类对人类的不人道 中。 但man 若以这种形式出现，其意思也会模糊不清， 因为其可只指人类中的男性成员。在大多数的行文中，例如humanity 或 humankind 这样的字也传达了 man 这种用法的一般意义。 总的说来，在用法专题使用小组成员中接受man 这种一般用法的女性比男性明显少得多。 下面这句话如果说古代人受信息不足之苦的话，那么现代人则是受信息过量之虐待了 在小组中有81的成员可接受 （其中女性成员中的接受率为58，男性中则为92)。专题小组会还接受作为一般意义的man 构成的复合词。 长城是太空中的唯一可见的人造物 这句话有86的成员接受 （其中女性成员的接受率为76，而男性中为91)。“语言史就是一部人类史” （詹姆士·布拉斯瑞特·格里诺和乔治·莱曼·基特里奇）这句话的接受率为76（基中在女性成员中有63接受，而男性中为82)。 即使是上下行文所需的字主要指的是女人，这种复合词仍然被接受。因此小组中的66（其中女性委员的57，男性的71)接受了manpower 这个词在下句的用法： 那些不允许女人加入生产力大军的国家和那些允许女人加入生产力大军的国家相比，在处理剩余劳动力这一点上明显处于竞争的劣势 。 由于man 的使用所引起的一系列相关问题产生了， 在构成职业或社会角色类别的名称，如商人、主席、发言人、外行 和 渔夫 ， 以及将这个字用于类似的构词法中，如违反运动精神的 和 善于表演的才能 。 有些人谴责这种类别的用法；然而，当它们抽象地指某种角色或阶层时，这些词仍能得到用法专题使用小组大多数人的接受；但当它们用由于指女性时，这些词就被拒绝了。因此在句子主席由职工委员会指定 中 主席 的这种一般用法就得到了67小组成员的接受（其中在女性成员中为52，而男性中为76)。 但是，在句子艾米莉·欧文，市长任务小组的主席，发表了一个声明，向市长保证将考虑他们的观点 中这个字的用法，由于是指女性，只有48的成员接受（其中在女性成员中的接受率为43，而男性中为50)。 对于如何替换用man 构成的类别复合词，几种构思被提了出来。 与之相对的复合词如女商人、女发言人 和 女主席 越来越多地被用来指女性。 另外，用person 构成的中性词也创造了出来， 如商人、发言人 和 主席 。 对于用man 结尾的职业名称， 美国政府劳工部和其它政府机构已建立起了新的官方运用标准。在官方行文，现在一般用如firefighter 和 police officer 代替 fireman 和 policeman 。 大多数的小组成员反对将动词man 用于指那些女性从事的活动。 句子登记处将配备女性选民联盟的成员 在用法专题使用小组中的反对率是56（其中在女性成员中的反对率是61，而男性中为54) 参见 -ess,people〔calorie〕Abbr. calAny of several approximately equal units of heat, each measured as the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1°C from a standard initial temperature, especially from 3.98°C, 14.5°C, or 19.5°C, at 1 atmosphere pressure. Also called gram calorie ,small calorie 缩写 cal卡：热量的几种大致相等的单位之一，每种单位均表示在一个大气压下将1克水从某标准起始温度加热到温度升高1°C所需的加热量，特别地是从3.98℃、14.5℃或19.5°C开始加热 也作 gram calorie,small calorie〔base〕The fact, observation, or premise from which a reasoning process is begun.前提条件：进行推理过程所需的事实、观察及前提〔exposure〕The amount of radiant energy needed to expose a photographic film.曝光量：感光胶片上曝光所需的辐射能的总量〔underpopulated〕Lacking the normal or required population density.人口稀少的：缺乏正常的或所需的人口密度的〔set〕A number of couples required for participation in a square dance.参加四对方舞所需的许多对舞伴〔involved〕the involved procedure of getting a license.See Synonyms at complex 获取执照所需的繁杂的手续 参见 complex〔keep〕The means by which one is supported:生计：人生存所需物品：〔food〕Material, usually of plant or animal origin, that contains or consists of essential body nutrients, such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, or minerals, and is ingested and assimilated by an organism to produce energy, stimulate growth, and maintain life.食物，粮食：通常是源于植物和动物的物质，包含有人体所需营养的基本成分或由其构成，如碳水化合物、脂肪、蛋白质、维生素和矿物质等，由产生能量、促进发育和维持生命的组织消化并吸收〔prevocational〕Of or relating to instruction given in preparation for vocational school.职业培训的：入职业学校之前所需的培训的或与入职业学校之前所需的培训有关的〔sofar〕A system for determining the position of survivors lost at sea by which an explosion is set off underwater, the time needed for the waves to reach three different locations is calculated, and the position of the explosion is ascertained by triangulation.声发，测音装置：用来测定在海上失事的幸存者的地点的方法，在水下进行爆炸，计算波浪到达三个不同的地点所需的时间，用三角测量法来确定发生爆炸地点〔fill〕To complete (a form, for example) by providing required information:填写：通过提供所需的信息使（例如形式）而完成：〔postage〕The charge for mailing an item.邮资：邮寄的物品所需的费用〔unfit〕Below the required standard; unqualified:不合格的，不相称的：低于所需标准的；不合格的：〔visuospatial〕the visuospatial skills needed to complete a jigsaw puzzle.完成拼图游戏所需的视觉空间技巧〔attack〕a careful performance, but one lacking the rigorous attack the work demands.一场精心设计但缺乏作品所需感染力的表演〔perform〕She fulfilled her obligations to her parents. Todischarge an obligation or duty is to perform all the steps necessary for its fulfillment: 她尽了自己对父母的责任。 Discharge 是指采取所有达到满意程度所需步骤的责任或义务： 〔feedstock〕Raw material required for an industrial process.给料：工业运转所需的原材料〔sclerometer〕An instrument used to determine the relative hardness of a material by measuring the pressure required to penetrate the material with a standard diamond stylus.硬度计：用标准钻石刀来测定穿透物质所需压力来决定矿石相对硬度的一种工具〔stockpile〕To accumulate and maintain a supply of for future use.积攒或保存…以供日后所需〔greedy〕Excessively desirous of acquiring or possessing, especially wishing to possess more than what one needs or deserves.贪婪的；贪心的：对获取或拥有，特别是希望拥有超过自身所需或应得的事物的极度渴望的〔convalescence〕The period needed for returning to health after illness.康复期：在患病之后恢复健康所需的时期〔what〕The necessary expertise or qualities needed for success:成功的必要条件：得以成功所需的必要的专门知识或品性：〔slow〕These adjectives mean taking more time than is usual or necessary.这些形容词的意思是花费的时间比正常的或所需的要多的。〔backward〕To make an effort greater than is required.竭尽全力：做比所需的更大的努力〔medium〕A surrounding environment in which something functions and thrives.环境：某物起作用或成长所需之外部环境〔vital〕a vital organ; vital nutrients.维持生命的器官；生命所需的营养 |
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